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nents which support the different systems and subsystems integral to the missile.
Both the single-stage and each stage of the two-stage vehicle contains a rocket
engine, two propellant tanks, one for fuel and the other for oxidizer. A turbopump
assembly drives the propellants from the tanks to the engines. These assemblies
consist of a fuel pump driven by a turbine. The missile is controlled in flight by a
control system, which operates thrust vector steering devices. The control signals
are generated as a result of commands from a guidance system, which determines
whether or not the vehicle is on the correct path to reach its target.
Exercise 9. Translate the following text from Russian into English in
a written form:
Качественное развитие ракетного оружия продолжается по многим
направлениям технического и оперативно-тактического характера.
В погоне за скоростью, дальностью, высотностью, точностью и
надежностью действия ракет США продолжают расходовать огромные
средства.
Для повышения надежности действия упрощаются конструкции ракет, что считается одной из важнейших тенденций современного развития
ракетного оружия.
США стали сокращать производство ракет, двигатели которых работают на жидком топливе, увеличивая одновременно производство баллистических ракет с двигателями на твердом топливе. В настоящее время, по
эообщениям печати, в армии США разработан новый вид твердого топлива.
Резко меняется качество ракетного оружия класса «земля—воздух» и
«воздух—воздух» с ядерным зарядом.
Увеличение мощности боевого заряда осуществляется путем улучшения качества боевой части и увеличения количества горючего в пределах возможности ракеты.
Exercise 10. Act as an interpreter:
Q: В настоящее время в армии США имеются самые разнообразные управ-
ляемые и неуправляемые ракеты? Существует ли какая-нибудь возмож-
ность их классификации?
A: Sure, not only possibility. The DOD has established a uniform classification
system for guided missiles and rockets based on certain criteria.
Q: Не могли бы Вы назвать основные критерии?
A: Well, the most commonly used criteria are the relative location of the launch-
er and the target, type of frame construction, flight trajectory, range, combat
mission, basing mode, ability to be directed to the target after launch and
others.
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Q: Насколько я знаю, согласно последнему критерию, то есть наличию
возможности наведения на цель после пуска, ракеты делятся на управ-
ляемые и неуправляемые, верно?
A: Yes? You are right. Classification of rockets and missiles according to the
first criterion is also easy. It indicates the launching environment and the
mission of the weapon in general. Based on the criterion all missiles are clas-
sified as surface-to-surface, surface-to-air, air-to-surface, air-to-air, under-
warter-to-surface and so on.
Q: Понятно. А в соответствии с каким критерием в отдельный класс выде-
ляются крылатые ракеты?
A: In general they are separated as a class in accordance with the type of frame
construction. That is to say cruise missiles are supposed to have such struc-
tural elements as wings. But as they are designed primarily to be difficult for
radar to observe and for this purpose to fly close to the ground they must
have air-breathing engines.
Q: Если я Вас правильно понял, то, хотя они и называются ракетами, на
самом деле крылатые ракеты не являются ракетами в классическом по-
нимании, то есть они не могут совершать полет за пределы атмосферы.
A: That’s the thing. Cruise misiles operate only within the atmosphere, as air-
planes do. Usually they are opposed to ballistic missiles, but that’s not quite
true.
Q: А почему? Ведь баллистические ракеты способны летать за пределами
атмосферы и не имеют несущих поверхностей.
A: That’s OK. But the matter is the group of cruise or winged missiles are op-
posed to the unwinged group. And the missiles of this group according to the
flight trajectory can be further subdivided into ballistic and non-ballistic.
Q: Теперь понятно. Категория крылатых ракет является более общей по
отношению к категории баллистических ракет. Кроме того баллистиче-
ские ракеты гораздо мощнее и предназначены для поражения важней-
ших стратегических целей, не так ли?
A: I can’t fully agree with you here. The category of ballistic missiles is really a
subcategory of unwinged missiles which are usually opposed to cruise mis-
siles as a category. But as for the power and mission of ballistic missiles it is
not quite as you have said. Ballistic missiles received their name for they fol-
low a ballistic trajectory to the target unpowered as bullets do, but for their
power or anythig else.
