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108 Adjective or adverb? (1)

A Introduction

Vicky:

/ like that song that Natasha sang.

Rachel:

Yes, it's a nice song. And she sang it nicely, too.

An adjective (nice) describes a noun (song).

The man had a quiet voice. Claire wears expensive clothes.

The runners made a slow start.

An adverb (nicely) describes a verb (sang).

The man spoke quietly. Claire dresses expensively. They started the race slowly.

We do NOT say She sang it nice.

We can use adverbs in other ways. An adverb like really or very can be combined with an adjective (hot) o another adverb (carefully) (see Unit 115).

It was really hot in the sun. Andrew checked his work very carefully. An adverb like fortunately or perhaps says something about the whole situation.

Fortunately nothing was stolen. Perhaps Sarah is working late.

BThe ly ending

We form many adverbs from an adjective + ly. For example politely, quickly, safely. But there are some special spelling rules.

1We do not leave out e, e.g. nice —> nicely

Exceptions are true —> truly, whole —> wholly.

2y—> ily after a consonant, e.g. easy —> easily, lucky —> luckily Also angrily, happily, heavily, etc.

3le > ly, e.g. possible —> possibly

Also comfortably, probably, reasonably, sensibly, terribly, etc.

4ic —. ically, e.g. dramatic —> dramatically

Also automatically, scientifically, etc. (Exception: publicly)

C Looked nice and looked carefully

Compare these two structures.

LINKING VERB + ADJECTIVE

ACTION VERB + ADVERB

Tom was hungry.

Paul ate hungrily.

The children seemed happy.

The children played happily.

My soup has got cold.

The man stared coldly at us.

An adjective can come after a linking verb such as

We use an adverb when the verb means that

be (see Unit 104B).

something happens.

Some verbs like look, taste and appear can be either linking verbs or action verbs.

LINKING VERB + ADJECTIVE

ACTION VERB + ADVERB

Mike looked angry.

The medicine tasted awful.

The man appeared (to he) drunk.

He looked carefully at the signature. Emma tasted the drink nervously. A waiter appeared suddenly.

page 380 American English

108 Exercises

1 Adverbs (A-B)

This is part of a story about a spy called X. Put in adverbs formed from these adjectives: bright, careful, fluent, immediate, patient, punctual, quiet, safe, secret, slow

The journey took a long time because the train travelled so (►) slowly. It was hot, and the sun shone

(1)………………………… from a clear sky. X could only wait (2)……………………….. for the journey to end. When the train finally arrived, he had no time to spare, so he (3)………………………….took a taxi to the hotel. Y was on time. She arrived (4)……………………….. at three. No one else knew about the meeting - it was important to meet (5) ..........………………. . 'I had a terrible journey,' said Y.

'But luckily the pilot managed to land (6) ..................…………...' Her English was good,

and she spoke very (7) …………………. .........X was listening (8)……………………….. to every word. They were speaking very (9) ................................. in case the room was bugged.

2 The ly ending (B)

Look at the information in brackets and put in the adverbs. Be careful with the spelling.

► (Emma's toothache was terrible.) Emma's tooth ached terribly.

 

1

(Henry was angry.) Henry shouted........................................................................

at the waiter.

2

(I'm happy sitting here.) I can sit here ................................................................

for hours.

3

(The switch is automatic.) The machine switches itself off ....................…………………….

4

(The debate should be public.) We need to debate the matter............

………………………..

5

(Everyone was enthusiastic.) Everyone discussed the idea ………………………………………

6

(We should be reasonable.) Can't we discuss the problem............

……………………………... ?

7

(The building has to be secure.) Did you lock all the doors ..............

…………………………….. ?

3 Adverb or adjective? (A-B)

Decide what you need to say. End your sentence with an adverb ending in ly.

Tell the police that you can't remember the accident. It isn't very clear in your mind. I can’t remember the accident very clearly.

1Tell your friend that United won the game. It was an easy win.

2Tell your boss that you've checked the figures. You've been careful.

3Tell your neighbour that his dog barked at you. It was very fierce.

4You are phoning your friend. Tell him about the rain where you are. It's quite heavy.

4 Adverb or adjective? (A-C)

Vicky is telling Rachel about a dream she had. Choose the correct forms.

l had a (►)strange/strangely dream last night. I was in a garden. It was getting (1) dark/darkly, and it was

(2)terrible/terribly cold. My head was aching (3) bad/badly. I was walking out of the garden when

(4)sudden/suddenly I saw a man. He was sitting (5) quiet/quietly on a seat. He seemed very

(6)unhappy/unhappily. He looked up and smiled (7) sad/sadly at me. I don't know why, but I felt

(8)curious/curiously about him. I wanted to talk to him, but I couldn't think what to say. I just stood there (9) foolish/foolishly.

