- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Key to symbols
- •Starting test
- •1. Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc
- •2. Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc
- •3 Direct and indirect objects
- •4 The present continuous
- •4 The present simple
- •5 Present continuous or simple?
- •7 State verbs and action verbs
- •Test 1 Present tenses (Units 4-7)
- •8 The past simple
- •9 The past continuous
- •10 Past continuous or simple?
- •Test 2 Past simple and past continuous (Units 8-10)
- •11 The present perfect (1)
- •12 The present perfect (2): just, already, yet; for and since
- •13 The present perfect (3): ever, this week, etc
- •14 Present perfect or past simple? (1)
- •15 Present perfect or past simple? (2)
- •Test 3 Present perfect and past simple (Units 11-15)
- •16 The present perfect continuous
- •17 Present perfect continuous or simple?
- •18 The past perfect
- •19 Review of the past simple, continuous and perfect
- •20 The past perfect continuous
- •TEST 4 Past and perfect tenses (Units 16-20)
- •21 Review of present and past tenses
- •TEST 5 Present and past tenses (Unit 21)
- •22 Introduction to the future
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •25 Will and be going to
- •26 Present tenses for the future
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •TEST 6 The future with will, be going to and present tenses (Units 23-27)
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •30 Review of the future
- •Test 7 The future (Units 23-30)
- •31 The verb have
- •32 Short forms, e.g. it's, don't
- •33 Emphatic do
- •34 Yes/no questions
- •35 Short answers, e.g. Yes, it is.
- •37 Subject/object questions
- •38 Prepositions in wh-questions
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •TEST 8 Questions (Units 34-39)
- •40 Negative statements
- •41 Negative questions
- •42 Question tags, e.g. isn't it?
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •TEST 9 Questions, negatives and answers (Units 34-43)
- •44 Ability: can, could and be able to
- •45 Permission: can, may, could and be allowed to
- •46 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, etc
- •47 Necessity: must and have to
- •48 Necessity: mustn't, needn't, etc
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •50 Asking people to do things
- •51 Suggestions, offers and invitations
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •Modal verbs (Units 44-53)
- •54 Passive verb forms
- •55 Active and passive (1)
- •56 Active and passive (2)
- •57 Special passive structures
- •58 Have something done
- •59 To be done and being done
- •The passive (Units 54-59)
- •60 Verb + to-infinitive
- •61 Verb + ing-form
- •62 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + ing-form?
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •TEST 12 Verb + to-infinitive or ing-form (Units 60-64)
- •65 Verb + object + to-infinitive or ing-form
- •66 Question word + to-infinitive
- •67 Adjective + to-infinitive
- •68 For with the to-infinitive
- •69 The infinitive with and without to
- •70 Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •73 Preposition or linking word + ing-form
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •75 Some structures with the ing-form
- •TEST 13 The infinitive and the ing-form (Units 65-75)
- •76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable nouns
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •78 Nouns that can be countable or uncountable
- •79 Agreemen
- •80 Singular or plural?
- •81 Pair nouns and group nouns
- •82 Two nouns together
- •TEST 14 Nouns and agreement (Units 76-82)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •90 Place names and the
- •TEST 15 A/an and the (Units 83-90)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •93 The possessive form and of
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •TEST 16 This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc (Units 91-97)
- •98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you
- •99 There and it
- •100 Reflexive pronouns
- •101 Emphatic pronouns and each other
- •102 The pronoun one/ones
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •TEST 17 Pronouns (Units 98-103)
- •104 Adjectives
- •105 The order of adjectives
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •108 Adjective or adverb? (1)
- •109 Adjective or adverb? (2)
- •Test 18 Adjectives and adverbs (Units 104-109)
- •110 Comparative and superlative forms
- •111 Comparative and superlative patterns (1)
- •112 Comparative and superlative patterns (2)
- •TEST 19 Comparative and superlative (Units 110-112)
- •113 Adverbs and word order
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite
- •116 Quite and rather
- •117 Too and enough
- •TEST 20 Adverbs and word order (Units 113-117)
