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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». 31.05.03 Стоматология
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Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. There are the following
causes of teeth grinding
2. To reduce teeth
grinding you should
3. To reduce teeth
grinding you shouldn’t
4. Symptoms of bruxism
can include
5. Consult a dentist if:
a.
- you grind your teeth and have tooth damage or sensitivity;
- you grind your teeth and have pain in your jaw, face or
ear;
- your partner says you're grinding your teeth in your sleep;
- you're worried about your child grinding their teeth
b.
- face, neck and shoulder pain;
- a painful jaw, which can lead to a -condition
called temporomandibular disorder (TMD) ;
- worn-down or broken teeth, which can cause increased
sensitivity and loss of -teeth and fillings;
- headaches;
- earache;
- disturbed sleep
c.
- smoke;
- drink too much alcohol;
- take drugs like ecstasy or cocaine;
- chew gum or eat hard foods if you have tooth or jaw pain
d.
- find ways to relax – for example, by doing breathing
exercises, listening to music and taking regular exercise;
- try to improve your sleep by going to bed at the same
time every night, relaxing before bedtime and making sure
your bedroom is dark and quiet;
- try jaw exercises, such as stretching the jaw muscles by
opening your mouth as wide as you can and repeating it 10
times, once or twice a day;
- take painkillers like paracetamol or ibuprofen if you have
jaw pain or swelling;
- use an ice pack (or bag of frozen peas) wrapped in a towel
for 20 to 30 minutes to help reduce jaw pain or swelling;
- have regular dental check-ups
e.
- stress and anxiety – this is the most common cause of teeth
grinding;
- sleep problems like snoring, obstructive -sleep apnoea
(OSA) and sleep paralysis
- taking certain medicines, including a type of
antidepressant known as selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs;)
- smoking, drinking lots of alcohol and caffeine, and taking
drugs like ecstasy and cocaine
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Text 19. Mouth cancer
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer, is where a tumour
develops in a part of the mouth. It may be on the surface of the tongue,
the inside of the cheeks, the roof of the mouth (palate), the lips or gums.
Tumours can also develop in the glands that produce saliva, the
tonsils at the back of the mouth, and the part of the throat connecting your
mouth to your windpipe (pharynx). However, these are less common.
Symptoms of mouth cancer
The symptoms of mouth cancer include:
• mouth ulcers that are painful and do not heal within several weeks;
• unexplained, persistent lumps in the mouth or the neck that do not
go away;
• unexplained loose teeth or sockets that do not heal after
extractions;
• unexplained, persistent numbness or an odd feeling on the lip or
tongue;
• sometimes, white or red patches on the lining of the mouth or
tongue These can be early signs of cancer, so they should also be checked;
• changes in speech, such as a lisp.
92
See a GP or dentist if these symptoms do not get better within 3
weeks, particularly if you drink or smoke.
Types of mouth cancer
Mouth cancer is categorised by the type of cell the cancer (carcinoma)
starts to grow in.
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of mouth cancer,
accounting for 9 out of 10 cases.
Squamous cells are found in many areas of the body, including the
inside of the mouth and in the skin.
Less common types of mouth cancer include:
• adenocarcinoma, which is cancers that develop inside the salivary
glands;
• sarcoma, which grows from abnormalities in bone, cartilage,
muscle or other tissue;
• oral malignant melanoma, where cancer starts in the cells that
produce skin pigment or colour (melanocytes); these appear as very dark,
mottled swellings that often bleed;
• lymphoma, which grows from cells usually found in lymph glands,
but they can also grow in the mouth.
What causes mouth cancer?
Things that increase your risk of developing mouth cancer include:
• smoking or using tobacco in other ways, such as chewing tobacco;
• drinking alcohol;
• infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) – HPV is the virus
that causes genital warts.
Who's affected by mouth cancer?
Mouth cancer is the 6th most common cancer in the world, but it's
much less common in the UK.
Around 8,300 people are diagnosed with mouth cancer each year in
the UK, which is about 1 in every 50 cancers diagnosed.
More than 2 in 3 cases of mouth cancer develop in adults over the
age of 55. Only 1 in 8 (12,5 %) happen in people younger than 50.
Men are more likely to get mouth cancer than women. This may be
because, on average, men tend to drink more alcohol than women.
93
Mouth cancer can develop in younger adults. HPV infection is thought
to be linked with the most mouth cancers that happen in younger people.
Treating mouth cancer
There are three main treatment options for mouth cancer, including:
• surgery to remove the cancerous cells, along with a tiny bit of the
surrounding normal tissue or cells to ensure the cancer is completely
removed;
• radiotherapy – where beams of radiation are directed at the
cancerous cells;
• chemotherapy – where powerful medicines are used to kill
cancerous cells.
