Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Практический курс военного перевода английского языка (второй иностранный язык). Сухопутные войска США инженерные, связи, ракетные. Учебное пособие.pdf
61
output
выходной сигнал
oscillator
гетеродин
modulator
модулятор
amplitude modulation
(AM)
амплитудная модуляция
frequency modulation
(FM)
частотная модуляция
radio circuit (rdo ckt)
радиосхема
demodulator
демодулятор, детектор
detector
детектор
discriminator
дискриминатор, различитель
headset
головной телефон, наушники
alternating current (AC)
переменный ток
headphone
головной телефон, наушники
transceiver
приемопередатчик
tuning
настройка
to send (out) pulses
посылать импульсы
to receive echoes
принимать отраженные сигналы [импульсы]
to amplify echoes
усиливать отраженные сигналы [импульсы]
to generate a radio fre-
quency signal
генерировать сигнал радиочастоты [высокочастотный сигнал]
to place intelligence on
the signal
накладывать информацию на сигнал
to increase the output of
the oscillator
усиливать выходной сигнал гетеродина
to add voice intelligence
to the RF signal
накладывать информацию, переданную голосом, на
сигнал радиочастоты [высокочастотный сигнал]
to pass signals
пропускать сигналы
to reject signals
подавлять сигналы
to remove the voice intel-
ligence
выделять информацию, переданную голосом
to pick up signals
принимать сигналы
to operate the headset
приводить в действие головной телефон
to pass a RF alternating
ductor
пропускать переменный ток радиочастоты через
current through the con-
проводник
Exercise 3. Read the following texts translate them into Russian
at sight:
Radar is an acronym derived from the initial letters of the phrase "radio
detecting and ranging." Every rdr essentially consists of six components: transmitter, receiver, directional antenna, timer, indicator and power supply unit.
62
The xmtr takes electricity from the power supply unit and by means of a direc-
tional antenna sends out very inltense pulses of energy in a narrow beam with intervals
between them. The rcvr is active during these intervals. lit receives echoes from the
nearest objects soon after the xmsn of the pulse, from objects at intermediate range lat-
er on and from the most distant objects near the end of the interpulse interval. When
sufficient time has elapsed to permit the reception of echoes from the most distant ob-
jects of interest, the xmtr sends another short pulse, and the cycle repeats.
The delay between the xmsn of the pulse and the reception of the echo is
due to the fact that the rdo waves used travel with the speed of light. In the units
convenient in rdr, the speed of light (about 186,000 miles per second) is 328 yd
per millionth of a second, or microsecond. Since the radio energy from the rdr
xmtr must travel the dis from the rdr to the tgt twice, each microsecond of delay
between the xmsn of a pulse and the reception of an echo corresponds to 164 yd
of range between radar set and tgt. Thus, the elapsed time between sending and
receiving pulse enables us to determine the range to the tgt while the fact that the
ant is directional permits the determination of azimuth and elevation of the tgt.
The received weak echoes are then amplified and converted into the form
of bright patterns (pips) readable for the operater on an indicator screen. The
timer serves to syncronize the opns of separate comps of the radar set.
Radio Equipment
The basic equip components of a rdo sta are as follows: transmitter, receiver, antenna (a beam or a telescopic rod antenna), power supply unit (dry batteries or a generator), a microphone and earphone.
The xmtr must perform three functions — generate a radio frequency sig-
nal, amplify that RF signal and provide a means of placing intelligence on the sig.
The xmtr contains an oscillator circuit to generate the RF sig, sufficient
amplifier circuits to increase the output of the oscillator to ithe power level required for proper opn, and the modulator circuits which add voice intelligence to
the RF sig. The modulator uses the audio signal to vary the amplitude (AM) or
frequence (FM) of the RF sig.
The rcvr must select RF sigs of the proper freq. It must convert the intel
contained on these signals into a usable form, and it muist have the capability to
amplify signals.
Radio waves of many freqs are present in Ithe air. A rcvr must be able to
select the desired freq from all those present. This is possible since rdo ckts can
be designed to readily pass sigs of a particular freq, while rejecting the others.
The rcvr uses a demodulator ckt to remove the voice intel. If ithe demodulator ckt is sensitive to amplitude changes, it is used in AM sets and is called a
detector. A demodulator ckt which is sensitive to freq changes is used for FM
receptrbn. This ckt is called a discriminator.
