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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». 31.05.03 Стоматология
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Some of the main risks associated with a hysteroscopy are:
• accidental damage to the womb – this is uncommon but may
require treatment with antibiotics in hospital or, in rare cases, another
operation to repair it;
• accidental damage to the cervix – this is rare and can usually be
easily repaired;
• excessive bleeding during or after surgery – this can occur if you
had treatment under general anaesthetic and can be treated with
medication or another procedure; very rarely, it may be necessary
to remove the womb (hysterectomy);
• infection of the womb – this can cause smelly vaginal discharge, a
fever and heavy bleeding; it can usually be treated with a short course of
antibiotics from your GP;
• feeling faint – this affects 1 in every 200 women who have a
hysteroscopy carried out without an anaesthetic or just a local anaesthetic.
A hysteroscopy will only be carried out if the benefits are thought to
outweigh the risks.
Alternatives to hysteroscopy
Your womb could also be examined by using a:
• pelvic ultrasound – where a small probe is inserted in the vagina
and uses sound waves to produce an image of the inside of your womb;
• endometrial biopsy – when a narrow tube is passed through your
cervix into your womb, with suction used to remove a sample of your
womb's lining.
These alternatives may be performed alongside a hysteroscopy,
but do not provide as much information and can't be used to treat
problems in the same way as a hysteroscopy.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is a hysteroscopy?
2) What kind of instrument is a hysteroscope?
3) How is a hysteroscopy carried out?
4) When may hysteroscopy be carried out?
5) What is dilatation and curettage (D&C)?
6) Is a hysteroscopy usually used to examine the inside of the womb?
7) Is it necessary to use anaesthetic for this procedure?
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8) How long does this procedure last?
9) Is hysteroscopy a painful procedure?
10) What have you known about recovering from a hysteroscopy?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) A hysteroscopy is a procedure used to examine the inside of the
womb (uterus).
2) Recovering from a hysteroscopy occurs very quickly: most women
feel able to return to their normal activities the following day, although
some women return to work the same day.
3) Accidental damage to the womb is one of the risks of a
hysteroscopy.
4) Excessive bleeding never happens during or after surgery.
5) Hysteroscopy is a painful procedure.
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. A hysteroscopy can be used
to
2. General anaesthetic may be
used during the hysteroscopy
3. While you're recovering
a. If you're having treatment during the procedure or
you would prefer to be asleep while it's carried out
b.
- investigate symptoms or problems – such as heavy
periods, unusual vaginal bleeding, postmenopausal
bleeding, pelvic pain, repeated miscarriages or
difficulty getting pregnant;
- diagnose conditions – such as fibroids and polyps
(non-cancerous growths in the womb);
- treat conditions and problems – such as removing
fibroids, polyps, displaced intrauterine devices
(IUDs) and intrauterine adhesions (scar tissue that
causes absent periods and reduced fertility)
c.
- you can eat and drink as normal straight away;
- you may experience cramping that's similar
to period pain and some spotting or bleeding for a
few days – this is normal and nothing to worry about
unless it's heavy;
- you should avoid having sex for a week, or until any
bleeding has stopped, to reduce the risk of infection
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Text 28. Chemotherapy
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 28. Cancer treatment using chemoteray
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment where medicine is used to kill
cancer cells. There are many different types of chemotherapy medicine bit
they all work in a similar way. They stop cancer cells reproducing, which
prevents them from growing spreading the body.
When chemotherapy is used
Chemotherapy may be used if cancer has spread or there's a risk it will.
It can be used to:
• try to cure the cancer completely (curative chemotherapy);
• make other treatments more effective – for example, it can be
combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation) or used before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy);
• reduce the risk of the cancer coming back after radiotherapy or
surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy);
• relieve symptoms if a cure is not possible (palliative
chemotherapy).
133
The effectiveness of chemotherapy varies significantly. Ask your
doctors about the chances of treatment being successful for you.
Types of chemotherapy
Chemotherapy can be given in several ways. Your doctors will
recommend the best type for you.
The most common types are:
• chemotherapy given into a vein (intravenous chemotherapy) – this
is usually done in hospital and involves medicine being given through a
tube in a vein in your hand, arm or chest;
• chemotherapy tablets (oral chemotherapy) – this usually involves
taking a course of medicine at home, with regular check-ups in hospital.
You may be treated with one type of chemotherapy medicine or a
combination of different types. You'll usually have several treatment
sessions, which will typically be spread over the course of a few months.
