- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Key to symbols
- •Starting test
- •1. Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc
- •2. Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc
- •3 Direct and indirect objects
- •4 The present continuous
- •4 The present simple
- •5 Present continuous or simple?
- •7 State verbs and action verbs
- •Test 1 Present tenses (Units 4-7)
- •8 The past simple
- •9 The past continuous
- •10 Past continuous or simple?
- •Test 2 Past simple and past continuous (Units 8-10)
- •11 The present perfect (1)
- •12 The present perfect (2): just, already, yet; for and since
- •13 The present perfect (3): ever, this week, etc
- •14 Present perfect or past simple? (1)
- •15 Present perfect or past simple? (2)
- •Test 3 Present perfect and past simple (Units 11-15)
- •16 The present perfect continuous
- •17 Present perfect continuous or simple?
- •18 The past perfect
- •19 Review of the past simple, continuous and perfect
- •20 The past perfect continuous
- •TEST 4 Past and perfect tenses (Units 16-20)
- •21 Review of present and past tenses
- •TEST 5 Present and past tenses (Unit 21)
- •22 Introduction to the future
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •25 Will and be going to
- •26 Present tenses for the future
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •TEST 6 The future with will, be going to and present tenses (Units 23-27)
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •30 Review of the future
- •Test 7 The future (Units 23-30)
- •31 The verb have
- •32 Short forms, e.g. it's, don't
- •33 Emphatic do
- •34 Yes/no questions
- •35 Short answers, e.g. Yes, it is.
- •37 Subject/object questions
- •38 Prepositions in wh-questions
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •TEST 8 Questions (Units 34-39)
- •40 Negative statements
- •41 Negative questions
- •42 Question tags, e.g. isn't it?
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •TEST 9 Questions, negatives and answers (Units 34-43)
- •44 Ability: can, could and be able to
- •45 Permission: can, may, could and be allowed to
- •46 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, etc
- •47 Necessity: must and have to
- •48 Necessity: mustn't, needn't, etc
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •50 Asking people to do things
- •51 Suggestions, offers and invitations
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •Modal verbs (Units 44-53)
- •54 Passive verb forms
- •55 Active and passive (1)
- •56 Active and passive (2)
- •57 Special passive structures
- •58 Have something done
- •59 To be done and being done
- •The passive (Units 54-59)
- •60 Verb + to-infinitive
- •61 Verb + ing-form
- •62 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + ing-form?
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •TEST 12 Verb + to-infinitive or ing-form (Units 60-64)
- •65 Verb + object + to-infinitive or ing-form
- •66 Question word + to-infinitive
- •67 Adjective + to-infinitive
- •68 For with the to-infinitive
- •69 The infinitive with and without to
- •70 Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •73 Preposition or linking word + ing-form
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •75 Some structures with the ing-form
- •TEST 13 The infinitive and the ing-form (Units 65-75)
- •76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable nouns
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •78 Nouns that can be countable or uncountable
- •79 Agreemen
- •80 Singular or plural?
- •81 Pair nouns and group nouns
- •82 Two nouns together
- •TEST 14 Nouns and agreement (Units 76-82)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •90 Place names and the
- •TEST 15 A/an and the (Units 83-90)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •93 The possessive form and of
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •TEST 16 This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc (Units 91-97)
- •98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you
- •99 There and it
- •100 Reflexive pronouns
- •101 Emphatic pronouns and each other
- •102 The pronoun one/ones
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •TEST 17 Pronouns (Units 98-103)
- •104 Adjectives
- •105 The order of adjectives
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •108 Adjective or adverb? (1)
- •109 Adjective or adverb? (2)
- •Test 18 Adjectives and adverbs (Units 104-109)
- •110 Comparative and superlative forms
- •111 Comparative and superlative patterns (1)
- •112 Comparative and superlative patterns (2)
- •TEST 19 Comparative and superlative (Units 110-112)
- •113 Adverbs and word order
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite
- •116 Quite and rather
- •117 Too and enough
- •TEST 20 Adverbs and word order (Units 113-117)
- •118 Prepositions of place
- •119 In, on and at (place)
- •120 In, on and at (time)
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •123 Preposition + noun, e.g. on holiday
- •124 Noun + preposition, e.g. trouble with
- •125 Adjective + preposition, e.g. proud of
- •TEST 21 Prepositions (Units 118-125)
- •126 Prepositional verbs, e.g. wait for
- •127 Verb + object + preposition
- •128 Phrasal verbs (1)