The rcvr contains amplifiers to amplify the weak RF signals picked up by
the ant into signals of sufficient strength for proper operation of the modulator.
63
In addition, there are amplifiers to amplify the demodulated audio sig to a power
level which will operate the headset or loudspeaker properly.
The transmitting ant is a conductor which radiates electromagnetic waves
when an RF alternating current is passed through it. The receiving ant must intercept the electromagnetic waves that are present in the air. When these waves
cut the antenna conductor they cause an RF current to flow in the conductor.
This current is then passed to the rcvr where it is amplified and demodulated,
and the intel contained on it is then fed to the headphones or speakers.
Many rdo stas employ transceivers. A transceiver is a xmtr and a rcvr contained in the same physical unit. Since weight and space are of great importance in
cbt actions, the transceiver is widely used. Normally the receiving and transmitting
functions are independent within the unit. Some functions, such as the power supply,
the antenna circuits and the automatic tuning, may be common to bath sections.
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:
1. What components does every radar consist of?
2. What does radar transmitter (receiver, antenna, indicator, timer, power supply
unit) serve for?
3. How does a radar sot operate?
4. What are the basic equipment components of a radio station?
5. What functions must the radio transmitter perform?
6. What circuits does the radio transmitter contain and what are the functions of
these circuits?
7. What must the radio receiver be able to do?
8. What circuits does the radio receiver use?
9. What is the difference between a detector and a discriminator?
10.What are the two kinds of amplifiers of a radio receiver?
11. How does a transmitting antenna (receiving antenna) operate?
12. What is a transceiver?
Exercise 5. Decipher the following abbreviations, and translate them
into Russian:
rdr; xmtr; rcvr; xmsn; rdo; yd; dis; tglt; ant; pns; comps; equip; rdo sta;
RF; sig; AM; FM; freq; intel; ckts; cbt.
Exercise 6. Get prepared to translate the following words and word
combinations quickly by ear:
to amplify demodulated audio signals; to remove the voice intelligence;
radar transmitter; radio set; demodulator circuits; interpulse interval; radio re-
ceiver; to generate a RF signal; dry batteries; power supply unit; telescopic rod
antenna; very intense pulses of electromagnetic energy; to modulate the RF sig-
nal with an audio signal; radio transmitter; beam antenna;
64
Exercise 7. Get prepared to make two-way translation of the following word combinations offhand in a fast rate:
подавлять сигналы; to interconnect mobile radio stations to the tele-
phone system; посылать импульсы; to request air support; подавать инфор-
мацию на репродуктор; to maintain communication; приводить в действие
головной телефон; to operate signal centers; свободно пропускать сигналы;
to establish communication; выделять информацию, переданную голосом; to
transmit classified information; излучать электромагнитные волны; to permit
physical relocation of circuits; принимать отраженные от ближайших объек-
тов сигналы; to convey a message; усиливать выходной сигнал гетеродина;
to suppress radio propagation; генерировать сигнал радиочастоты; to spread
alarm; накладывать информацию на сигнал; to warrant a routing schedule;
изменять амплитуду сигнала радиочастоты.
Exercise 8. Translate the following text in a written form from English into Russian:
Radio Set Operating Procedure
a. Starting Procedure. Turn the SQUELCH control to OFF, the VOL control to its extreme clockwise position, and the POWER switch to ON. Unlock
the TUNING control by turning the DIAL LOCK counterclockwise. Turn the
TUNING CONTROL until the dial is set at the desired operating frequency.
Then lock the TUNING control by tuning the DIAL LOCK clockwise.
b. Squelch Adjustment. With the Squelch control at OFF, background
noise should be heard in the handset. Slowly turn the Squelch control clockwise
until the background noise disappears. Do not turn the control beyond this point
as this needlessly reduces the sensitivity of the radio set.
c. Reception and Transmission
1) Reception. When the POWER switch is at ON, the radio set is in the
receive condition and voice signals transmitted on its frequency (FM signals)
will be picked up in the handset. If the sound is too loud, reduce the volume by
turning the VOL counterclockwise until a desirable level of sound is obtained
2) Transmission. Hold down the push-to-talk button on the side of the
handset and talk into the microphone. Hold the microphone about 2 to 3 inches
from the lips and talk clearly, in normal tone of voice, and at a moderate rate of
speed. To determine how loud to talk, ask the receiving operator for a report on
clarity of signal. After completing the transmission, release the button; this returns the radio set to the receive condition.
d. Stopping Procedure. To turn off the radio set, turn the POWER switch
to OFF. If the radio set is not be used for a week or longer, remove the battery to
prevent corrosion.