Side effects of chemotherapy
As well as killing cancer cells, chemotherapy can damage some healthy
cells in your body, such as blood cells, skin cells and cells in the stomach.
This can cause a range of unpleasant side effects, such as:
• feeling tired most of the time;
• feeling and being sick;
• hair loss;
• an increased risk of getting infections;
• a sore mouth;
• dry, sore or itchy skin;
• diarrhoea or constipation.
Many of these side effects can be treated or prevented and most, if
not all, will pass after treatment stops.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) and cancer treatment
During the coronavirus pandemic, doctors have been making
changes to how people have cancer treatments. This might include having
treatment as tablets instead of a drip.
Many people have also been having treatment in a different centre
and, for some, it has been delayed. You might be worried about how these
changes will affect your cancer treatment, care and support.
134
Cancer services are an absolute priority for the NHS. COVID-19
infections and hospitalisations have been putting more pressure on
hospitals. Staff are working hard to ensure that cancer diagnosis and
treatment can continue safely.
If your treatment is less urgent, your team may reschedule it. It will go
ahead as soon as it is possible to do so. If you have hospital appointments
scheduled, continue to attend these. How do doctors decide about my
treatment plan?
Treatment risks and benefits
When you start cancer treatment, your doctors weigh up the risks and
benefits of treatment.
They will discuss these with you. This will include how coronavirus
affects the treatments you should have.
Treatment risks relating to coronavirus include:
• how your cancer treatments affect your immune system: you're
more at risk of becoming seriously ill from COVID-19 if your immune
system is weak after treatment;
• other medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease or long-
term breathing problems, or older age, being very overweight (obese),
male sex, ethnicity, cancer symptoms and vaccination status - this may
affect your risk of becoming severely ill with COVID-19;
• exposure to the virus during hospital visits - your team might look
at how you have your treatment to reduce your hospital visits.
Treatment benefits usually refer to the aim of your treatment.
Your treatment might aim to:
• cure your cancer;
• lower the chance of your cancer coming back;
• help you live longer with your cancer;
• control symptoms so you are more comfortable.
Your doctors will weigh up the treatment benefits with the risks of
treatment. They will discuss this with you.
Prioritising treatment
Your doctors will also consider how urgent is your treatment.
Although doctors usually treat cancer urgently, some treatments are more
urgent than others.
135
In some emergency situations, delaying treatment could be life
threatening. Or it could cause long term damage.
But in other situations, delaying it might not make a big difference to
the outcome.
Is it safe to go to the hospital?
Healthcare teams are taking care to reduce any risk to make it as safe
as possible. They are following strict infection control measures to keep you
and themselves safe.
They might reduce the number of times you need to go to hospital
and lower the amount of time you spend in the hospital. Ways they are
doing this include:
• asking you to come to your appointments on your own to lower
the risk of spreading the infection;
• texting you when they're ready to see you so you don't have to
wait around inside the hospital;
• offering you appointments over the telephone;
• delivering medicines to your home, or finding other places for you
to pick up medicines;
• asking everyone visiting the hospital to wear masks and taking
their temperature on arrival.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is chemotherapy?
2) Are there many different types of chemotherapy medicine?
3) When is chemotherapy used?
4) The effectiveness of chemotherapy varies significantly, doesn’t it?
5) What are the most common types of chemotherapy?
6) Are there any side effects of chemotherapy?
7) Can chemotherapy cause a range of unpleasant side effects, such
as diarrhoea or constipation?
8) Can many of these side effects be treated or prevented?
9) When you start cancer treatment, your doctors weigh up the risks
and benefits of treatment, do they?
10) What have you known about prioritising treatment of cancer from
the text?
136
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment where medicine is used to kill
cancer cells.
2) During the coronavirus pandemic, doctors never make changes to
how people have cancer treatments.
3) In some emergency situations, delaying treatment could be life
threatening.
4) When you start cancer treatment, your doctors weigh up the risks
and benefits of treatment.
5) Oral chemotherapy usually involves taking a course of medicine at
home, with regular check-ups in hospital.
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. Chemotherapy can be
used to
2. The most common
types of chemotherapy
are
3. There is a range of
unpleasant side effects of
chemotherapy,
such as
a.
- try to cure the cancer completely (curative chemotherapy);
- make other treatments more effective – for example, it can
be combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation) or used
before surgery (neo-adjuvant chemotherapy) ;
- reduce the risk of the cancer coming back after radiotherapy
or surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy);
- relieve symptoms if a cure is not possible (palliative
chemotherapy)
b.
