- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Key to symbols
- •Starting test
- •1. Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc
- •2. Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc
- •3 Direct and indirect objects
- •4 The present continuous
- •4 The present simple
- •5 Present continuous or simple?
- •7 State verbs and action verbs
- •Test 1 Present tenses (Units 4-7)
- •8 The past simple
- •9 The past continuous
- •10 Past continuous or simple?
- •Test 2 Past simple and past continuous (Units 8-10)
- •11 The present perfect (1)
- •12 The present perfect (2): just, already, yet; for and since
- •13 The present perfect (3): ever, this week, etc
- •14 Present perfect or past simple? (1)
- •15 Present perfect or past simple? (2)
- •Test 3 Present perfect and past simple (Units 11-15)
- •16 The present perfect continuous
- •17 Present perfect continuous or simple?
- •18 The past perfect
- •19 Review of the past simple, continuous and perfect
- •20 The past perfect continuous
- •TEST 4 Past and perfect tenses (Units 16-20)
- •21 Review of present and past tenses
- •TEST 5 Present and past tenses (Unit 21)
- •22 Introduction to the future
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •25 Will and be going to
- •26 Present tenses for the future
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •TEST 6 The future with will, be going to and present tenses (Units 23-27)
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •30 Review of the future
- •Test 7 The future (Units 23-30)
- •31 The verb have
- •32 Short forms, e.g. it's, don't
- •33 Emphatic do
- •34 Yes/no questions
- •35 Short answers, e.g. Yes, it is.
- •37 Subject/object questions
- •38 Prepositions in wh-questions
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •TEST 8 Questions (Units 34-39)
- •40 Negative statements
- •41 Negative questions
- •42 Question tags, e.g. isn't it?
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •TEST 9 Questions, negatives and answers (Units 34-43)
- •44 Ability: can, could and be able to
- •45 Permission: can, may, could and be allowed to
- •46 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, etc
- •47 Necessity: must and have to
- •48 Necessity: mustn't, needn't, etc
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •50 Asking people to do things
- •51 Suggestions, offers and invitations
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •Modal verbs (Units 44-53)
- •54 Passive verb forms
- •55 Active and passive (1)
- •56 Active and passive (2)
- •57 Special passive structures
- •58 Have something done
- •59 To be done and being done
- •The passive (Units 54-59)
- •60 Verb + to-infinitive
- •61 Verb + ing-form
- •62 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + ing-form?
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •TEST 12 Verb + to-infinitive or ing-form (Units 60-64)
- •65 Verb + object + to-infinitive or ing-form
- •66 Question word + to-infinitive
- •67 Adjective + to-infinitive
- •68 For with the to-infinitive
- •69 The infinitive with and without to
- •70 Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •73 Preposition or linking word + ing-form
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •75 Some structures with the ing-form
- •TEST 13 The infinitive and the ing-form (Units 65-75)
- •76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable nouns
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •78 Nouns that can be countable or uncountable
- •79 Agreemen
- •80 Singular or plural?
- •81 Pair nouns and group nouns
- •82 Two nouns together
- •TEST 14 Nouns and agreement (Units 76-82)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •90 Place names and the
- •TEST 15 A/an and the (Units 83-90)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •93 The possessive form and of
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •TEST 16 This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc (Units 91-97)
- •98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you
- •99 There and it
- •100 Reflexive pronouns
- •101 Emphatic pronouns and each other
- •102 The pronoun one/ones
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •TEST 17 Pronouns (Units 98-103)
- •104 Adjectives
- •105 The order of adjectives
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •108 Adjective or adverb? (1)
- •109 Adjective or adverb? (2)
- •Test 18 Adjectives and adverbs (Units 104-109)
- •110 Comparative and superlative forms
- •111 Comparative and superlative patterns (1)
- •112 Comparative and superlative patterns (2)
- •TEST 19 Comparative and superlative (Units 110-112)
- •113 Adverbs and word order
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite
- •116 Quite and rather
- •117 Too and enough
- •TEST 20 Adverbs and word order (Units 113-117)
- •118 Prepositions of place
- •119 In, on and at (place)
- •120 In, on and at (time)
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •123 Preposition + noun, e.g. on holiday
- •124 Noun + preposition, e.g. trouble with
- •125 Adjective + preposition, e.g. proud of
- •TEST 21 Prepositions (Units 118-125)
- •126 Prepositional verbs, e.g. wait for
- •127 Verb + object + preposition
- •128 Phrasal verbs (1)
- •129 Phrasal verbs (2)
- •130 Phrasal verbs (3)
- •131 Verb + adverb + preposition
- •TEST 22 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs (Units 126-131)
- •132 Direct speech and reported speech
- •133 Reported speech: person, place and time
- •134 Reported speech: the tense change
- •135 Reported questions
- •136 Reported requests, offers, etc
- •TEST 23 Reported speech (Units 132-136)
- •137 Relative clauses with who, which and that
- •138 The relative pronoun as object
- •139 Prepositions in relative clauses
- •140 Relative structures with whose, what and it
- •141 The use of relative clauses
- •142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs
- •143 Relative clauses: participle and to-infinitive
- •TEST 24 Relative clauses (Units 137-143)
- •144 Conditionals (1)
- •145 Conditionals (2)
- •146 Conditionals (3)
- •147 Review of conditionals
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •149 Wish and if only
- •TEST 25 Conditionals and wish (Units 144-149)
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •152 Review of linking words
- •152 Exercises
- •153 Links across sentences
- •Appendix 1. Word formation
- •Appendix 2: The spelling of endings
- •Appendix 3: Punctuation
- •Appendix 5: American English
- •Appendix 6: Irregular verbs
- •Key to the starting test
- •Key to the exercises
- •Key to the tests
TEST 16 This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc (Units 91-97)
Test 16A
Look at what people are saying and choose the correct meaning.
