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Exercise 6. Get prepared tomake a two-way translation of the follow-
ing text quickly by ear:
A rkt is an unguied veh driven by the reaction effect of a high-velocity
stream in the combustion chamber by the burning propellant.
Основными принципами, лежащими в основе классификации ракетного оружия, являются класс ракет, их скорость, особенности конструкции, системы наведения и управления, а также назначение и дальность.
The rkt is aimed by orientig its lchr.
Управляемой ракетой называется беспилотный летательный аппарат с реактивным двигателем, приборами управления и боевым зарядом.
The principal difference between a rkt a a missile is that the latter’s tj or
flight path can be altered by a guidance mechanism within the msl itself, thus
ensuring high accuracy of target kill.
По скорости ракеты подразделяются на дозвуковые, сверхзвуковые
и гиперзвуковые.
According to their airframe design missiles fall into two broad categories:
cruise-type vehs and msls proper.
Самолеты-снаряды оснащены воздушно-реактивными двигателями
[ВРД], и их полет проходит в плотных слоях тропосферы.
As distinct from a cruise msl, a rkt-powered msl carries its oxygen beyond
the earth’s atmosphere.
По боевому назначению и дальности ракеты подразделяются на ракеты ближнего радиуса действия, оперативно-тактического назначения
и стратегические.
Exercise 7. Translate the following text in a written form from English into Russian:
Unthinking Drones
The cruise missile is a descendant of the German V2 rocket. It is powered
throughout its flight, at about 600 mph, and can hug the earth's contours at a
height of about 100 ft. The big improvement on the V2 is a ground-recognition
guidance system with an onboard mini computer to make on-course corrections.
Whereas the proposed Bl bombers would have cost over 100 million dol-
lars a piece, each cruise missile will be available for 750,000 dollars and would
cost far less to maintain.
So President's cancellation of the Bl bomber has been justified on cost criteria alone. But the significance of development of cruise missiles is far wider
than this.
Their cheapness makes production in thousands possible and makes
antiaircraft defense impracticable. Their accuracy (30 yards) makes cruise mis-
siles suitable for a pre-emptive first strike against military targets.
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Exercise 8. Translate the following text in a written form from Russian into English:
Траектория и скорость полета крылатых снарядов
К крылатым снарядам относятся противотанковые, зенитные и авиационные реактивные снаряды, приспособленные для полета в воздухе с дозвуковыми и сверзвуковыми скоростями.
В отличие от баллистических снарядов крылатые снаряды имеют небольшой вес, размер и могут запускаться горизонтально и с наклонных
направляющих на небольшие дальности. Траектория полета крылатого
снаряда проходит в воздухе, при этом часть пути снаряд движется с работающим двигателем, а часть по инерции. Некоторые виды этих снарядов
совсем не имеют маршевого двигателя, а разгоняются до необходимой
скорости с помощью стартового двигателя. Траектория крылатых снарядов
так же, как и баллистических снарядов, делится на активный и пассивный
участки полета. Эти снаряды имеют самоликвидаторы для подрыва их в
случае непопадания в цель.
Скорость полета авиационных и зенитных снарядов в 2-3 раза превышает скорость полета самолетов. Дальность полета крылатых снарядов
составляет от нескольких километров до нескольких сотен километров, а
высота полета — 20-30 километров. Такие дальности и высоты полета
вполне обеспечивают выполнение задач по уничтожению воздушных целей, летящих на больших высотах со сверхзвуковым скоростями.
Exercise 9. Act as an interpreter:
Q: Для каких целей созданы крылатые ракет семейства «Томогавк»?
A: The Tomahawk cruise missile family is developed to ensure optimal cover-
age of various targets opon the total territory of Russia from any direction
and from any point of the Globe.
Q: Каковы, по мнению американского командования основные преимуще-
ства этих крылатых ракет?
A: Our experts usually mention the following advantages of the Tomahawk
cruise missile family: relatively low cost, long rang, low vulnerability to en-
emy missile defense; and high accuracy.
Q: Чем достигается малая уязвимость крылатых ракет «Томогавк»?
A: They are designed to be difficult for radar to observe and in addition can fly
close to the ground underneath the enemy’s radar coverage.
Q: Какова дальность действия этих ракет?
A: The range depends on the version. Air-launched and ground-launched ver-
sions are desighned to destroy targets at any depth of Russian territory, so
their range is up to 2 500 km. Sea-launched version is desighned to hit enemy
ships at a distance of 550 km and shore installations at a distance of 1 500
km.