These treatments are often used in combination. For example,
surgery may be followed by a course of radiotherapy to help prevent the
cancer returning.
As well as trying to cure mouth cancer, treatment will focus on
preserving important functions of the mouth, such as breathing, speaking
and eating. Maintaining the appearance of your mouth will also be a high
priority.
Find out more about treating mouth cancer.
Complications of mouth cancer
Mouth cancer and its treatment can cause complications. It can affect
the appearance of your mouth and cause problems with speaking and
swallowing (dysphagia).
Dysphagia can be a serious problem. If small pieces of food enter
your airways when you try to swallow and the food become lodged in your
lungs, it could lead to a chest infection, known as aspiration pneumonia.
Find out more about the complications of mouth cancer.
Preventing mouth cancer
The 3 most effective ways of preventing mouth cancer from
happening, or stopping it from coming back after successful treatment, are:
• not smoking or using tobacco in other ways, such as not chewing
tobacco;
• ensuring you do not drink more than the recommended weekly
guideline for alcohol;
94
• eating a healthy, balanced diet that includes fresh vegetables
(particularly tomatoes), citrus fruits, olive oil and fish.
The NHS recommends you drink no more than 14 units of alcohol a
week. If you drink as much as 14 units a week, it's best to spread it evenly
over 3 or more days.
It's also important that you have regular dental check-ups. A dentist
can often spot the early stages of mouth cancer.
Outlook
The outlook for mouth cancer can vary depending on which part of
your mouth is affected and whether it has spread from your mouth into
surrounding tissue. The outlook is better for mouth cancer that affects the
lip, tongue or oral cavity.
If mouth cancer is diagnosed early, a complete cure is often possible
in up to 9 in 10 cases using surgery alone.
If the cancer is larger, there's still a good chance of a cure, but surgery
should be followed by radiotherapy or a combination of radiotherapy
and chemotherapy.
Advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have resulted
in much improved cure rates.
Overall, around 6 in 10 people with mouth cancer will live for at least
5 years after their diagnosis, and many will live much longer without the
cancer returning.
Head and neck cancers
Mouth cancer is a type of cancer that comes under the umbrella term
"cancers of the head and neck".
Other types of head and neck cancer include:
• cancer of the larynx – the voice box;
• cancer of the nasopharynx – the area at the back of the nose that
forms the top part of the throat (pharynx);
• cancer of the oropharynx – the part of the throat that is directly
behind the mouth;
• cancer of the hypopharynx – the part of the throat that is directly
behind the larynx;
• cancer of the thyroid gland – a butterfly-shaped gland on either
side of the windpipe;
95
• cancer of the nose and sinuses;
• cancer of the oesophagus – the food pipe.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is mouth cancer?
2) What parts of the oral cavity can be affected?
3) Name the symptoms of mouth cancer.
4) Are there many different types of mouth cancer?
5) Is smoking or using tobacco and drinking alcohol cause mouth
cancer?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Mouth ulcers that are painful and do not heal within several weeks,
unexplained, persistent lumps in the mouth or the neck that do not go away
are the first symptoms of cancer.
2) Consult a GP or dentist if these symptoms do not get better within
2 weeks, especially if you take drugs.
3) Mouth cancer can cause complications such as problems with
speaking and swallowing (dysphagia).
4) According to statistics, around 6 in 10 people with mouth cancer
will live for at least 10 years after their diagnosis, and many will live much
longer without the cancer returning.
5) Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the most common
types of treating cancer.
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. The symptoms of mouth cancer are
as follows
2. Less common types of mouth cancer
include
a.
- smoking or using tobacco in other ways,
such as chewing tobacco;
- drinking alcohol;
- infection with the human papilloma virus
(HPV) – HPV is the virus that causes genital
warts
b.
- adenocarcinoma, which is cancers that
develop inside the salivary glands;
96
3. Things that increase your risk of
developing mouth cancer include
4. There are three main treatment
options for mouth cancer, including
5. Other types of head and neck
cancer include
- sarcoma, which grows from abnormalities in
bone, cartilage, muscle or other tissue;
- oral malignant melanoma, where cancer
starts in the cells that produce skin pigment or
colour (melanocytes);
- lymphoma, which grows from cells usually
found in lymph glands, but they can also grow
in the mouth
c.
- surgery to remove the cancerous cells, along
with a tiny bit of the surrounding normal tissue
or cells to ensure the cancer is completely
removed;
- radiotherapy – where beams of radiation are
directed at the cancerous cells;
- chemotherapy – where powerful medicines
are used to kill cancerous cells
d.
