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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». 31.05.03 Стоматология
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Without treatment, the immune system will become severely
damaged, and life-threatening illnesses such as cancer and severe
infections can occur. If you're planning on getting pregnant, it's important
to talk to a GP. Although rare, it's possible to transmit HIV to your baby.
Preventing HIV
Anyone who has sex without a condom or shares needles is at risk of
HIV infection.
There are many effective ways to prevent or reduce the risk of HIV
infection, including:
• using a condom for sex;
• pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP);
• treatment for HIV to reduce the viral load to undetectable;
• if you use drugs, never sharing needles or other injecting
equipment, including syringes, spoons and swabs.
Speak to your local sexual health clinic or a GP for further advice
about the best way to reduce your risk.
For people with HIV, if you have been taking effective HIV treatment
and your viral load has been undetectable for 6 months or more, it means
you cannot pass the virus on through sex.
This is called undetectable=untransmittable (U=U).
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) How can you decode the abbreviation HIV?
2) What is HIV?
3) Is it a serious life threatening condition?
4) Can AIDS be transmitted from 1 person to another?
5) Does HIV begin as a short flu-like illness which lasts 2 to 6 weeks?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) There are very effective drug treatments that enable most people
with the virus to live a long and healthy life but medicine haven’t found cure
for this disease.
2) HIV may not cause any symptoms for many years, although the
virus damages the immune system.
3) Anyone who thinks they could have HIV should get tested.
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4) HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person: saliva, sweat,
blood and breast milk.
5) Both positive and negative HIV tests may need to be repeated 1 to
3 months after potential exposure to HIV infection (this is known as the
window period).
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. Other ways of getting HIV include
2. An early diagnosis of HIV means you
can start treatment sooner
3. clinics may offer c.
4. In order to live and reduce risks of
getting complications you'll also be
encouraged to
b. A finger prick blood test, which can
give you a result in minutes, but it may
take up to a few days to get the results of
a more detailed HIV test
- take regular exercise;
- at a healthy diet;
- stop smoking
d.
- sharing needles, syringes or other
injecting equipment;
- transmission from mother to baby
during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding
a. Which can improve your chances of
controlling the virus, reduce the risk of
becoming more unwell and reduce the
chance of passing the virus on to others
b.
5. There are many effective ways to
prevent or reduce the risk of HIV
infection, including
e.
- using a condom for sex;
- post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) ;
- treatment for HIV to reduce the viral
load to undetectable;
- if you use drugs, never sharing needles
or other injecting equipment, including
syringes, spoons and swabs
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Text 17. Insomnia
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 17. A woman with sleeping problems
Insomnia means you regularly have problems sleeping. It usually
gets better by changing your sleeping habits.
Check if you have insomnia
You have insomnia if you regularly:
• find it hard to go to sleep;
• wake up several times during the night;
• lie awake at night;
• wake up early and cannot go back to sleep;
• still feel tired after waking up;
• find it hard to nap during the day even though you're tired;
• feel tired and irritable during the day;
• find it difficult to concentrate during the day because you're tired.
If you have insomnia for a short time (less than 3 months) it’s called
short-term insomnia. Insomnia that lasts 3 months or longer is called longterm insomnia.
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Sleep self-assessment
Do you have a sleep problem?
Most people experience problems with sleep in their life. In fact, it's
thought that a third of Brits will have episodes of insomnia at some
point. The causes can include physical conditions, psychological
conditions (such as depression or anxiety) or a combination of both. This
short test from Sleepio will give you a 'sleep score' plus practical tips and
advice for improving your sleep.
How much sleep you need
Everyone needs different amounts of sleep.
On average:
• adults need 7 to 9 hours;
• children need 9 to 13 hours;
• toddlers and babies need 12 to 17 hours.
You probably do not get enough sleep if you're constantly tired
during the day.
The most common causes are:
• stress, anxiety or depression;
• noise;
• a room that's too hot or cold;
• uncomfortable beds;
• alcohol, caffeine or nicotine;
• recreational drugs like cocaine or ecstasy;
• jet lag;
• shift work.