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Q: Какие боевые части способны нести эти ракеты?
A: Depending on the mission they can carry both conventional and neaclear
warheads of any types.
Q: Какова точность стрельбы данными ракетами?
A: The matter is that all versions of the Tomahawk family are equipped with a
newly developed guidance system significally increasing their accuracy. As a
result the accuracy is about 200 m.
Q: Какая система наведения применена на ракетах семейства «Томогавк»?
A: The Tomahawk cruise missiles launched against fixed targets utilize an ad-
vanced inertial navigation system aided during flight by a technique called
Tercom (terrain contour matching).
Q: Расскажите, как осуществляется наведение ракет «Томогавк» на цель?
A: The missile flies along a predominated route. At selected points in the flight
the guidance systems matches a radar image of the area actually overflown
with the digitized contour map of the same area entered before launch, mak-
ing corrections to the missile’s flight path, if necessary, in order to place it on
the correct course.
Q: А как осуществляется наведение ракеты в промежутках между этими
точками?
A: Between those points, the missile is guided by inertial system. This elimi-
nates the need for constant radar emissions, which makes electronic detection
for the enemy extremely difficult.
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guided missile design
конструкция управляемой ракеты
airframe
корпус (ракеты)
airfoil
аэродинамическая поверхность
shock load
ударная нагрузка
vibration
вибрация
acceleration
ускорение; разгон
missile engine
двигатель ракеты
jet engine
реактивный двигатель
propulsion system
двигательная установка
control surface
поверхность управления, руль
jet vane
газовый руль
side jet
боковой газовый руль
thrust
тяга (двигателя)
flight path
траектория полета
lift
подъёмная сила
drag
лобовое сопротивление
external blast warhead
боевая часть с фугасным зарядом
fragmentation warhead
осколочная [осколочно-фугасная]
боевая часть
shaped-charge warhead
боевая часть с кумулятивным зарядом
explosive-pellet warhead
кассетная боевая часть с фугасными
поражающими элементами
chemical warhead
химическая боевая часть
nuclear warhead
ядерная боевая часть
heat energy
тепловая энергия
kinetic energy
кинетическая энергия
rocket engine
ракетный двигатель
atmospheric jet
воздушно-реактивный двигатель
MISSILES AND ROCKETS
LESSON № 11
DESIGN OF GUIDED MISSILES
Exercise 1. Practise for the following for pronunciation:
pressurization ['preʃ(ə)raɪzeɪʃn] throttled
affect [ə'fekt] steering
withstand [wɪð'stænd] apparatus
interchageable [ˌɪntə'ʧeɪnʤəbl] longitudinal [ˌlɔnʤɪ'tjuːdɪn(ə)l]
Exercise 2. Read and learn the following words and word combina-
tions by heart:
['θrɔtld]
['stɪərɪŋ]
[ˌæp(ə)'reɪtəs]
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oxidizer
окислитель
nozzle
сопло
restricted-burning rocket
ракетный двигатель твердого топ-
ным зарядом]
inhibitor
замедлитель; бронирующее покрытие
unrestricted-burning rocket
ракетный двигатель твердого топ-
всей поверхности
fuel charge
заряд топлива
pump
насос
storage tank
резервуар для хранения
inert gas
инертный газ
centrifugal pump
центробежный насос
hybrid rocket engine
комбинированный ракетный двигатель
pulse jet
пульсирующий воздушнореактивный двигатель, ПуВРД
ramjet
прямоточный воздушно-реактивный
двигатель, ПВРД
turbojet
турбореактивный двигатель, ТРД
fuel nozzle
топливная форсунка
igniter
воспламенитель
compressor
компрессор
turbine
турбина
turbine wheel
рабочее колесо турбины
to be equipped with
быть оснащенным
to contain both the fuel and oxidizer
содержать как топливо, так и окислитель
a charge can be varied
заряд может иметь различную форму
to give the required thrust characteristics
обеспечивать необходимую тягу
двигателя
to control rate of fuel flow and mixture
регулировать подачу топлива и его
смешение с окислителем
лива [РДТТ] с зарядом, горящим по
части поверхности [с бронирован-
лива [РДТТ] с зарядом, горящим по
Exercise 3. Read and translate the text from English into Russian at sight:
Missile components
Guided missiles are made up of a series of subassemblies. The various
subassemblies form a major section of the overall missile to operate a missile
system, such as guidance, control, armament (warhead and fuzing), and propul-
86
sion. The major sections are carefully joined and connected to each other. They
form the complete missile assembly. The arrangement of major sections in the
missile assembly varies, depending on the missile type. The guidance section is
the brain of the missile. It directs its maneuvers and causes the maneuvers to be
executed by the control section. The armament section carries the explosive
charge of the missile, and the fuzing and firing system by which the charge is
exploded. The propulsion section provides the force that propels the missile.
