- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Key to symbols
- •Starting test
- •1. Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc
- •2. Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc
- •3 Direct and indirect objects
- •4 The present continuous
- •4 The present simple
- •5 Present continuous or simple?
- •7 State verbs and action verbs
- •Test 1 Present tenses (Units 4-7)
- •8 The past simple
- •9 The past continuous
- •10 Past continuous or simple?
- •Test 2 Past simple and past continuous (Units 8-10)
- •11 The present perfect (1)
- •12 The present perfect (2): just, already, yet; for and since
- •13 The present perfect (3): ever, this week, etc
- •14 Present perfect or past simple? (1)
- •15 Present perfect or past simple? (2)
- •Test 3 Present perfect and past simple (Units 11-15)
- •16 The present perfect continuous
- •17 Present perfect continuous or simple?
- •18 The past perfect
- •19 Review of the past simple, continuous and perfect
- •20 The past perfect continuous
- •TEST 4 Past and perfect tenses (Units 16-20)
- •21 Review of present and past tenses
- •TEST 5 Present and past tenses (Unit 21)
- •22 Introduction to the future
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •25 Will and be going to
- •26 Present tenses for the future
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •TEST 6 The future with will, be going to and present tenses (Units 23-27)
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •30 Review of the future
- •Test 7 The future (Units 23-30)
- •31 The verb have
- •32 Short forms, e.g. it's, don't
- •33 Emphatic do
- •34 Yes/no questions
- •35 Short answers, e.g. Yes, it is.
- •37 Subject/object questions
- •38 Prepositions in wh-questions
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •TEST 8 Questions (Units 34-39)
- •40 Negative statements
- •41 Negative questions
- •42 Question tags, e.g. isn't it?
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •TEST 9 Questions, negatives and answers (Units 34-43)
- •44 Ability: can, could and be able to
- •45 Permission: can, may, could and be allowed to
- •46 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, etc
- •47 Necessity: must and have to
- •48 Necessity: mustn't, needn't, etc
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •50 Asking people to do things
- •51 Suggestions, offers and invitations
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •Modal verbs (Units 44-53)
- •54 Passive verb forms
- •55 Active and passive (1)
- •56 Active and passive (2)
- •57 Special passive structures
- •58 Have something done
- •59 To be done and being done
- •The passive (Units 54-59)
- •60 Verb + to-infinitive
- •61 Verb + ing-form
- •62 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + ing-form?
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •TEST 12 Verb + to-infinitive or ing-form (Units 60-64)
- •65 Verb + object + to-infinitive or ing-form
- •66 Question word + to-infinitive
- •67 Adjective + to-infinitive
- •68 For with the to-infinitive
- •69 The infinitive with and without to
- •70 Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •73 Preposition or linking word + ing-form
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •75 Some structures with the ing-form
- •TEST 13 The infinitive and the ing-form (Units 65-75)
- •76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable nouns
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •78 Nouns that can be countable or uncountable
- •79 Agreemen
- •80 Singular or plural?
- •81 Pair nouns and group nouns
- •82 Two nouns together
- •TEST 14 Nouns and agreement (Units 76-82)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •90 Place names and the
- •TEST 15 A/an and the (Units 83-90)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •93 The possessive form and of
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •TEST 16 This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc (Units 91-97)
- •98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you
- •99 There and it
- •100 Reflexive pronouns
- •101 Emphatic pronouns and each other
- •102 The pronoun one/ones
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •TEST 17 Pronouns (Units 98-103)
- •104 Adjectives
- •105 The order of adjectives
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •108 Adjective or adverb? (1)
- •109 Adjective or adverb? (2)
- •Test 18 Adjectives and adverbs (Units 104-109)
- •110 Comparative and superlative forms
- •111 Comparative and superlative patterns (1)
- •112 Comparative and superlative patterns (2)
- •TEST 19 Comparative and superlative (Units 110-112)
- •113 Adverbs and word order
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite
- •116 Quite and rather
- •117 Too and enough
- •TEST 20 Adverbs and word order (Units 113-117)
- •118 Prepositions of place
- •119 In, on and at (place)
- •120 In, on and at (time)
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •123 Preposition + noun, e.g. on holiday
- •124 Noun + preposition, e.g. trouble with
- •125 Adjective + preposition, e.g. proud of
- •TEST 21 Prepositions (Units 118-125)
- •126 Prepositional verbs, e.g. wait for
- •127 Verb + object + preposition
- •128 Phrasal verbs (1)
- •129 Phrasal verbs (2)
- •130 Phrasal verbs (3)
- •131 Verb + adverb + preposition
- •TEST 22 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs (Units 126-131)
- •132 Direct speech and reported speech
- •133 Reported speech: person, place and time
- •134 Reported speech: the tense change
- •135 Reported questions
- •136 Reported requests, offers, etc
- •TEST 23 Reported speech (Units 132-136)
- •137 Relative clauses with who, which and that
- •138 The relative pronoun as object
- •139 Prepositions in relative clauses
- •140 Relative structures with whose, what and it
- •141 The use of relative clauses
- •142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs
- •143 Relative clauses: participle and to-infinitive
- •TEST 24 Relative clauses (Units 137-143)
- •144 Conditionals (1)
- •145 Conditionals (2)
- •146 Conditionals (3)
- •147 Review of conditionals
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •149 Wish and if only
- •TEST 25 Conditionals and wish (Units 144-149)
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •152 Review of linking words
- •152 Exercises
- •153 Links across sentences
- •Appendix 1. Word formation
- •Appendix 2: The spelling of endings
- •Appendix 3: Punctuation
- •Appendix 5: American English
- •Appendix 6: Irregular verbs
- •Key to the starting test
- •Key to the exercises
- •Key to the tests
128 Phrasal verbs (1)
A Introduction
A phrasal verb is a verb + adverb, e.g. come in, sit down, take off. There are very many phrasal verbs in English.