- •129 Phrasal verbs (2)
- •130 Phrasal verbs (3)
- •131 Verb + adverb + preposition
- •TEST 22 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs (Units 126-131)
- •132 Direct speech and reported speech
- •133 Reported speech: person, place and time
- •134 Reported speech: the tense change
- •135 Reported questions
- •136 Reported requests, offers, etc
- •TEST 23 Reported speech (Units 132-136)
- •137 Relative clauses with who, which and that
- •138 The relative pronoun as object
- •139 Prepositions in relative clauses
- •140 Relative structures with whose, what and it
- •141 The use of relative clauses
- •142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs
- •143 Relative clauses: participle and to-infinitive
- •TEST 24 Relative clauses (Units 137-143)
- •144 Conditionals (1)
- •145 Conditionals (2)
- •146 Conditionals (3)
- •147 Review of conditionals
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •149 Wish and if only
- •TEST 25 Conditionals and wish (Units 144-149)
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •152 Review of linking words
- •152 Exercises
- •153 Links across sentences
- •Appendix 1. Word formation
- •Appendix 2: The spelling of endings
- •Appendix 3: Punctuation
- •Appendix 5: American English
- •Appendix 6: Irregular verbs
- •Key to the starting test
- •Key to the exercises
- •Key to the tests
149 Wish and if only
We can use I wish or if only to express a wish. Jessica wishes she was slimmer. If only is stronger and more emphatic than wish.
We can use a clause with if only on its own, or we can add another clause.
If only I wasn't so fat. If only I wasn't so fat, I would be able to get into these trousers.
B Wish... would
Look at these examples.
/ wish you would put those shelves up soon.
Tom wishes his neighbours wouldn't make so much noise.
If only you'd try to keep the place tidy. Wish/If only ... would expresses a wish for something to happen, or to stop happening.
C Wish ... the past
Look at these examples.
/ wish I lived in a big city. It's so boring in the country.
We all wish we had more money, don't we? If only I was taller, I might be better at basketball.
Wish and if only with a past-tense verb express a wish for things to be different.
We can use were instead of was (see also Unit 145B).
If only I were taller, I might be better at basketball.
We cannot use would in these sentences, but we can use could.
/ wish I could sing (but I can't). I feel so helpless. If only I could speak the language.
Compare wish with would and with the past.
I wish something exciting would happen. (I wish for an action in the future.) I wish my life was more interesting. (My life isn't interesting.)
D Wish ... the past perfect
We use wish and if only with the past perfect to express a wish about the past. / wish you had told me about the dance. I would have gone. I wish I'd got up earlier. I'm behind with everything today. I wish you hadn't lost that photo. It was a really good one. If only David had been a bit more careful, he'd have been all right.
We do not use would have for the past, but we can use could have.
/ wish I could have been at the wedding, but I was in New York.
149 Exercises
Wish ... would (B)
What might you say in these situations? Begin I wish ...
?to someone who never answers your e-mails
I wish you'd answer my e-mails.
?to someone who makes rude remarks about you / wish you wouldn't make rude remarks about me.
1to someone who won't hurry up
2to someone who never does the washing-up
3to someone who isn't telling you the whole story
4to someone who blows cigarette smoke in your face
5to someone who won't tell you what he's thinking
2 Wish ... the past (C)
Vicky is fed up. What is she saying? Use / wish or if only.
► (She can't think straight.) I wish I could think straight.
1(She is so tired.) .............................................................................
2(She gets headaches.).......................................................................
3(Her work isn't going well.) .....................................................
4(She can't concentrate.)..................................................................
5(Life is so complicated.) ...............................................................
3 Wish ... the past perfect (D)
Complete the sentences. Use these words: accepted, caught, found, played, saved, stayed
► I spent all my money. I wish now that / had saved it.
1I missed the train. I really wish ....................................................
2Rita left the party early. Nick wishes …………………………...
3Emma refused the offer. But her parents wish .…………………
4I looked everywhere for the key. 1 wish …………………………
5The injured player could only watch. He wishes ………………..
4 Wish and if only (B-D)
Complete the conversation.
Claire: Oh, Henry. You're giving me another present. It's very sweet of you, but I wish (►)yoM wouldn't give me so many presents. Henry:
Claire, I've been thinking. I shouldn't have asked you to marry me. I wish now that (1) ...................................................
Claire: Now you're talking nonsense. I wish (2)……………………………………………, Henry. Henry: I'm not a young man, am I? Of course I wish (3)…………………………………….
