- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Key to symbols
- •Starting test
- •1. Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc
- •2. Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc
- •3 Direct and indirect objects
- •4 The present continuous
- •4 The present simple
- •5 Present continuous or simple?
- •7 State verbs and action verbs
- •Test 1 Present tenses (Units 4-7)
- •8 The past simple
- •9 The past continuous
- •10 Past continuous or simple?
- •Test 2 Past simple and past continuous (Units 8-10)
- •11 The present perfect (1)
- •12 The present perfect (2): just, already, yet; for and since
- •13 The present perfect (3): ever, this week, etc
- •14 Present perfect or past simple? (1)
- •15 Present perfect or past simple? (2)
- •Test 3 Present perfect and past simple (Units 11-15)
- •16 The present perfect continuous
- •17 Present perfect continuous or simple?
- •18 The past perfect
- •19 Review of the past simple, continuous and perfect
- •20 The past perfect continuous
- •TEST 4 Past and perfect tenses (Units 16-20)
- •21 Review of present and past tenses
- •TEST 5 Present and past tenses (Unit 21)
- •22 Introduction to the future
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •25 Will and be going to
- •26 Present tenses for the future
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •TEST 6 The future with will, be going to and present tenses (Units 23-27)
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •30 Review of the future
- •Test 7 The future (Units 23-30)
- •31 The verb have
- •32 Short forms, e.g. it's, don't
- •33 Emphatic do
- •34 Yes/no questions
- •35 Short answers, e.g. Yes, it is.
- •37 Subject/object questions
- •38 Prepositions in wh-questions
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •TEST 8 Questions (Units 34-39)
- •40 Negative statements
- •41 Negative questions
- •42 Question tags, e.g. isn't it?
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •TEST 9 Questions, negatives and answers (Units 34-43)
- •44 Ability: can, could and be able to
- •45 Permission: can, may, could and be allowed to
- •46 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, etc
- •47 Necessity: must and have to
- •48 Necessity: mustn't, needn't, etc
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •50 Asking people to do things
- •51 Suggestions, offers and invitations
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •Modal verbs (Units 44-53)
- •54 Passive verb forms
- •55 Active and passive (1)
- •56 Active and passive (2)
- •57 Special passive structures
- •58 Have something done
- •59 To be done and being done
- •The passive (Units 54-59)
- •60 Verb + to-infinitive
- •61 Verb + ing-form
- •62 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + ing-form?
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •TEST 12 Verb + to-infinitive or ing-form (Units 60-64)
- •65 Verb + object + to-infinitive or ing-form
- •66 Question word + to-infinitive
- •67 Adjective + to-infinitive
- •68 For with the to-infinitive
- •69 The infinitive with and without to
- •70 Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •73 Preposition or linking word + ing-form
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •75 Some structures with the ing-form
- •TEST 13 The infinitive and the ing-form (Units 65-75)
- •76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable nouns
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •78 Nouns that can be countable or uncountable
- •79 Agreemen
- •80 Singular or plural?
- •81 Pair nouns and group nouns
- •82 Two nouns together
- •TEST 14 Nouns and agreement (Units 76-82)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •90 Place names and the
- •TEST 15 A/an and the (Units 83-90)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •93 The possessive form and of
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •TEST 16 This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc (Units 91-97)
- •98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you
- •99 There and it
- •100 Reflexive pronouns
- •101 Emphatic pronouns and each other
- •102 The pronoun one/ones
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •TEST 17 Pronouns (Units 98-103)
- •104 Adjectives
- •105 The order of adjectives
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •108 Adjective or adverb? (1)
- •109 Adjective or adverb? (2)
- •Test 18 Adjectives and adverbs (Units 104-109)
- •110 Comparative and superlative forms
- •111 Comparative and superlative patterns (1)
- •112 Comparative and superlative patterns (2)
- •TEST 19 Comparative and superlative (Units 110-112)
- •113 Adverbs and word order
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite
- •116 Quite and rather
- •117 Too and enough
- •TEST 20 Adverbs and word order (Units 113-117)
- •118 Prepositions of place
- •119 In, on and at (place)
- •120 In, on and at (time)
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •123 Preposition + noun, e.g. on holiday
- •124 Noun + preposition, e.g. trouble with
- •125 Adjective + preposition, e.g. proud of
- •TEST 21 Prepositions (Units 118-125)
- •126 Prepositional verbs, e.g. wait for
- •127 Verb + object + preposition
- •128 Phrasal verbs (1)
- •129 Phrasal verbs (2)
- •130 Phrasal verbs (3)
- •131 Verb + adverb + preposition
- •TEST 22 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs (Units 126-131)
- •132 Direct speech and reported speech
- •133 Reported speech: person, place and time
- •134 Reported speech: the tense change
- •135 Reported questions
- •136 Reported requests, offers, etc
- •TEST 23 Reported speech (Units 132-136)
- •137 Relative clauses with who, which and that
- •138 The relative pronoun as object
- •139 Prepositions in relative clauses
- •140 Relative structures with whose, what and it
- •141 The use of relative clauses
- •142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs
- •143 Relative clauses: participle and to-infinitive
- •TEST 24 Relative clauses (Units 137-143)
- •144 Conditionals (1)
- •145 Conditionals (2)
- •146 Conditionals (3)
- •147 Review of conditionals
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •149 Wish and if only
- •TEST 25 Conditionals and wish (Units 144-149)
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •152 Review of linking words
- •152 Exercises
- •153 Links across sentences
- •Appendix 1. Word formation
- •Appendix 2: The spelling of endings
- •Appendix 3: Punctuation
- •Appendix 5: American English
- •Appendix 6: Irregular verbs
- •Key to the starting test
- •Key to the exercises
- •Key to the tests
114 Yet, still and already
Yet means that we are expecting something. (It's the time to book a holiday.)