Here are some adverbs which are used in phrasal verbs: about, along, around, away, back, behind, by, down, forward, in, off, on, out, over, round, through, up
Some of these words can also be prepositions.
For prepositional verbs see Unit 126.
B Understanding phrasal verbs
Some phrasal verbs are easy to understand.
Tom asked Melanie to come in. The man in front turned round and stared at me.
The meanings are clear if you know the words come, in, turn and round.
But many phrasal verbs are idiomatic. The verb + adverb has a special meaning.
Fortunately the plan came off. (= succeeded) Why did you turn down such a good offer? (= refuse) I can't make out if it's a man or a woman over there. (= see clearly)
Sometimes a phrasal verb has the same meaning as a one-word verb.
find out — discover |
leave out — omit |
send out — distribute |
go back = return |
make up = invent (a story) |
throw away = discard |
go on = continue |
put off— postpone |
turn up — arrive |
The phrasal verb is usually more informal than the one-word verb.
C Word order with phrasal verbs
When a phrasal verb has an object, the object can go either before or after the adverb.
|
VERB |
OBJECT |
ADVERB |
|
|
VERB |
ADVERB |
OBJECT |
Melanie |
took |
her coat |
off. |
OR |
Melanie |
took |
off |
her coat. |
I |
wrote |
the number |
down. |
OR |
I |
wrote |
down |
the number. |
Who |
let |
the cat |
out? |
OR |
Who |
let |
out |
the cat? |
A long object goes after the adverb.
The gang have carried out a number of bank raids in the last few months. Why don't you try on that dress in the window?
A pronoun (e.g. it, them) always goes before the adverb.
Melanie felt hot in her coat, so she took it off. NOT She too off it.
There have been a number of raids. The police know who carried them out. NOT The police know who caried out them.
128 Exercises
1 Understanding phrasal verbs (A-B)
Work out the meaning of these phrasal verbs and put them in the right sentences:
come back, come in, cut out, fall over, get on, give away, go away, let in, lie down, pay back, stay in, take back
(Use a dictionary if you need to.)
?Hello. Nice to see you. Come in and sit down.
?I didn't have a key, but luckily someone was there to let me in.
1 |
Can't we go out somewhere? I don't want to ................................ |
|
all evening. |
2 |
Could you lend me ten pounds? I'll................. |
you |
..... ......... on Friday. |
3 |
The pavement is very icy. Be careful you don't |
|
|
4 |
I was feeling so tired I had to ......................... |
|
on the bed for a while. |
5There was an article in the newspaper that I wanted to ……………………. and keep.
6Mark's gone out, and I don't know when he's going to ................................
7The driver unlocked the coach so that the passengers were able to
8 I'll have to .......... |
these books .………… to the library. |
9Your brother was being a nuisance, so I told him to.....................................
10In order to get publicity, the company decided to ……………………. ... some of the new sweets free to children.
2 One-word verb and phrasal verb (B)
Put in a phrasal verb that means the same as the verb in brackets. Use the correct form of the phrasal verb. Rachel: I've (►) found out (discovered) what the problem is with the exam.
Vicky: Oh, good. Tell me.
Rachel: When they printed the papers, they (1) ……………………… (omitted) a page. No one noticed
|
until the papers had all been (2) .......……………….. (distributed). |
|
|
Now they'll have to (3) ................................ |
(discard) all the papers and |
|
(4) ………………………. (postpone) the exam. |
|
Vicky: |
Are you sure you haven't (5).................................. |
(invented) this whole story? |
Rachel: It's true, I tell you. And isn't it good news? |
|
|
Vicky: |
I don't know about that. It means we'll have to (6)…………………………(continue) revising. |
13 Word order with phrasal verbs (C)
Complete the sentences by putting in the phrasal verbs. Some of the spaces you have to leave empty. Sometimes more than one answer is correct.