What causes insomnia
How you can treat insomnia yourself
book;
Insomnia usually gets better by changing your sleeping habits.
Do:
• go to bed and wake up at the same time every day;
• relax at least 1 hour before bed, for example, take a bath or read a
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• make sure your bedroom is dark and quiet – use curtains, blinds,
an eye mask or ear plugs if needed;
• exercise regularly during the day;
• make sure your mattress, pillows and covers are comfortable.
Don’t:
• do not smoke or drink alcohol, tea or coffee at least 6 hours before
going to bed;
• do not eat a big meal late at night;
• do not exercise at least 4 hours before bed;
• do not watch television or use devices, like smartphones, right
before going to bed, because the bright light makes you more awake;
• do not nap during the day;
• do not drive when you feel sleepy;
• do not sleep in after a bad night's sleep and stick to your regular
sleeping hours instead.
How a pharmacist can help with insomnia
You can buy tablets or liquids (sometimes called sleeping aids) from a
pharmacy that may help you sleep better.
Some contain natural ingredients (valerian, lavender or melatonin)
while others, like Nytol, are an antihistamine.
They cannot cure insomnia but may help you sleep better for 1 to 2
weeks. They should not be taken for any longer.
Some of these products can have side effects, for instance, they may
make you drowsy. This could make it difficult for you to do certain things
like drive.
Check with your doctor before taking anything for your sleep
problems.
See a GP if you:
• changing your sleeping habits has not worked;
• you have had trouble sleeping for months;
• your insomnia is affecting your daily life in a way that makes it hard
for you to cope.
85
Treatment from a GP
A GP will try to find out what's causing your insomnia so you get the
right treatment.
Sometimes you'll be referred to a therapist for cognitive behavioural
therapy (CBT).
This can help you change the thoughts and behaviours that keep you
from sleeping.
You may be referred to a sleep clinic if you have symptoms of another
sleep disorder such as sleep apnoea.
GPs now rarely prescribe sleeping pills to treat insomnia. Sleeping
pills can have serious side effects and you can become dependent on
them.
Sleeping pills are only prescribed for a few days, or weeks at the
most, if:
• your insomnia is very bad;
• other treatments have not worked.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What does the term «insomnia» mean?
2) How to check if you have insomnia or not?
3) The causes of insomnia can include physical conditions,
psychological conditions (such as depression or anxiety) or a combination
of both, can’t they?
4) Does everyone need different amounts of sleep?
5) What must a person do to treat insomnia?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) A lot of people experience problems with sleep in their life.
2) Adults need 7 to 9 hours for sleeping per day.
3) Working with the computer causes insomnia.
4) Watching television or using devices, like smartphones, right
before going to bed makes you more sleepy and treats insomnia
5) A GP can diagnose your insomnia, find out the reason of it so you
get the right treatment.
86
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. You have insomnia if
you regularly
2. Everyone needs
different amounts of
sleep, but on average
3. The most common
causes of insomnia are
4. Insomnia usually gets
better by changing your
sleeping habits for
example
5. Things you shouldn’t
do when you have
insomnia
a.
- go to bed and wake up at the same time every day;
- relax at least 1 hour before bed, for example, take a bath
or read a book;
- make sure your bedroom is dark and quiet – use curtains,
blinds, an eye mask or ear plugs if needed;
- exercise regularly during the day
- make sure your mattress, pillows and covers are
comfortable
b.
- stress, anxiety or depression;
- noise;
- a room that's too hot or cold;
- uncomfortable beds;
- alcohol, caffeine or nicotine;
- recreational drugs like cocaine or ecstasy;
- jet lag;
- shift work
c.
- adults need 7 to 9 hours;
- children need 9 to 13 hours;
- toddlers and babies need 12 to 17 hours
d.
- find it hard to go to sleep;
- wake up several times during the night;
- lie awake at night;
- wake up early and cannot go back to sleep;
- still feel tired after waking up;
- find it hard to nap during the day even though you're tired;
- feel tired and irritable during the day;
- find it difficult to concentrate during the day because you're
tired
e.