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unmanned rocket-propelled vehicle
беспилотный летательный аппарат с
ракетным двигателем
velocity
скорость
flight trajectory
траектория полета
booster stage
стартовая ступень
sustainer propulsion stage
маршевая ступень
dispenser stage
ступень с кассетной боевой частью
nuclear weapon
ядерное оружие
multiple independently-targeted re-
кассетная боевая часть МИРВ с ин-
ющих элементов
warhead
боеголовка; боевая часть ракеты
accuracy
точность
versatility
универсальность
preemptive
упреждающий
to alter
изменять
to follow
следовать
to direct
направлять
to contain
содержать
to determine
определять
missile base
пусковая установка
MISSILES AND ROCKETS
LESSON № 9
STRATEGIC MISSILES
Exercise 1. Practise for the following for pronunciation:
ballistic
altitude
trajectory [trə'ʤekt(ə)rɪ] atmosphere ['ætməsfɪə]
apogee [ə'pəuʤiː] vehicle ['vɪəkl ], ['viːɪkl]
booster
tions by heart:
[bə'lɪstɪk] propulsion [prə'pʌlʃ(ə)n]
['æltɪt(j)uːd] deterrence [dɪ'ter(ə)n(t)s]
['buːstə] dispenser [dɪ'spen(t)sə]
Exercise 2. Read and learn the following words and word combina-
entry systems (MIRV)
дивидуальным наведением поража-
Exercise 3. Read and translate the text from English into Russian at sight:
Stategic Missiles
A strategic nuclear weapon refers to a nuclear weapon which is designed
to be used on targets as part of a strategic plan, such as nuclear missile bases,
military command centers and heavily populated civilian areas such as large
towns and cities.
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They are in contrast to tactical nuclear weapons, which are designed for use in
battle, as part of an attack with conventional forces. Strategic nuclear weapons generally have significantly larger yields, starting from 100 kilotons up to destructive
yields in the low megaton range. However, yields can overlap, and many weapons
such as the B61 nuclear bomb are used in both tactical and strategic roles. Indeed, the
strategic Hiroshima and Nagasaki attacks utilized weapons of between 10 and 20
kilotons, though this was because the "Little Boy" and "Fat Man" bombs were the
most destructive (and indeed only) nuclear weapons available at the time.
A feature of strategic nuclear weapons is the greater range of their delivery apparatus (e.g. ICBMs), giving them the ability to threaten the enemy's
command and control structure, even though they are based many thousands of
miles away in friendly territory. Intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear
warheads are the primary strategic nuclear weapons, while short-range missiles
are tactical. The range of SRBM’s employment may be up to 500 n.mi. In addition, while tactical weapons are designed to meet battlefield objectives, the main
purpose of strategic weapons is in the deterrence role, under the theory of mutually assured destruction.
UGM-133 A TridentII (D5)
Ballistic missiles (BM’s) are unmanned rocket-propelled vehs which fly to
their tgt in a high parabolic tj which in ICBM’s lies mostly outside the atmosphere. BM’s are guided only during the ascending phase of the tj with the altitude,
bearing and velocity setting the msl in a predictable course up to the apogee and
then in a descending curve to tgt. BM’s consist of a booster stage, one or more
“sustainer” propulsion stages, and a re-entry veh which in long range msls con-
sists of a heat shield (to protect the msl during the re-entry into the atmosphere)
and the nuclear warhead as well as penetration aids. Multiple independently-
targeted re-entry targeted, may include a maneuvering “dispenser” stage.
BM’s include ICBM’s, intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBM), and
short-range ballistic missiles (SRBM). ICBM’s have a range of at least 6,000
nautical miles (11,000 km).
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Ballistic missiles with ranges of between 1500 and 4000 n.mi are usually
described as IRBM’s. In 1987 the Treaty Between the United States of America
and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Inter-
mediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles eliminated nuclear and conventional
ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges, defined
as between 500-5,500 km (300-3,400 miles).
GLOSSARY
The term ballistic means that part or most of the missile's trajectory is
not subject to propulsion or control. In its ballistic phase of flight, a missile's
motion is affected only by gravitation and uncontrolled aerodynamic interactions with the atmosphere.
Exercise 4. Translate the following questions into English in a written
form, and answer them orally:
1. Что представляет собой стратегическое ракетное оружие?
2. В чем отличие между стратегическим и тактическим ракетным оружием?
3. Каковы основные принципы классификации ракет в вооруженных силах
США?
4. На какие классы подразделяется ракетное оружие в зависимости от взаимного расположения пускового устройства и цели?
5.Какова скорость полета баллистических ракет и как они классифицируются по дальности?
6. Для чего предназначается пусковая установка?
7. Каковы основные тенденции в развитии современного ракетного оружия?
Exercise 5. Decipher the following abbreviations, and translate them
into Russian:
GM; tgt; rkt; wpn; veh; tj; mtr; lchr; msn; cbt; msl; MIRV; BM; ICBM;
IRBM; MRBM; SRBM; n mi; acft; AAM; ASM; SAM; SSM; acft; ABM;
USM; ULMS; MIRV; ALBM; SRAM; UUM; AUM; IM; GAM; GAR; ADM.