- •118 Prepositions of place
- •119 In, on and at (place)
- •120 In, on and at (time)
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •123 Preposition + noun, e.g. on holiday
- •124 Noun + preposition, e.g. trouble with
- •125 Adjective + preposition, e.g. proud of
- •TEST 21 Prepositions (Units 118-125)
- •126 Prepositional verbs, e.g. wait for
- •127 Verb + object + preposition
- •128 Phrasal verbs (1)
- •129 Phrasal verbs (2)
- •130 Phrasal verbs (3)
- •131 Verb + adverb + preposition
- •TEST 22 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs (Units 126-131)
- •132 Direct speech and reported speech
- •133 Reported speech: person, place and time
- •134 Reported speech: the tense change
- •135 Reported questions
- •136 Reported requests, offers, etc
- •TEST 23 Reported speech (Units 132-136)
- •137 Relative clauses with who, which and that
- •138 The relative pronoun as object
- •139 Prepositions in relative clauses
- •140 Relative structures with whose, what and it
- •141 The use of relative clauses
- •142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs
- •143 Relative clauses: participle and to-infinitive
- •TEST 24 Relative clauses (Units 137-143)
- •144 Conditionals (1)
- •145 Conditionals (2)
- •146 Conditionals (3)
- •147 Review of conditionals
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •149 Wish and if only
- •TEST 25 Conditionals and wish (Units 144-149)
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •152 Review of linking words
- •152 Exercises
- •153 Links across sentences
- •Appendix 1. Word formation
- •Appendix 2: The spelling of endings
- •Appendix 3: Punctuation
- •Appendix 5: American English
- •Appendix 6: Irregular verbs
- •Key to the starting test
- •Key to the exercises
- •Key to the tests
116 Quite and rather
A Quite meaning 'fairly'
Quite usually means 'fairly' or 'a medium amount' (see Unit 115A).
I jeel quite hungry now. Repairing the machine is quite difficult. The talk was quite interesting. We were quite surprised at the result.
(But see D for another meaning of quite.)
B Stress with quite
In speech, whether we stress quite or the adjective makes a difference to the meaning.
If we stress quite, it means 'fairly but not very'. The meaning is negative.
The exhibition was quite good, but I've seen better ones.
I get up quite early, but not as early as you do.
If we stress the adjective, the meaning is positive (but not as positive as very).
The exhibition was quite good. I enjoyed looking round it.
I got up quite early. I had a lot of jobs to do.
C Quite or rather?
When we make a favourable comment, we usually say quite, not rather.
The book was quite interesting. It's quite warm now. It was quite nice walking through the park.
In unfavourable comments, we usually say rather, but quite is possible. The book was rather boring/quite boring. It was rather awkward/quite awkward taking my suitcase on the underground.
Rather in a favourable comment means 'to a surprising or unusual degree'. It's rather warm for October. (It isn't usually so warm.) / didn't know David can cook. He's rather good at it. I expect Tom's jokes were awful. ~ Actually they were rather funny.
We can use rather with a comparative but not quite.
The meal took rather longer than we expected.
For quite and rather with a/an, see Unit 89B. It was quite an interesting book.
D Quite meaning 'completely'
With some adjectives, quite means 'completely' or 'totally'.
What you said is quite wrong. {= completely wrong) The idea is quite absurd. (= totally absurd) The situation is quite hopeless.
Quite means 'completely' with these adjectives: absurd, alone, amazing, awful, brilliant, certain, dead, different, dreadful, extraordinary, false, hopeless, horrible, impossible, perfect, ridiculous, right, sure, true, useless, wrong
Compare the uses of quite.
I'm quite tired. (= fairly)
The advice was quite useful. I got one or two tips.
I'm quite exhausted. (= completely)
The advice was quite useless. It was absolutely no good at all.
116 Exercises
1 Stress with quite (B)
Which word do we stress, quite or the adjective? Underline the stressed word.
?These pens are quite good but not as good as the ones I usually buy.
?This book is quite exciting. I can't put it down.
1These fashions are quite new but not the very latest thing.
2It's quite late. We'd better be going.
3The sums are quite easy. I can do them in my head.
4The music was quite good, but I wasn't really impressed.
5The sun is quite bright. You'll need your sunglasses.
2 Quite or rather? (C)
Put in these adjectives: better, busy, nice, noisy, popular
Use quite or rather with each adjective. Sometimes either is possible. Mark: I didn't like that meal very much.
Sarah: The soup was (►) quite nice though, wasn't it?