65
Exercise 9. Translate the following text from Russian into English in
a written form:
1. РЛС представляет собой устройство для обнаружения и определения местоположения объектов (целей) в космическом пространстве (space),
в воздухе, на море и на суше путем облучения (by irradiating) их радиоволнами и приема отраженных от этих объектов волн. Направление прихода
отраженных сигналов дает возможность получить сведения об азимуте и
угле места цели (объекта) относительно РЛС. Расстояние от РЛС до объекта (т. н. наклонная дальность — slant range) определяется по времени,
прошедшему между моментом излучения импульса радиоволн и моментом
приема отраженного сигнала.
РЛС классифицируются по месту их установки на наземные, самолетные (airborne) и корабельные (shipborne); по принципу действия — на
импульсные и непрерывного излучения (continuous-wave). По тактическому назначению РЛС подразделяются на станции обнаружения воздушных
(air-search radar), надводных (sea-search radar) или наземных (ground-itargetsearch radar) целей; станции наведения истребителей (fighter control radar),
наведения ракет на начальном участке траектории (launching radar) и т. д.
Основными составными частями РЛС являются передатчик, направленная
антенна, приемник, индикатор и источник электропитания.
2. Современный радиопередатчик состоит из следующих основных
элементов: 1) гетеродина, основное назначение которого заключается в создании высокочастотных колебаний (RF oscillations); 2) усилителя, усиливающего мощность колебаний гетеродина до необходимого уровня;
3) модулятора, назначение которого состоит в наложении информации, переданной голосом, на высокочастотный сигнал.
Радиоприемник представляет собой устройство, предназначенное
для выделения сигналов нужного радиопередатчика с последующим их
усилением и преобразованием в форму, необходимую для приведения в
действие воспроизводящего аппарата (reproducing device) (громкоговорителя, головных телефонов и т. д.). Основными элементами радиоприемника являются: 1) усилители, усиливающие слабые сигналы радиочастоты,
принимаемые антенной; 2) демодулятор, предназначенный для выделения
информации, переданной голосом; 3) усилители звукового сигнала, усиливающие демодулированный звуковой сигнал до уровня, необходимого для
приведения в действие наушников.
66
guided missile (GM)
управляемая ракета
rocket
неуправляемая ракета
engine
двигатель
rocket motor (rkt mtr)
ракетный двигатель на твердом топливе
disposable missile
ракета одноразового применения
cruise missile
крылатая ракета
battlefield missile
тактическая ракета
tactical missile
оперативно-тактическая ракета
liquid propellant
жидкое реактивное топливо
solid propellant
твердое реактивное топливо
inclined-launched
наклонно запускаемый
strategic missile
cтратегическая ракета
intercontinental ballistic missile
(ICBM)
межконтинентальная баллистическая ракета, МБР
intermediate-range ballistic missile
(IRBM)
баллистическая ракета средней
дальности
surface-to-surface missile (SSM)
ракета класса «земля — земля»
air-to-air missile (AAM)
ракета класса «воздух — воздух»
air-to-surface missile (ASM)
ракета класса «воздух — поверхность»
stand-off air- to-surface missile
ракета класса «воздух-земля», за-
тивника
surface-to-air missile (SAM)
ракета класса «земля — воздух»
anti-ballistic missile (ABM)
противоракета для борьбы с баллистическими ракетами
MISSILES AND ROCKETS
LESSON № 8
CLASSIFICATION OF MISSILES
Exercise 1. Practise for the following for pronunciation:
Aerodynamic [ˌɛərə(u)daɪ'næmɪk] altimeter ['æltɪmiːtə]
projected
preferable
referred [rɪ'fɜːd] nautical ['nɔːtɪk(ə)l]
targeted['tɑːgɪtɪd] stabilization [ˌsteɪb(ə)laɪ'zeɪʃ(ə)n]
Exercise 2. Read and learn the following words and word combinations
by heart:
['prɔʤektɪd] troposphere ['trɔpəsfɪə]
['pref(ə)rəbl] air-breathing ['ɛəˌbriːðɪŋ]
пускаемая из зон, находящихся вне
досягаемости зенитного огня про-
67
short-range attack missile (SRAM)
управляемая ракета СРАМ класса
«воздух — земля»
underwater-to-surface missile (USM)
ракета класса «подводная лодка —
поверхность (земля, вода)»
short-range ballistic missile (SRBM)
баллистическая ракета ближнего
действия
underwater-launched missile system
(ULMS)
подводный ракетный комплекс
underwater-to-underwater missile