Exercise 6. Get prepared to make two-way translation of the following word combinations offhand in a fast rate:
guidance mechanisms; guided missiles; conventional classification; have
a range; aircraft-to-aircraft weapons; man-portable Redeye; launching point;
troop concentrations; supply depots; communications centers; industrial areas;
follow-on system; constitute the next type; aerodynamic trajectory; semiballistic
trajectory;
ракета; unmanned vehicle; по траектории; the earth's surface; по
выполнении задачи; destroy itself; боевая задача; battlefield missile; баллистическая ракета; non-ballistic missile; межконтинентальная баллистическая
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ракета; medium-range ballistic missile; иметь дальность действия; air-to-air
missile; противорадиолокационная ракета; stand-off missile; ракета класса
земля корабль—подводная цель; air-to-surface missile; крылатая ракета;
aerodynamic trajectory; различный характер местности; surface-tounderwater missile; перехватчик, flight path; nuclear war; level flight; varying
terrain; first strike.
Exercise 7. Translate the following text in a written form from English into Russian:
A missile base includes the msls and all the required equipment and facilities which permit the msls to carry their warheads to the desired tgts. These may
include the Ground Operating Equipment (GOE), and the operational and sup-
port facilities.
GOE is defiend as the equipment which does not fly but is required to launch
the missile. It consist of launch control equipment, launch consoles, electrical
equipment and various cabling devices, elevation equipment or booms, umbicals,
power equipment, propellant landing systems, and any of the required utilites.
GOE is the equipment necessary to test, maintain, handle, repaire, and
support the msl but which is not required to actually launch it. For example, the
check-out equipment is required for the proper operation of a msl sys. However,
during the actual countdown the msl can be launched without it, providing the
msl is in readiness. Other GOE includes msls handlig trailers, cranes, liquid oxygen tankers, liquid nitrogen trailers, component testing equipment, liquid oxygen plants, handling equipment and repair equipment.
The operation facilities are those which protect the msls from the effects
of weather and nuclear explosions and aid in launching the msls. The silo lnchr
and the launch operations building are operational facilities.
The support facilities include roads, utilities, security fencing, munitions
building and maintenance building.
Exercise 8. Translate the following text in a written form from Russian into English:
UGM-133A Трайдент II (D5) — американская трёхступенчатая баллистическая ракета, предназначенная для запуска с атомных подводных
лодок. Разработана Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Саннивэйл, штат Калифорния. Ракета имеет максимальную дальность 11 300 км и обладает разделяющейся головной частью с блоками индивидуального наведения,
оснащёнными термоядерными зарядами мощностью 475 и 100 килотонн.
Благодаря высокой точности БРПЛ способна эффективно поражать малоразмерные высокозащищённые цели — углублённые бункеры и шахтные
пусковые установки межконтинентальных баллистических ракет. По состоянию на 2010 год Трайдент II — единственная БРПЛ, оставшаяся на во-
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оружении ПЛАРБ ВМС США и ВМФ Великобритании. Боезаряды, развёрнутые на Trident II составляют от 52 % Стратегических ядерных сил
(СЯС) США и 100 % — Великобритании.
Вместе с ракетой «Трайдент I» является частью ракетного комплекса
«Трайдент». В 1990 году принята на вооружение ВМС США. Носителями
ракетного комплекса «Трайдент» являются 14 ПЛАРБ типа «Огайо». В
1995 году принята на вооружение Королевского ВМФ Великобритании.
Ракетами «Трайдент II» вооружены 4 ПЛАРБ типа «Вэнгард».
Exercise 9. Act as an interpreter:
Q: На вооружении стратегических бомбардировщиков ВВС США имеются
стратегические ракеты СРАМ. Что вы мог ли бы сказать об этой ракете?
A: The code name SRAM stands for short-range attack missile. This air-to-
ground msl is the Air Force's strategic wpn sys. It is considered fully opera-
tional since B-52 bombers have been modified to carry it.
Q: Что вам еще известно об этом оружии?
A: It possesses the same nuclear punch as a single Minuteman III warhead with
the accuracy of the latest ICBMs. Once launched it is practically impervious
to interception and countermeasures.
Q: Какие типы самолетов вооружены этой ракетой?
A: I know that B-52s can carry up to 20 msls on wing pylons and in the bomb
bay. The FB-111 carries a pair of SRAM, msls internally and four more on
its wings.
Q: Расскажите подробнее об этой ракете.
A: The supersonic SRAM carries a nuclear warhead and can either fly through
air defenses to the tgt or supress those defenses so that the bomber can ap-
proach close enough to launch additional SRAMs or drop serial bombs.
Q: Что еще вам известно о технических характеристиках этой ракеты?
A: The msl is powered by a two-pulse solid-propellant motor and is inertially
guided and controlled. A small radar cross section makes it practically invisi-
ble on the enemy's radar screens. Its speed of flight is three times that of
sound.