Still means 'going on longer than expected'. (It's late to be thinking about a holiday.) Already means 'sooner than expected'. (It's early to have had a holiday.)
B Yet
Yet usually goes at the end of a negative statement or a question.
Vicky has got a present, but she hasn't opened it yet. Wait a minute. I'm not ready yet. Have they sent you your cheque yet? ~ No, not yet. I should get it next week.
C Still and already
In a positive statement, still and already usually go in mid position (see Unit 113B).
Sarah isn't home yet. She's still at work. We wrote a month ago, and we're still waiting for a reply. I've only been at work an hour, and I'm already exhausted. There's no need to tell me. I already know.
We can also use still in a negative statement. It goes before haven't, can't, etc.
It's nearly lunch-time, and you still haven't opened your mail. My friend is sixteen, and she still can't swim.
Compare these sentences. The meanings are similar.
Rita hasn't booked a holiday yet. Rita still hasn't booked a holiday. Still is stronger than yet. It often expresses surprise that the situation has gone on for so long.
In a question still and already usually go after the subject.
Are you still waiting after all this time? Has Tom already been on holiday?
D No longer and any longer/any more
No longer means that something is finished. It goes in mid position (see Unit 113B). You can't buy these bikes now. They no longer make them. I used to belong to the sports club, but I'm no longer a member.
No longer can be a little formal. In informal speech we use not... any longer or not... anymore.
They don't make these bikes any longer/any more.
Rita has moved. She doesn't live here any longer/any more.
Any longer/any more comes at the end.
12A Yet and already with the present perfect
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114 Exercises |
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1 Yet, still and already (A) |
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Put in yet, still or already. |
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► Mark: |
I know it isn't lunch-time yet, but I'm really hungry. |
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Sarah: |
It's only eleven. And you've already had two coffees since breakfast. |
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1 |
Vicky: |
You've ……………….. got this library book, and it was due back ten days ago. |
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Rachel: |
Well, I haven't finished it.................................................... |
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2 |
Nick: |
Tom is a very slow eater, isn't he? He's......................... |
having his soup. |
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David: |
And we've ................... |
started our pudding. |
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3 |
Trevor: |
Has the postman been ....................... |
? I'm expecting a letter from the bank. |
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Laura: |
Yes, he has, but that letter....................... |
hasn't arrived. |
2 Word order with yet, still and already (A)
Put the word in brackets into one of the sentences.
?I've bought some CDs. I haven't played them, (yet) / haven't played them yet.
?This calculator works. I've had it for ages, (still)
This calculator still works.
1I owe Emma £20.1 can't ask her for more, (already)
2We've spent all our money. And we're only halfway through our holiday, (already)
3I've cleaned this window. But it looks dirty, (still)
4Our friend took some photos. We haven't seen them, (yet)
5I can't understand the rules. I know you explained them to me. (still)
3 Still and any more (C-D)
Two people are talking about the place they live in. Write the replies using still or not... any more.
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Oldman: |
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Young man: |
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There was a church. |
~ Well, there's still a church. |
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You could see fields. |
~ You can't see them any more. Now it's just houses. |
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1 |
Children played there. |
~ |
Not now .............................. |
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2 |
Boats came along the river. |
~ |
Oh, |
.......................... . Look at them. |
3 |
The view was beautiful. |
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Well, |
.......................................... It's awful. |
4 |
It was our home. |
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And................................. |
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\ Yet, still, already, no longer and any longer/any more (A-D)
Put in already, any more, no longer, still and yet.