► Polly: Let's sit under these trees, shall we? |
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The trees are a) near Polly. |
b)a long way away from Polly. |
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1 |
Martin: My friend and I ate a whole loaf. |
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Martin and his friend ate a) |
part of the loaf, |
b) all the loaf. |
2 |
Nigel: The girls' dog has gone missing. |
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The dog belongs to a) one girl, b) more than one girl. |
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3 |
Tessa: My brother has got his own office. |
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Tessa's brother a) works alone in the office, |
b) shares the office with another person. |
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4 |
Nancy: The weather looks a little better, I think. |
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How does Nancy feel about the weather? a) |
Hopeful, b) Not very hopeful. |
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5Ben: I can't answer either of these questions.
How many questions is Ben talking about? a) One. b) Two. c) O More than two.
6Adrian: The children can keep any tennis balls they find.
Will they find any tennis balls? a) Yes. b) No. c) Adrian doesn't know.
Test 16B
Decide which word is correct.
► What colour shall we have? ~ I don't mind. Pick any colour you like. a) any b) some c) that d) what
1 Peter has two brothers, but he doesn't speak to…………………… of them.
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a) any |
b) both |
c) either |
d) neither |
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2 ……………….. has left a bicycle outside. |
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a) Anyone |
b) Anything |
c) Someone d) Something |
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3 |
I like |
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pictures here. ~ Yes, so do I. |
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a) that |
b) these |
c) this |
d) those |
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4 |
Would you mind waiting............................. minutes? |
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a) a few |
b) a little |
c) few |
d) little |
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5 |
.....……….......... countries still have a king or a queen, don't they? |
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a) Any |
b) Half |
c) Part |
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d) Some |
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6 |
Safety should come first…………………… lives shouldn't be put at risk, |
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a) People |
b) Peoples c) People's d) Peoples' |
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7 |
Nigel isn't very well. ~ Oh, I'm sorry to hear .................... |
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a) so b) that c) this |
d) you |
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8 |
Mr Jones is an uncle of |
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............................... |
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a) Polly |
b) Pollys |
c) Polly's |
d) Pollys' |
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Test 16C
Tessa is walking along the street when she sees her old friend Angela.
Read the conversation and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.
Tessa: |
Hello, Angela. How are you? |
Angela: Tessa! Hello! Shall we have lunch together? |
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Tessa: |
I was just going to the bank to get (►)some> money. I have to be back at the office in |
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(1)…………….few minutes. My life's one mad rush. |
Angela: |
So is (2)…………….. I'm working for Tuffex Plastics now. And my daughter has invited three |
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friends (3)………….... hers to stay. I wish I didn't have so (4)…………… things to do at once. |
Tessa: |
I'm glad I've run into you. I never see (5)……………. else from our old gang. (6)…………… of |
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them seem to be around any more. |
Angela: I think they've (7)…………… moved away, except us two. Carol went to Japan. |
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Tessa: |
Angela, would you like to come for a meal some time? |
Angela: Oh, that would be lovely. We'll certainly have a (8)……………. to talk about. |
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Tessa: |
Maybe we'll need a (9)…………….day. What about the Saturday after next? |
Test 16D
Each of the sentences has a mistake in it. Write the correct sentence.
► Are you going an holiday that year? Are you going on holiday this year?
I That was a very good idea of you.
2 You've got a lot books, haven't you?
3I don't know the meeting's time.
4Nigel has hurt the leg.
5All rooms in the house were cold.
6Wear everything it doesn't matter what
7Every of the four doors was locked.
8I live my life, and my sister lives her.
9The both socks have got holes in them.
10Here's a copy of this week magazine.
I1 This sweater is losing it's-color.
12 I want some paper, but there's no in here
Test 16E
Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.
►When I was on holiday, it rained all week, (whole)
When I was on holiday, it rained the whole week.
1I've lived here more than half my life, (most)
2All the hotels were full, (every)
3The house on the corner is bigger than our house, (ours)
4I've forgotten my doctor's name, (of)
5We haven't had much warning of the changes, (little)
6Such a large number of people have applied for the job. (so)
7I met one of your old boyfriends at a party, (an)
8Both the chairs are uncomfortable, (neither)
9My holiday starts ten days from now. (time)
98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you
AThe meaning of the pronouns
Vicky: Hello, Andrew. Have you seen Rachel? Andrew: I don't think so. No, I haven't seen her today.