109 Adjective or adverb? (2)

A Friendly, likely, etc

The ending ly is the normal adverb ending (see Unit 108). But a few adjectives also end in ly.

Melanie was very friendly. It was a lively party. We had a lovely time.

Some more examples are: elderly, likely, lonely, silly, ugly

The words are adjectives, not adverbs (NOT She-spoke to us friendly). And we cannot add ly. There is no such word as friendlily. But we can say in a friendly way/manner.

She spoke to us in a friendly way. If we need to use an adverb, we often choose another word of similar meaning.

It was lovely. Everything went beautifully.

BHard, fast, etc

Compare these sentences.

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

We did some hard work. I came on the fast train.

We worked hard.

The train went quite fast.

We can use these words both as adjectives and as adverbs:

deep, early, fast, hard, high, late, long, low, near, right, straight, wrong (For hardly, nearly, etc, see C. In informal English, the adjectives cheap, loud, quick and slow can be adverbs.

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

They sell cheap clothes in the market. Back already! That was quick.

They sell things cheap/cheaply there. Come as quick/quickly as you can.

C Hard, hardly, near, nearly, etc

There are some pairs of adverbs like hard and hardly which have different meanings. Here are some examples.

/ tried hard, but I didn't succeed.

I've got hardly any money left, {hardly any = very little, almost none)

Luckily I found a phone box quite near. I nearly fell asleep in the meeting, {nearly = almost) Rachel arrived late, as usual. I've been very busy lately, {lately = in the last few days/weeks) The plane flew high above the clouds. The material is highly radioactive, {highly = very)

We got into the concert free, {free = without paying)

The animals are allowed to wander freely, {freely = uncontrolled)

D Good and well

Good is an adjective, and well is its adverb. The opposites are bad and badly.

ADJECTIVE

Natasha is a good violinist. Our test results were good. I had a bad night.

ADVERB

She plays the violin very well. We all did well in the test.

I slept badly last night.

Well can also be an adjective meaning 'in good health', the opposite of ill.

My mother was very ill, but she's quite well again now. How are you? ~ Very well, thank you.

109 Exercises

Friendly, hard, hardly, etc (A-C)

Decide if each underlined word is an adjective or an adverb.

?

That new building is rather ugly.

adjective

?

I'd like to arrive early if I can.

adverb

11 haven't seen you for a long time.

2Why are you wearing that silly hat?

3Very young children travel free.

4The temperature is quite high today.

5We nearly missed the bus this morning

6Do you have to play that music so loud?

2Friendly, hard, hardly, etc (A-C)

Complete the conversation. Decide if you need ly with the words in brackets. Mark: How did you get on with Henry today?

Sarah: Oh, we had a nice lunch and some (►) lively (live)conversation. Henry was charming, as usual. He gave me a lift back to the office, but it was (1)………………. (hard) worth risking our lives to save a few minutes. He (2)....................... (near) killed us.

Mark: What do you mean?

Sarah: Well, we'd sat a bit too (3)………………... (long) over our meal, and we were

(4)……………………..(late) getting back to work. Henry drove very (5)………… (fast). I tried

(6) ………………..... (hard) to keep calm, but I was quite scared. We went (7)…………… (wrong) and missed a left turn, and Henry got annoyed. Then a van came round the corner, and it was coming (8)………. ........ (straight) at us. I don't know how we missed it.

Mark: Well, I'm glad you did. And next time you'd better take a taxi.

3 Good and well (D)

Complete the conversation. Put in good, well (x2), bad, badly and ill. Rachel: How did you and Daniel get on in your tennis match?

Matthew: We lost. I'm afraid we didn't play very (►) well. Daniel made some (1)……………. mistakes. It wasn't a very (2)……………day for us. We played really (3)………………………

Andrew: I heard Daniel's in bed at the moment because he isn't very (4)………………

Matthew: Yes, I'm afraid he's been (5)………….... for several days, but he's better now.

4 Friendly, hard, hardly, etc (A-D)

Complete the conversation. Choose the correct form. Daniel: Is it true you saw a ghost last night?

Vicky:

Yes, I did. I went to bed (►) late/lately, and I was sleeping (1) bad/badly. I suddenly woke up in

 

the middle of the night. I went to the window and saw the ghost walking across the lawn.

Daniel:

Was it a man or a woman? Vicky: A woman in a white dress. I had a (2) good/well view from

the window, but she walked very (3) fast/fastly. She wasn't there very (4) long/longly. I'd (5)

hard/hardly caught sight of her before she'd gone. I (6) near/nearly missed her. Daniel: You don't

think you've been working too (7) hard/hardly? You've been looking a bit pale (8) late/lately.

Vicky:

I saw her, I tell you. Daniel: It isn't very (9) like/likely that ghosts actually exist, you know. I

expect you were imagining it.