?The sweater was full of holes, so I threw it away (threw away).
?I've put up (put up) that picture we bought last week.
1 |
There's always litter here. No one ever |
.........................it............. |
.(pickup). |
|
2 |
It's quite cold now. I think I'll ............................ |
|
my coat……………(put on). |
|
3 |
I haven't heard from Rita lately. I might........................ |
her ........... |
(ring up). |
|
4 |
Daniel has to go into college to......................... |
|
his project ............. |
(hand in). |
5 |
I can't remember the address. I wish I'd.......................... |
it …………..(writedown). |
||
6 |
Nick is trying to ....................... |
all the money he's just lost ………… (win back). |
||
7 |
I'm not going to have time to............................. |
|
these dishes ..…………..(wash up). |
|
8 |
If you don't know the number, you can …………………. It……………. (look up) in the phone |
|||
book. |
|
|
|
|
9 |
There was an accident which......... |
………….... all the traffic coming into town………… (held up). |
||
10 |
The words 'expect' and 'except' are so similar that I keep……………….. them …………. (mix up). |
129 Phrasal verbs (2)
A Everyday situations
Here are some phrasal verbs in everyday situations.
Come on, we're going now. Trevor dug up an old coin in the garden. You have to fill in your name and address. How did you get on in the test? I usually get up late on Sundays. I'm going out for the evening.
Melanie poured tea for the guests and handed the cakes round. Hurry up. We haven't got much time. David hit his head on a lamppost and knocked himself out. Mark picked up the cassette and put it in the player. You have to plug the machine in first. I'm going to throw these old clothes away. We were too tired to wash up after the meal. Sarah woke up suddenly in the night.
B Phrasal verbs and one-word verbs
Here are some phrasal verbs with the same meaning as a one-word verb (see also Unit 128B).
They're going to bring in a new law against drinking and driving. (= introduce) How did the argument come about? (= happen) Emma isn't speaking to Matthew. They've fallen out. (= quarrelled) We've fixed up a meeting for next Tuesday. (= arranged) Trevor gave up playing football years ago. (= stopped) / had a pain in my arm, but it's gone away. (= disappeared) We heard the bomb go off jive miles away. (= explode) The traffic was held up by road works. (= delayed)
The United Nations was set up to settle conflicts peacefully. (= established) I'm trying to work out how much money I've spent. (= calculate)
C Business situations
Here are some examples of phrasal verbs in business situations.
If we're spending too much money, we'll have to cut back. (= spend less) Our lawyers will draw up a new contract. (= write)
We mustn't fall behind in the race to develop new products. (= be slower than others) The two sides were close to an agreement, but it fell through. (= didn't happen)
The company fought off a takeover by ICM Computers. (= managed to stop) / tried to ring Santiago, but I couldn't get through. (= make contact)
The company has laid off two hundred workers because of a lack of new orders. The computer will print out the details.
The consultants put forward a proposal to reorganize the company. (= suggested) I'll get the information for you. Can I ring you back in half an hour? (= phone again) Sarah paid a visit to the client to try to sort out the difficulties. (= put right)
The company boss has stepped down after ten years in charge. (= left the job) We are taking on the challenge of expanding overseas. (= accepting)
Large companies sometimes take over smaller ones. (= take control of)
Exercises
1 Phrasal verbs in everyday situations (A)
Look at the pictures and say what is happening.
Use these phrasal verbs: dig up, pick up, plug in, throw away, wash up Use these objects: the armchair, litter, the plates, the road, the television
►They're throwing the armchair away.
1. |
……………………………………………….. |
3 |
………………………………………….. |
2. |
……………………………………………….. |
4 |
.................................................................... |
Phrasal verbs and one-word verbs (B)
Rewrite the sentences replacing each underlined verb with a phrasal verb.
►We're trying to arrange a holiday together. We're trying to fix up a holiday together.Nick says he's stopped smoking.
1How did the accident happen?
2I think Matthew and Emma have quarrelled.
i The problem isn't going to just disappear.
5The government is introducing a new tax on computers.
6Zedco want to establish a new sales office in Germany.
Business situations (C)
Complete the news article about Zedco. Put in these words: fallen behind, fell through, fight off, laying off, put forward, sort out, step down, taking over, taken on
Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas has (►) put forward a new plan designed to
(1) |
……………………………………………… |
the company's problems. It is only twelve months since Zedco tried to |
strengthen its position by (2) |
............................................Alpha Plastics. But the deal |
|
(3) |
…………………………………… ......... |
, and Alpha managed to (4) ..............…………………. Zedco's attempts to |
take control. Since then Zedco has performed poorly and has (5) ………………………………in the race for market share. Managing Director James Ironside has had to (6) ………………………………, and Barry Douglas has (7) ……………………………… the task of rescuing the company. There are fears that the new plan will mean (8)........................................ staff in order to reduce expenditure.