Vicky: We're supposed to be going out at half past seven, and it's nearly eight now. Andrew: Maybe she's just forgotten. You know Rachel.
Vicky: We're going out for a meal. Matthew and Emma said they might come too. I hope they haven't gone without me.
I/me means the speaker, and you means the person spoken to. We/us means the speaker and someone else. Here, we = Vicky and Rachel. He/him means a male person and she/her a female person. Here, she = Rachel. It means a thing, an action, a situation or an idea. Here, it = the time. They/them is the plural of he, she and it and means people or things.
We can also use they/them for a person when we don't know if the person is male or female.
If anyone calls, ask them to leave a message.
B Subject and object forms
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FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON |
THIRD PERSON |
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SINGULAR Subject |
I |
you |
he/she/it |
Object |
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me you |
him/her/it |
PLURAL Subject |
we |
you |
they |
Object |
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us you |
them |
We use the subject form (I, etc) when the pronoun is the subject and there is a verb. |
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I don't think so. |
Maybe she's just forgotten. We use the object form (me, etc) when the |
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pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition. |
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/ haven't seen her today. |
I hope they haven't gone without me. |
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The pronoun on its own or after be usually has the object form.
Who spilt coffee all over the table? ~ Me./Sorry, it was me.
Compare this answer.
Who spilt coffee all over the table? ~ I did.
C You, one and they
We can use you or one to mean 'any person' or 'people in general', including the speaker.
You shouldn't believe what you read in the newspapers.
OR One shouldn't believe what one reads in the newspapers. You don't like/One doesn't like to have an argument in public.
You is normal in conversation. One is more formal.
We can use they for other people in general.
They say too much sugar is bad for you.
We can also use it for people in authority.
They're going to build a new swimming-pool here. They is informal and conversational. We use the passive in more formal situations.
A new swimming-pool is going to be built here (see Unit 56B).
99 There and it page 380 You and one in British and American English
98 Exercises
1 The meaning of the pronouns (A)
Read the conversation between Melanie and Rita. Then say what the underlined pronouns mean.
Melanie: |
Have (►)you been in that new shop? |
► you = Rita |
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Rita: |
No, not yet. |
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Melanie: |
Nor have I, but (►)it looks interesting. There's a lovely dress |
► |
it = the shop |
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in the window, and (1) it isn't expensive. |
1 |
it = |
Rita: |
Laura bought some jeans there. (2) She said (3) they were |
2 |
she = |
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really cheap. |
3 |
they = |
Melanie: |
(4) You ought to go along there and have a look, then. |
4 |
you = |
Rita: |
(5) We'd better not go now or we'll be late. (6) I told Mike |
5 |
we = |
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and Harriet we'd meet (7) them at half past five. |
6 |
I = |
Melanie: |
Oh, Tom said (8) he's coming too. |
7 |
them = |
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8 |
he = |
2 Subject and object forms (B)
Complete the conversation. Put in the pronouns. |
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Nick: |
Did (>)you say that you and Harriet wanted some coloured lights for your party? |
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Mike: Yes, but (►) it's OK. Melanie's neighbour Jake has got some, and |
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(1) ................... |
's going to lend (2) .................... |
to (3) |
Nick: |
Great. Is Rita coming to the party? |
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Mike: We've invited (4)……………. of course, but (5)…………… isn't sure if (6)…………….can come or
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not. Her parents are flying somewhere on Saturday evening, and she might be taking |
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(7)…………… to the airport. |
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Nick: |
And what about Laura's friend Emily? |
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Mike: |
1 expect (8)…………....'11 be there. And her brother. (9)…………… both came to our last party. |
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Nick: |
Do (10) ................ |
mean Jason? I don't like (11) ................. |
very much. |
Mike: |
Oh, (12)…………… 's OK. But (13)…………… don't have to talk to (14) |
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3 Subject and object forms (B)
Put in the pronouns.
► There's no need to shout. I can hear you.
1 |
You and I work well together..................... |
're a good team. |
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2 |
We've got a bit of a problem. Could………….. help .………….. , please? |
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3 |
This is a good photo, isn't ............... |
? ~ Is Jessica in………………. ? ~ Yes, that's .……….. ..., |
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look ................... |
's next to Andrew. |
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4Who did this crossword? ~ ………….I did…………….. this morning.
5Is this Vicky's bag? ~ No,……………. didn't bring one. It can't belong to
6…………..'m looking for my shoes. Have…………… seen…………… ? ~ Yes,…………... re here.
4 You and they (C)
Complete the conversation. Put in you or they. |
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Trevor: I'm not going to drive in this weather. It's too icy. |
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Laura: |
(►) You don't want to take any risks. (1) ..................... |
can't be too careful. |
Trevor: |
I've just heard the weather forecast and (2) |
say there's going to be more snow. |
(3)................'re better off indoors in weather like this.
Laura: I think (4) |
ought to clear the snow off the roads more quickly. |