(UUM)
ракета класса «подводная лодка —
подводная цель»
air-to-underwater missile (AUM)
ракета класса «воздух — подводная
цель»
surface-to-underwater missile (SUM)
ракета класса «поверхность (земля,
вода) — подводная цель»
air-launсhed ballistic missile (ALBM)
авиационная баллистическая ракета
interceptor missile (IM)
ракета — перехватчик
anti-radiation (antiradar) missile
противорадиолокационная ракета
guided aircraft missile
авиационная управляемая ракета
air defense missile (ADM)
зенитная ракета
homing missile
cамонаводящаяся ракета
guidance mechanism
механизм, устройство наведения
command (remote-control) guidance
командное (дистационное) управление; наведение
internal (pre-set) guidance
автономное (программированное)
управление
to be directed to a target by commands
originating from outside the weapon
наводиться на цель командами, вырабатываемыми вне ракеты
to have a range of 3,000 n mi
обладать дальностью действия в
3,000 морских миль
to be used as aircraft-to-aircraft weapon
использоваться как оружие воздушного боя
for use on the battlefield
для применения на поле боя
to be launched toward the target
запускаться в направлении цели
GLOSSARY
Aerodynamic vehicle is a device, such as an air plane, glider, cruise-type
missile, etc. capable of flights only within the sensible atmosphere and relying
on aerodynamic forces to maintain flight.
Airbreather is an aerodynamic vehicle propelled by fuel oxidized by in-
take for the purpose of combination.
Airframe is the assembled structural and aerodynamic components of an
68
aircraft or rocket vehicle that support the different systems and subsystems inte-
gral to the vehicle.
Angle of attack is the angle between a reference line fixed with respect to
an airframe and a line in the direction of movement of the body.
Angle of pitch is the angle between the longitudinal body axis of an air-
craft, missile or similar body and a chosen reference line or plane, usually the
horizontal plane.
Angle of roll is the angle that the lateral body axis of an aircraft, missiles
or similar body makes with a chosen reference plane in rolling.
Exercise 3. Read the following text and translate it into Russian at sight:
Classification of missiles
A GM may be defined as "An unmanned veh, designed as a wpn, which
travels above the earth's surface along a tj that can be altered by a mechanism
within the veh itself or from outside the veh; this veh destroys itself in carrying
out its msn."
The relative location of the msl lchr and the tgt provides the basis for di-
viding msls and rkts into several general types.
Surface-to-surface missiles (SSM). Surface may denote both the ground
and the sea. The majority of operational missiles, from the small antitank ones to
ICBM’s belong to this type. SSM’s can be fired from land against troop concentrations, important supply depots, communication centers or industrial areas.
This type also includes anti-submarine missiles, such as US
Anti-Submarine
ROCket (Asroc) and The UUM-44 SUBROC (SUBmarine ROCket).
Surface-to-air missiles (SAM) are effective is destroying high-speed air-
craft at all altitudes. In this case the launching point is on the surface and the tgt
is in the air. This type includes a wide range of missiles from from the manportabale “Stinger” to the anti-missile missiles such as
Patriot Advanced Capa-
bility 3 (PAC-3) and RIM-161 Standard missile SM-3.
The underwater-to-surface (USM) type is illustrated by U.S.
RUM-139
Vertical Launch ASROC or UGM-133A Trident II (D5) which are also called
underwater-launched missile System (UMLS) are submarine-fired missiles car-
rying MIRV warheads and possessing a range of some 11,000 kilometers.
Air-to-air missiles(AAM) are the principal wpns of air-to-air combat.
They are used as aircraft-to-aircraft wpns to supplement or replace gunnery
weapons.
Air-to-surface missiles (ASM) constitute the next type. It includes standoff missiles, anti-radiation missiles such as AGM-78 Standard ARM and AGM88 HARM missiles as well as ALBM (air-launched ballistic missile) such as
GAM-87 Skybolt and SRAM (short-range attack missile)
the Boeing AGM-69
SRAM which was effectively replaced by the ALCM cruise missile, which has
longer range, though easier to intercept.