- feeling tired most of the time;
- feeling and being sick;
- hair loss;
- an increased risk of getting infections;
- a sore mouth;
- dry, sore or itchy skin;
- diarrhoea or constipation
c.
- chemotherapy given into a vein (intravenous
chemotherapy) – this is usually done in hospital and involves
medicine being given through a tube in a vein in your hand,
arm or chest;
- chemotherapy tablets (oral chemotherapy) – this usually
involves taking a course of medicine at home, with regular
check-ups in hospital
137
Text 29. Blood tests
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 29. Taking blood for blood tests
Blood tests have a wide range of uses and are one of the most
common types of medical test.
For example, a blood test can be used to:
• assess your general state of health;
• check if you have an infection;
• see how well certain organs, such as the liver and kidneys, are
working;
• screen for certain genetic conditions.
Most blood tests only take a few minutes to complete and are carried
out at your GP surgery or local hospital by a doctor, nurse or phlebotomist
(a specialist in taking blood samples).
Preparing for a blood test
The healthcare professional who arranges your blood test will tell you
whether there are any specific instructions you need to follow before your test.
For example, depending on the type of blood test, you may be asked to:
• avoid eating or drinking anything (fasting) apart from water, for up
to 12 hours;
• stop taking certain medicines.
It's important to follow the instructions you're given, as it may affect
the result of the test and mean it needs to be delayed or carried out again.
138
What happens during a blood test?
A blood test usually involves taking a blood sample from a blood
vessel in your arm.
The arm is a convenient part of the body to use because it can be easily
uncovered. The usual place for a sample to be taken from is the inside of the
elbow or wrist, where the veins are relatively close to the surface.
hand. Their skin may be numbed with a special spray or cream before the
sample is taken.
A tight band (tourniquet) is usually put around your upper arm. This
squeezes the arm, temporarily slowing down the flow of blood and causing
the vein to swell. This makes it easier for a sample to be taken.
Before taking the sample, the doctor or nurse may clean the area of
skin with an antiseptic wipe.
A needle attached to a syringe or special container is inserted into the
vein. The syringe is used to draw out a sample of your blood. You may feel
a slight pricking or scratching sensation as the needle goes in, but it
shouldn't be painful. If you don't like needles and blood, tell the person
who is taking the sample so they can make you more comfortable.
When the sample has been taken, the tourniquet will be released, and
the needle will be removed. Pressure is applied to the skin for a few
minutes using a cotton-wool pad. A plaster may be put on the small wound
to keep it clean.
After the test
Only a small amount of blood is taken during the test so you shouldn't
feel any significant after-effects.
However, some people feel dizzy and faint during and after the test. If
this has happened to you in the past, tell the person carrying out the test so
they're aware and can help you feel more comfortable.
After the test, you may have a small bruise where the needle went in.
Bruises can be painful, but are usually harmless and fade over the next few days.
Blood test results
After the blood sample has been taken, it will be put into a bottle and
labelled with your name and details. It will then be sent to a laboratory
where it will be examined under a microscope or tested with chemicals,
depending on what's being checked.
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The results are sent back to the hospital or to your GP. Some test
results will be ready the same day or a few days later, although others may
not be available for a few weeks. You'll be told when your results will be
ready and how you'll be given them.
Sometimes, receiving results can be stressful and upsetting. If you're
worried about the outcome of a test, you may choose to take a trusted
friend or relative with you. For some tests, such as HIV, you will be offered
specialist counselling to help you deal with your results.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is blood test?
2) What are the blood tests used for?
3) How can a person prepare for the blood tests?
4) What does a blood test usually involve?
5) Can receiving results of the blood tests be stressful and upsetting?
Why?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) The usual place for a sample of blood test is the inside of the elbow
or wrist.
2) After the test, you may have a small bruise where the needle went in.
3) You should avoid eating or drinking anything (fasting) apart from
water, for up to 12 hours before blood test.
4) Taking certain medicines is necessary before the blood test.
5) People never feel dizzy and faint during and after the blood test.
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. After the blood sample has been
taken
a. Although others may not be available for a
few weeks
2. Some test results will be ready the
same day or a few days later
3. For some tests, such as HIV c. It will be put into a bottle and labelled with
b.You will be offered specialist counselling to
help you deal with your results
your name and details
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