► It's still raining, look. How much longer can it go on?
1 |
The railway closed down years ago, so there's……………………. a railway station here. |
2 |
They want to build a new hotel here, but they haven't got permission .………………… |
3 |
Rita isn't going out with Nick. She told him she didn't want to see him…………………… _ |
4 |
Those people moved here only three months ago, and they're…………………..leaving. |
115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite
Laura is a bit tired. She's been |
Mark is quite tired. He's been |
Sarah is very tired. She's had to |
working all morning. |
working all day. |
work late at the office. |
An adverb of degree makes the meaning weaker or stronger. Here are some more examples. |
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SMALL DECREE (weaker) |
MEDIUM DEGREE |
LARGE DEGREE (stronger) |
a little late |
fairly unusual |
absolutely sure really ill |
slightly complicated |
pretty good |
completely mad |
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rather nice |
extremely cold |
B Very cold, quite quickly, etc
An adverb of degree (e.g. very) goes before an adjective (e.g. cold) or an adverb (e.g. quickly).
ADVERB + ADJECTIVE |
ADVERB + ADVERB |
It's very cold today. |
The time passed quite quickly. |
Rita looked rather upset. |
We go on holiday fairly soon. |
This dress is absolutely marvellous. |
United played extremely well. |
Before a comparative we can use a bit, a little, a lot, far, much, rather and slightly. See also Unit 112B.
I'm feeling a lot better today. These new trains go much faster.
C Really hurting, quite enjoys, etc
Some adverbs of degree can describe a verb.
They usually go in mid position (close to the verb — see Unit 113B).
My foot is really hurting. Laura quite enjoys shopping. I rather like this cake.
Some adverbs of degree go at the end ol a sentence when they describe a verb. They are a bit, a little, a lot, awfully, much and terribly.
Mark travels a lot. I'll open the window a little. The animals suffer terribly.
Absolutely, completely and totally can go in mid position or at the end. We completely lost our way/We lost our way completely. I'm afraid I totally disagree./I'm afraid I disagree totally.
D Much
Now look at these sentences.
Positive: I like this town very much, NOT I like this town much
Negative: / don't like this town very much, OR I don't like this town much.
In a positive statement we use very much. In a negative statement we can use either very much or much.
116Moreaboutquiteandrather 117Tooandenough
115 Exercises
1 Very, quite, a bit, etc (A)
Write sentences using one of the phrases in brackets.
► (quite hungry or very hungry?) He's quite hungry.
1(a bit busy or very busy?) ………………………..
2(a bit thirsty or really thirsty?) ..........................
3 ……………… (quite strong or very strong?)
4 ………… (fairly happy or extremely happy?)
2 Very, quite and a bit (A)
Put in very, quite or a bit.
► The bus service is all right. The buses are quite frequent.
1I couldn't sleep because of the awful noise. The disco was…………. noisy.
2The weather was OK - at least it didn't rain. It was .............. good.
3The train was almost on time. It was just………….. late.
4Someone paid a great deal of money for the house. It was………….. expensive.
5There were some very small traces of mud on the boots. They were………….. .. dirty.
6There was a medium amount of traffic on the road. It was…………….busy.
3 Very cold, really hurting, etc (B-D)
Put the adverbs in the right place. Sometimes more than one answer is correct.
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These books are old (very). |
These books are very old. |
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I hate travelling by air (really). |
I really hate travelling by air. |
1That radio is loud (a bit).
21 like my new job (quite).
3Why don't you slow down (a little)?
4The rain spoilt our day (completely).
5We did the job quickly (fairly).
6I feel better now (a lot).
7We enjoyed the concert (very much).
8My arms ached (terribly).
4 Adverbs of degree (A-D)
Complete the advertisement for holiday apartments by choosing the correct words.
Why not take this opportunity to buy a wonderful Interlux Timeshare apartment in San Manila? These are (►) a bit/rather/really luxurious apartments set in this (1) absolutely/slightly magnificent seaside resort, a
(2) fairly/really beautiful and unspoilt place, which you'll like (3) much/very/very much. The apartments are (4) extremely/pretty/quite good value. And we are a company with a (5) fairly/quite/very good reputation. This is a (6) bit/slightly/totally safe way of investing your money. But hurry! People are buying up the apartments (7) a lot/very/very much quickly.