69
After launch SRAM performs a radar-altimeter-controlled level flight in
“ground-hugging” fashion over varying terrain. A small radar cross-section
makes it practically invisible on enemy’s radar screens.
The missiles which replace interceptor acft are called interceptor missiles
(IM).
According to their combat missions and range all msls and rkts of the US
Armed Forces are designated as battlefield (short range) missiles, tactical (midrange) missiles and strategic (long range) missiles.
One of the essentials in the classification of missiles is their airframe design. According to the latter, missiles fall into two broad categories: cruise type
vehicles (short for aerodynamic cruise-type missiles) and missiles proper (rocket-powered missiles).
According to guidance and control, msls are basically subdivided into the
following groups:
- those relying on internal (pre-set) guidance;
- those using some sort of command (remote-control) guidance;
- and finally the so-called homing missiles.
The next point in classification of msls and rkts is their speed or velocity.
Most of the cruise-type msls possess either a subsonic or nearsonic (transonic)
speed.
Other missiles, such as antitank the AGM-114 Hellfire, the FGM-148
Javelin missiles fly two times the speed of sound. As for long-range ballistic
msls, they are normally hypersonic. For example, Trident II (D5) has a speed of
up to 18 000 mph which is 26 times faster than the speed of sound.
According to the propellants they use, all msls and rkts are usually re-
ferred to as either solid-propellant or liquid-propellant.
A general trend in missilery now is toward a wider use of the solid-
propellant engines because such msls are claimed to be in a higher state of readiness for action.
Exercise 4.Answer the following questions:
1. How are missiles and rockets classified as to the relative location of the msl
lchr and the tgt?
2. What is the difference between SSM and SAM?
3. What underwater-to-surface missiles do you know?
4. What enables the SRAM to perform a level flight over varying terrain?
5. How are US msls and rkts designated according to their combat missions,
speed and propellants?
6. What other essentials in the classification of missiles do you know?
7. What is the difference between cruise-typenand rocket-powered msls?
8. What is the subdivision of msls according to guidance and control?
9. What is the general trend in missilery today?
70
Exercise 5. Decipher the following abbreviations, and translate them
into Russian:
tgt; wpn; veh; tj; msn; cbt; msl-; US; ICBM; IRBM; MRBM; SRBM; n
mi; AAM; ASM; SAM; SSM; acft; ABM; USM; ULMS; MIRV; ALBM;
SRAM; UUM; AUM; IM; GAM; GAR; ADM.
Exercise 6. Translate the following words and word combinations by ear:
A. from English into Russian:
relative location; to replace interceptor aircraft; to be called interceptor
missiles; according to their combat mission and range; to be regarded as tactical
missiles; to fall in to two broad categories; cruise-type vehicle; air-breathing engine; man-portable Stinger; have a range; troop concentrations; supply depots;
communications centers; industrial areas.
B
. from Russian into English:
обладать стратегическими возможностями; быть оснащенным воздушно-реактивным двигателем; высота; горизонтальный полет; самонаведение; управляемые ракеты класса «воздух—земля», запускаемые из зон,
находящихся вне досягаемости зенитного огня противника; баллистическая ракета средней дальности; наводиться на цель после пуска; в зависимости от взаимного расположения пускового устройства и цели.
Exercise 7. Get prepared to make two-way translation of the following word combinations offhand in a fast rate:
ракета; unmanned vehicle; по траектории; the earth's surface; по выполнении задачи; destroy itself; боевая задача; battlefield missile; баллистическая ракета; non-ballistic missile; межконтинентальная баллистическая
ракета; medium-range ballistic missile; иметь дальность действия; air-to-air
missile; противорадиолокационная ракета; stand-off missile; ракета класса
«земля [корабль] — подводная цель»; air-to-surface missile; крылатая
ракета; aerodynamic trajectory; различный характер местности; surface-tounderwater missile; перехватчик.
Exercise 8. Translate the following text from English into Russian in
a written form:
The engineers consider the ballistic missile to consist of several major
parts: a propulsion system, propellants for that system, storage tanks for the pro-
pellants, a structure which is able to impart the propulsive trust to the payload, a
guidance system, auxiliary power supplies and a payload. The propellant storage
tanks and the general structure are often known as the airframe. The airframe of a
ballistic missile is defined as the assembled structural and aerodynamic compo-