- do not smoke or drink alcohol, tea or coffee at least 6
hours before going to bed;
- do not eat a big meal late at night;
- do not exercise at least 4 hours before bed;
- do not watch television or use devices, like smartphones,
right before going to bed, because the bright light makes
you more awake;
- do not nap during the day;
- do not drive when you feel sleepy;
- do not sleep in after a bad night's sleep; and stick to your
regular sleeping hours instead
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Text 18. Teeth grinding (bruxism)
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 18. A man grinding his teeth
Teeth grinding (also called bruxism) is often related to stress or
anxiety. There are things you can do to help and treatments available from
a dentist or GP.
Causes of teeth grinding
It’s not always clear what causes teeth grinding.
It’s often linked to:
• stress and anxiety – this is the most common cause of teeth grinding;
• sleep problems like snoring, obstructive sleep apnoea
(OSA) and sleep paralysis;
• taking certain medicines, including a type of antidepressant known
as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs);
• smoking, drinking lots of alcohol and caffeine, and taking drugs like
ecstasy and cocaine.
Teeth grinding is common in children and teenagers, particularly
during sleep. It often stops when they reach adulthood and their adult
teeth have come through.
How to reduce teeth grinding
There are a number of things you can try that may help if you grind
your teeth.
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Do:
• find ways to relax – for example, by doing breathing exercises,
listening to music and taking regular exercise;
• try to improve your sleep by going to bed at the same time every night,
relaxing before bedtime and making sure your bedroom is dark and quiet;
• try jaw exercises, such as stretching the jaw muscles by opening your
mouth as wide as you can and repeating it 10 times, once or twice a day;
• take painkillers like paracetamol or ibuprofen if you have jaw pain
or swelling;
• use an ice pack (or bag of frozen peas) wrapped in a towel for 20
to 30 minutes to help reduce jaw pain or swelling;
• have regular dental check-ups.
Don’t:
• do not smoke;
• do not drink too much alcohol;
• do not take drugs like ecstasy or cocaine;
• do not chew gum or eat hard foods if you have tooth or jaw pain.
Symptoms of teeth grinding
Teeth grinding can happen while you’re awake or asleep.
As well as grinding your teeth and clenching your jaw, other
symptoms can include:
• face, neck and shoulder pain;
• a painful jaw, which can lead to a condition
called temporomandibular disorder (TMD);
• worn-down or broken teeth, which can cause increased sensitivity
and loss of teeth and fillings;
• headaches;
• earache;
• disturbed sleep.
See a dentist if:
• you grind your teeth and have tooth damage or sensitivity;
• you grind your teeth and have pain in your jaw, face or ear;
• your partner says you're grinding your teeth in your sleep;
• you're worried about your child grinding their teeth.
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Find a dentist
See a GP if you need help with some of the causes of teeth grinding,
such as stress, anxiety, smoking, drinking too much or taking drugs.
Treatment for teeth grinding is not always needed.
Treatments from a dentist
A dentist may recommend a mouth guard or mouth splint. These are
worn at night and protect your teeth from damage. They can be made by a
dentist to fit precisely over your upper or lower teeth
Mouth splints are more expensive than mouth guards but last longer.
Treatments from a GP
A GP can give you advice and recommend treatments for reducing
stress.
They will also be able to help if you want to give up smoking, or if you
need advice about drug addiction or cutting down on alcohol.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is teeth grinding?
2) How is this pathological condition also called?
3) Is it often related to stress and anxiety?
4) What should you do to reduce teeth grinding?
5) Can teeth grinding happen while you’re awake or asleep?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Taking certain medicines, including antidepressants may cause
teeth grinding.
2) Smoking, drinking lots of alcohol and caffeine, and taking drugs
will never lead to bruxism.
3) Teeth grinding is common in adults, particularly when they are
awake.
4) There are lots of things you can help yourself if you grind your
teeth.
5) Treatment from GP and from dentist is different.
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