Claire: Why don't you listen? If only (4) …………………………………………..to me just this once. Henry: Why couldn't we have met twenty years ago? I wish (5) ……………………………you then. Claire: Henry, twenty years ago I was just starting school.
TEST 25 Conditionals and wish (Units 144-149)
Test 25A
Complete the news report about a protest against a new road. Put in the correct form of the verbs. Sometimes you need will or would.
Yesterday protesters managed to hold up work on the Oldbury bypass. Protest leader Alison Compton defended the action by members of the Green World group. 'If we don't protest, soon
(►) there'll be (there / be) no countryside left,' she told reporters. The bypass is now well behind schedule, and if the protesters had not held up the work so often, (1)………………………. (it / open) two months ago. 'If these fields (2)……………………….... (disappear), we'll never see them again,' said Ms Compton. 'Why can't we use public transport? If more people (3)……………………… (travel) on buses and trains, we wouldn't need new roads. If the motor car had never existed, the world (4)………………………(be)a more pleasant place today.'
But many people in Oldbury want their new bypass. 'If (5)………………………. (they / not build) it soon, the traffic jams in the town will get worse,' said Asif Mohammed, whose house is beside the busy A34. 'We just can't leave things as they are. If things remained the same, people's health
(6)……………………….. (suffer) even more from all the pollution here. It's terrible. If we don't get the traffic out of the town, (7)………………………. (I / go) mad. If (8)………………………. (I / know) earlier how bad this problem would get, (9)………………………. (I / move) out years ago. But now it has become impossible to sell this house because of the traffic. The government waited too long.
If (10)……………………….. (they / do) something sooner, there would be less traffic today' And the protest is making the new road even more expensive. 'If this goes on,
(11) …………………….. ... (there / not / be) enough money left to finish the road,' says the Transport Minister.
Test 25B
Look at the answers below and write the correct answer in each space.
►A: There's always something going wrong with this car.
B:If you had any sense, you'd have sold it long ago.
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a) be selling |
b) have sold |
c) sell |
d) sold |
1 |
A: It's a pity the lake wasn't frozen yesterday. |
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B: Yes, it is. If it ......................... |
frozen, we could have gone skating. |
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a) had been |
b) was c) would be |
d) would have been |
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2 |
A: Haven't you got enough money for a holiday? |
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B: Oh yes. I've got some saved up ................ |
………… I suddenly need it. |
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a) if b) in case c) that |
d) unless |
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3A: What are you going to do next year?
B:I wish I …………………. the answer to that question.
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a) knew |
b) know c) could know d) would know |
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4 |
A: These figures are too complicated to work out in your head. |
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B: Yes, if ……………………… we had a calculator. |
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a) better |
b) only |
c) really |
d) that |
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5 |
A: What are you doing later this afternoon? |
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B: Oh, ………………….......the game finishes, I'll go home, I expect. |
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a) if |
b) in case |
c) unless |
d) when |
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6 |
A: Do you think I should take the job? |
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B: |
You shouldn't do anything……………………… you think it's the right thing to do. |
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a) if |
b) in case |
c) unless |
d) when |
Test 25C
Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Begin with //... ► I haven't got a key, so I can't get in. If I had a key, I could get in.
1You talk about football and I'm going to be very bored.
2The baby didn't cry, so we had a good sleep.
3You may want a chat, so just give me a ring.
4Nigel hasn't got satellite TV, so he can't watch the game.
5You go away and I'll miss you.
6I'm not rich or I'd have given up working long ago.
7We should have bought that picture five years ago because it would be quite valuable now.
8Throw a stone into water and it sinks.
Test 25 D
Write the sentences correctly.
►There aren't any eggs. If-we have some-eggs I couldmake an omelette. // we had some eggs, I could make an omelette.
1The weather doesn't look very good. If it'll rain I'll stay here.
2The programme is starting soon. Can you tell me-if-it starts?
3Could you just listen? 1 -didn't need-to-repeat-things-all-the time if-you listened.
4It's a simple law of science, if air will get-warmer-it rises.
5There's only one key. I'd-better-get another one made-if-I-lose-it.
6We were really late, I wish we-left home-earlier.
7I hope the parcel comes today, If it won't arrilve-today,we'll-have-to complain.
8That radio is on loud. I wish-someone-turns it-down.
9We must do something. Until-we act quickly it'll-be too late.
10Of course Martin was angry. But he hadn't been angry if you hadn't damaged his stereo