Missile components
Airframes
The airframe of a GM consists of the body of the wpn and the airfoils
which stabilize it in flt and affect its path. It carries the necessary components
and determines the fit characteristics of the veh. The msl configuration — the
shape and size of the airfoils — must meet several important requirements.
1. The body and airfoils must be aerodynamically suitable for the speed at
which the msl is to fly.
2. The entire airframe must be light in weight and rigid to withstand the
enormous shock loads, vibrations and accelerations.
3. The airframe must be easy to assemble and to disassemble. Airfoils
work efficiently while the msl is in the atm. However it requires the msl velocity
that will create enough air pressure on the surfaces to cause the msl to turn.
When the msl moves very slowly or reaches highly rarefied atm, the forces
which the con surfaces develop are small to change the path of the msl. When
this happens, it is necessary to use some form of jet steering, such as jet vanes or
side jets to control the flight of the msl.
Jet vanes are placed in the jet stream of the motor, and when moved, they
deflect a portion of the jet gases so that the line of the thrust is not directly
through the center of gravity nor along the longitudinal axis of the msl. This
causes the msl to turn.
Jet motors which are permanently fixed on the sides of the msls are called
side jets. The main requirement for this method of controlling the flight path is
that the jets be capable of being turned on and off rapidly.
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Guided missile:
1 — gas vane (газовый руль); 2 — air rudder (воздушный руль); 3 — electric motor (электромотор);
4 — combustion chamber and nozzle (камера сгорания и сопло); 5 — fuel line to engine (трубопровод
подачи топлива к двигателю); 6 — turbopump (тур-
бонасос); 7 — air bottles (воздушные баллоны); 8
— missile shell construction (каркас ракеты); 9 —
control equipment (приборы управления); 10 — war-
head (боевая часть); 11— electric fuze (электро-
взрыватель); 12 — nitrogen bottle (баллон с
азотам); 13 — fuel tank (топливный бак); 14 — liq-
uid oxygen tank (бак с жидким кислородом); 15 —
hydrogen peroxide tank бак (с перекисью водорода);
16 — engine frame (рама двигателя); 17 — stabiliz-
ing fin (стабилизатор); 18 — control actuator (руле-
вая)
cording to the latter, msls fall into two broad categories: cruise-type msls and
msls proper (rocket-powered msls).
gine. Their tj of flight path resembles that of a conventional jet plane, is con-
fined to the dense layer of the atm and includes three portions: ascending to operational altitude, level flight and diving to the tgt. And finally they resemble
ordinary acft by their configuration since they depend on the dynamic reaction
of the air for lift, and upon propulsion forces to balance the drag.
blast, fragmentation, shaped-charge, explosive-pellet, chemical and nuclear.
or blast which results from the detonation of an explo substance.
charge.
Effect in which the explo power is concentrated by shaping the explo material.
each of which is separately fuzed. When the main warhead is detonated, the pel-
One of essentials in the classification of msls is their airframe design. Ac-
Cruise msls are guided msls normally equipped with an air-breathing en-
Warheads and Fuzes
Among the types of warheads which may be used in GMs are: external
External blast warheads cause damage by means of a high-pressure wave
Fragmentation warheads operate by bursting a metal case containing a HE
Shaped-charge warheads, also called cavity chgs, make use of the Munroe
Explosive-pellet warheads contain a number of small chgs, or pellets,
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lets are ejected and hurled intact toward the tgt. The pellets then detonate either
on impact or after penetrating the tgt skin.
Cml warheads may contain either war gases nr incd material.
Nuclear and thermonuclear warheads produce destruction and damage
through the process of atomic fission or fusion. The destructive effects are blast,
heat and liberation of harmful radiation.