- mouth ulcers that are painful and do not heal
within several weeks;
- unexplained, persistent lumps in the mouth
or the neck that do not go away;
- unexplained loose teeth or sockets that do
not heal after extractions;
- unexplained, persistent numbness or an odd
feeling on the lip or tongue;
- sometimes, white or red patches on the
lining of the mouth or tongue;
- changes in speech, such as a lisp
e.
- cancer of the larynx – the voice box;
- cancer of the nasopharynx – the area at the
back of the nose that forms the top part of the
throat (pharynx) ;
- cancer of the oropharynx – the part of the
throat that is directly behind the mouth;
- cancer of the hypopharynx – the part of the
throat that is directly behind the larynx;
- cancer of the thyroid gland – a butterflyshaped gland on either side of the windpipe;
- cancer of the nose and sinuses;
- cancer of the oesophagus – the food pipe
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Text 20. Mouth ulcers
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Mouth ulcers are common and should clear up on their own within a
week or 2. But see a GP or dentist if you have a mouth ulcer that lasts
longer than 3 weeks.
How you can treat mouth ulcers yourself
Mouth ulcers are rarely a sign of anything serious, but may be
uncomfortable to live with.
They need time to heal and there's no quick fix.
Avoiding things that irritate your mouth ulcer should help:
• speed up the healing process;
• reduce pain;
• reduce the chance of it returning.
Do:
• use a soft-bristled toothbrush;
• drink cool drinks through a straw;
• eat softer foods;
• get regular dental check-ups;
• eat a healthy, balanced diet.
Don’t
• do not eat very spicy, salty or acidic food;
• do not eat rough, crunchy food, such as toast or crisps;
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• do not drink very hot or acidic drinks, such as fruit juice;
• do not use chewing gum;
• do not use toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulphate.
A pharmacist can help with mouth ulcers
A pharmacist can recommend a treatment to speed up healing,
prevent infection or reduce pain, such as:
• antimicrobial mouthwash;
• a painkilling tablet, mouthwash, gel or spray;
• corticosteroid lozenges;
• a salt (saline) mouthwash.
You can buy these without a prescription, but they may not always work.
See a dentist or GP if your mouth ulcer:
• lasts longer than 3 weeks;
• keeps coming back;
• grows bigger than usual or is near the back of your throat;
• bleeds or becomes more painful and red – this may be a sign of an
infection.
Although most mouth ulcers are harmless, a long-lasting mouth ulcer
is sometimes a sign of mouth cancer. It's best to get it checked.
Treatment from a dentist or GP
A GP or dentist may prescribe stronger medicine to treat severe,
persistent or infected mouth ulcers.
ePossible treatments includ:
• steroid mouth spray or steroid tablets that dissolve in your mouth;
• painkilling gels, ointments, sprays or tablets;
• mouthwashes to kill or remove any germs in your mouth.
Check if you have a mouth ulcer
Mouth ulcers usually appear inside the mouth, on the cheeks or lips.
Ulcers can also appear on the tongue.
You may have more than 1 ulcer at a time, and they can change in size.
Mouth ulcers are not contagious and should not be confused
with cold sores.
Cold sores appear on the lips or around the mouth and often begin
with a tingling, itching or burning sensation.
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Most single mouth ulcers are caused by things you can try to avoid,
such as:
• biting the inside of your cheek;
• badly fitting dentures, braces, rough fillings or a sharp tooth;
• cuts or burns while eating or drinking – for example, hard food or
hot drinks;
• a food intolerance or allergy;
• damaging your gums with a toothbrush or irritating toothpaste;
• feeling tired, stressed or anxious.
Sometimes they're triggered by things you cannot always control, such as:
• hormonal changes – such as during pregnancy;
• your genes – some families get mouth ulcers more often;
• a vitamin B12 or iron deficiency;
• medicines – including some NSAIDs, beta blockers or nicorandil;
• stopping smoking – people may develop mouth ulcers when they
Causes of mouth ulcers
first stop smoking.
If you have several mouth ulcers, it can be a symptom of:
• hand, foot and mouth disease, which also causes a rash on the
hands and feet;
• oral lichen planus, which causes a white, lacy pattern inside the
cheeks;
• Crohn's disease and coeliac disease (conditions that affect the
digestive system);
• a weakened immune system from having a condition
like HIV or lupus.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) Are mouth ulcers a common pathological condition?
2) Mouth ulcers are rarely a sign of anything serious, aren’t they?
3) Do they need time to heal or do they recover very quickly?
4) How does a pharmacist help in this case?
5) Where can ulcers appear in the mouth cavity?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Mouth ulcers are common and should clear up on their own within a
week or two.
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