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tactical ballistic msl
тактическая баллистическая ракета
survivability
неуязвимость
deployment
приведение в боевое положение
warhead
боевая часть ракеты
conventional high explosive
обычное взрывчатое вещество
total yield
суммарная мощность
chemical, biological and nuclear weap-
on
оружие массового уничтожения
payload
боевая часть
land-based military equipment
наземное вооружение
air defense systems
система противовоздушной обороны
to intercept
перехватывать
to protect assets
защищать объекты
to penetrate enemy air defense
прорывать ПВО противника
thrust
сила тяги, тяговое усилие
gravity
гравитация, сила тяготения
flight path
направление полёта
to provide a strike
наносить удар
impact
поражение цели
MISSILES AND ROCKETS
LESSON № 10
TACTICAL MISSILES
Exercise 1. Practise for the following for pronunciation:
survivability
explosive
biological
[jiːld] strategic [strə'tiːʤɪk]
yield
Exercise 2. Read and learn the following words and word combina-
tions by heart:
[sər'vīvəbɪlɪtɪ] superior [s(j)uː'pɪərɪə]
[ɪk'spləusɪv] representative [ˌreprɪ'zentətɪv]
[ˌbaɪəu'lɔʤɪk((ə)l)] atmosphere ['ætməsfɪə]
Exercise 3. Read and translate the text from English into Russian at sight
Tactical missiles are the ballistic missiles designed for short-range battle-
field use. Typically, range is less than 300 kilometres (190 n.mi). Tactical missiles are usually mobile to ensure survivability and quick deployment, as well as
carrying a variety of warheads to target enemy facilities, assembly areas, artil-
Tactical missiles
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lery, and other targets behind the front lines. Warheads can include conventional
high explosive, chemical, biological, or nuclear warheads. Typically tactical nuclear weapons are limited in their total yield compared to strategic rockets.
Tactical ballistic missiles fill the gap between conventional rocket artillery
and longer-range theatre ballistic missiles. Tactical missiles can carry heavy
payloads deep behind enemy lines in comparison to rockets or tube artillery,
while having better mobility and less expense than the more strategic theatre
missiles. Additionally, due to their mobility, tactical missiles are better suited to
responding to developments on the battlefield.
For many nations, tactical missiles represent the upper limit of their land-
based military equipment. They can provide a powerful weapon for a very economical price, and in some cases are sought to help level the field against oppo-
nents who are clearly superior in other areas of military technology. Currently,
ballistic missile technology is relatively accessible to nations that may find other
military technology beyond easy reach.
Ballistic missiles are still difficult to defeat on the battlefield. Newer air
defense systems have improved ability to intercept tactical missiles, but still can
not reliably protect assets against ballistic missile threats. This allows a moderate force of missiles to threaten a superior enemy by penetrating their air defenses better than with conventional aircraft, while providing a deeper strike than
conventional artillery.
The MGM-140 ATACMS tactical ballistic missile firing
Another representative of tactical weapon is a cruise missile. While a ballistic missile leaves the atmosphere, a cruise missile remains within the atmosphere throughout its flight. In fact, this type of missile relies on the atmosphere
for flight because it deploys wings to generate lift like an airplane. While a ballistic missile relies primarily on thrust and gravity to dictate its trajectory, the
ability of a cruise missile to generate lift allows the vehicle to vary its flight path
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and approach a target from different directions. A cruise missile also typically
remains powered and guided throughout is flight from launch to impact against
the target. The most well known cruise missile today is probably the Tomahawk
used extensively by the US during conflicts in Iraq, Kosovo, and Afghanistan.
Tomahawk cruise missile of the Royal Navy in flight with wings deployed
If to compare ballistic and cruise missiles they are both can be armed with
a nuclear warhead, so both could be considered strategic weapons. However,
cruise missiles are typically much smaller than their ballistic relatives with a
correspondingly smaller payload and range. As a result, cruise missiles are usually classified as tactical weapons.
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:
1. What are tactical missiles designed for?
2. What categories of tactical missiles can you name?
3. What warheads can tactical missiles be equipped with?
4. What is a cruise missile?
5. Why do some people consider a cruise missile strategic weapon?
6. In what late local conflicts were cruise missiles widely used?
Exercise 5. Decipher the following abbreviations, and translate them
into Russian:
ICBM; IRBM; MRBM; GM; SM; TM; SRAM; SAM; SL; sys; wpn; flt; veh;
msl; tgt; clm; whd; lchr; en; info; atm; rdr; ammo; SIGCEN; mort; Arty bn;
JCS; AAA; USN; USAF; DoD; rpm; n.mi; sqn; CEV; DON; DOA; Maj-Gen;
Col.