Propulsion System
Msls are usually equipped with one of the following jet engines, which
must produce large quantities of gas under high pressure and temperature, and
must provide a means of converting its heat energy into kinetic energy: rocket
engines and atmospheric jets.
According to the propellants they use, all msls are usually referred to as
either solid-propellant or liquid-propellant msls. In a solid propellant (solid-fuel)
motor the propellant containing both the fuel and oxidizer in itself is already in
the combustion chamber. After ignition it produces a thrust which puts the msl
forward whereas the resultant hot gases escape through the discharge nozzle.
Solid-fuel rkt is the earliest type of rkt. It uses a charge consisting of fuel and an
oxidizer, hollowed out for faster burning. Proportions and shape of a charge can
be varied to control rate of burning and thus rate of speed. There are two main
types of solid-propellant rkts. The restricted- burning rkt burns its propellant
from one end only and has the other surfaces of the propellant coated with the
inhibitor which restricts burning. The unrestricted-burning rkt allows the propel-
lant to burn on several surfaces which are shaped to give the required thrust
characteristics. Liquid-fuel rocket is a highly complex sys, using liquid fuel,
usually alcohol plus liquid oxygen as an oxidizer. It requires pumps and valving
mechanism to control rate of fuel flow and mixture. Liquid propellants have to
be displaced from storage tanks into the combustion chamber. This is usually
done by compressed inert gas acting on both the fuel and the oxidizer and pipe-
lining them through to the combustion chamber. Such a sys is called pressured.
Ballistic msls use a pump feed in which centrifugal pumps are driven by a gas
turbine.
Apart from the solid- and liquid-propellant rkt engines there is a hybrid
rocket engine in which the fuel is solid and the oxidizer is liquid. A general
trend in missilery now is toward a wider use of the solid-propellant engines be-
cause such missiles are claimed to be in a higher state of readiness for action.
The atmospheric jets (pulse jet, ramjet and turbojet) useatmospheric oxygen and
carry fuel only. For flight beyond the atm, msls will carry on board the fuel mix-
ture and any of the known oxidizers. Ramjet is the simplest of jet engines. It
burns gasoline or kerosine mixed with air for fuel. It must be launched by rocket
booster to reach speed in order to “ram” sufficient air into engine for operation.
Any jet-propelled system that obtains oxygen from the surrounding at-
mosphere to support the combustion of its fuel is an air-jet engine. Pulse-jets,
89
а. Solid-fuel rocket
(насосы и клапаны)
ram-jets, turbo-jets, and turboprops are all of this type, although the latter are not
used in guided missiles. Obviously, the operation of these engines is limited by
the amount of oxygen available, and they can operate only at altitudes where the
oxygen content of the air is adequate. The upper limit of operation depends on
the type and design of the particular engine.
б. Liquid-fuel rocket:
1 — oxidizer tank (бак окислителя); 2 — fuel charge (топливный заряд); 3 — payload (боевой
заряд); 4 — fuel tank (топливный бак); 5 — pumps and valves
Ramjet is the simplest of jet engines. It burns gasoline or kerosine mixed
with air for fuel. It must be launched by rocket booster to reach speed in order to
"ram" sufficient air into engine for operation.
Ramjet: 1 — fuel nozzle (топливная форсунка), 2 — igniter (воспламенитель);
3— combustion chamber (камера сгорания)
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Pulse-jet engines are so
jet engines
Turbojet engine is mostly used on jet acft. It is similar to ramjet, but has
compressor and turbine to pump air into engine.
Turbojet: 1 — compressor (компрессор), 2 — turbinewheel paбочее (колесо тур-
бины), 3 —combustion chamber (камера сгорания)
called because of the inter-
mittent or pulsating combus-
tion process. This type of en-
gine first drew international
attention when it was used to
propel the German V-1 “buzz
bomb” during World War II.
Although pulsewere used by the U. S. Navy
to propel an early missile,
they are now considered obsolete, and we will give them
only brief treatment here.
The principal parts of a pulse-jet are the diffuser, grill assembly (containing air valves, air injectors, and fuel injectors), the combustion chamber, and the
tail pipe. The diffuser is a duct of varying cross section at the forward end of the
engine, between the air intake and the grill. Between these two points the diameter increases; as a result the velocity of air entering the diffuser decreases, and
its pressure increases.
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the principal components of a GM?
2. What is the general design of a GM airframe?
3. What are the necessary requirements for the msl configuration?
4. What is the difference between side jets and jet vanes?