Mark: |
The food was (1) ................................ |
the last time we came. |
Sarah: It's (2)…………………….. in here, isn't it? Everyone seems to be shouting. |
||
Mark: |
I wasn't expecting the place to be so full. It's (3)………………………. for a Monday evening |
|
Sarah: |
This restaurant is (4) .................................. |
, you know. |
3 Quite or rather? (C)
Add a sentence expressing the idea in brackets.
Use quite or rather in your sentence. Sometimes either is possible.
►(It's pleasant by the river.)
Let's walk along by the river. It's quite pleasant there.
►(You think Nick is aggressive.)
I don't like Nick much. I think he's rather aggressive.
1(Changing trains twice is complicated.)
We have to change trains twice .............................................................................
2(Your car is big.)
I can give you all a lift .............................................................................................
3(The show went on longer than you expected.)
It was a good show, but.........................................................................................
4(You made your decision quickly.)
It wasn't a difficult decision...................................................................................
4 The meanings of quite (A, D)
Does quite mean 'fairly' or 'completely'?
?Try one of these sweets. I think they're quite nice. = fairly nice
?The driver walked away unhurt. It was quite amazing. = completely amazing
1I couldn't agree to the idea. It was quite ridiculous. =
2I need some help with this crossword. It's quite difficult. =
3That isn't the same thing at all. It's quite different. =
4I wasn't expecting to get a postcard. I was quite surprised. =
5I bought this guidebook. It looks quite useful. =
6Are you sure you want the job? ~ Yes, I'm quite certain. =
117 Too and enough
Too short and not long enough both mean the same thing.
B Word order with too and enough
Too goes before an adjective or adverb.
Claire doesn't want to marry Henry. She thinks he's too old.
Zedco are in trouble. The company reacted too slowly to the rise in prices.
Enough goes after an adjective or adverb.
The water isn't hot enough. It needs to be boiling, NOT enough hot You didn't put the screws in tightly enough, NOT enough tightly
Too many, too much and enough go before a noun.
No wonder you're tired. You've been going to too many parties. Andrew spends too much time working.
There'll be fifteen people for coffee. Have we got enough cups?
Everything is so expensive. Did you bring enough money? We use many with a plural noun and much with an uncountable noun (see Unit 95A).
Compare these examples with enough.
After an adjective: The coffee isn't strong enough.
Before a noun: You didn't put enough coffee in.
We leave out the noun if the meaning is clear without it.
Just add a little water. Not too much. We'll need fifteen cups. Have we got enough?
C Other structures with too and enough
We can use a phrase with for after too or enough.
These puzzles are too difficult for children. This coat isn't warm enough for winter.
Have we got enough cups for everyone?
We can also use a to-infinitive.
It's too dangerous to walk home at this time of night.
There are too many museums here to visit in a single day.
Are you fit enough to run a marathon?
I couldn't get close enough to see properly.
Vicky didn't bring enough money to buy two CDs.
117 Exercises
1 Too and enough (A-B)
Look at the pictures and write sentences with too and enough.
Use these nouns and adjectives: big, gate, long, low, plane, sweater, ruler, warm, water, wide
? |
The sweater is too big. |
1 |
............................. |
? |
The ruler isn't long enough. |
2 |
.............................. |
|
|
3 |
…………………. |
Too and enough (A-B)
Look at what people are saying and complete the sentences. Use too, too many, too much or enough with these words: clearly, complicated, difficult, expensive, food, hastily, mistakes, rain, sweet, traffic
?You should have stopped to think first. You acted too hastily.
?This quiz is rather easy. The questions aren't difficult enough.
1Can I have some more sugar in my coffee, please? It isn't
2I can't afford a new stereo. It would be .
3There's a water shortage. There just hasn't been
4I can't read your writing. You don't write
5Try to be more careful, please. You're making
6The roads are very crowded. There's simply
7I can't understand these instructions. They're
8Thousands of people are starving because they can't get
Other structures with too and enough (C)
Comment on the situations. Use too or enough and a phrase with jor or a to-infinitive.
?A taxi would have been best. But you didn't have the money.
I didn't have enough money for a taxi.
?Sarah can't take a day off. She's very busy.
Sarah is too busy to take a day off.
1A picnic would be nice. But it's wet.
2All your guests will need chairs. But you haven't got very many.
3You couldn't carry the equipment. You had such a lot.
4Natasha wants to be a professional musician. You think she's very good.