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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». 31.05.03 Стоматология
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• pain that's worse when lying down, which may disturb your sleep;
• redness and swelling in your face;
• a tender, discoloured or loose tooth;
• shiny, red and swollen gums;
• sensitivity to hot or cold food and drink;
• bad breath or an unpleasant taste in your mouth.
If the infection spreads, you may also develop a high temperature
(fever) and feel generally unwell.
In severe cases, you may find it hard to fully open your mouth
and have difficulty swallowing or breathing.
What to do if you have a dental abscess
You should see a dentist as soon as possible if you think you have a
dental abscess.
Avoid visiting a GP, as there's little they can do to help.
You can get help from:
• your registered dentist – if it's out of hours, they should have an
answerphone message with details of how to access out-of-hours dental
treatment;
• NHS 111 – who can give you details of dental services in your area;
• your local A&E – if you're having difficulty breathing or swallowing,
or there's swelling around your eye or neck.
You may have to pay for emergency NHS dental treatment,
depending on your circumstances.
Relieving pain from a dental abscess
While you're waiting to see a dentist, painkillers can help control your
pain.
Ibuprofen is the preferred painkiller for dental abscesses, but if you're
unable to take it for medical reasons, you can take paracetamol instead.
Aspirin should not be given to children under 16.
If painkiller does not relieve the pain, taking both paracetamol and
ibuprofen at the doses shown in the medicine leaflet may help.
This is safe for adults, but not for children under 16.
It may also help to:
• avoid hot or cold food and drink if it makes the pain worse;
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• try eating cool, soft foods if possible, using the opposite side of
your mouth;
• use a soft toothbrush and temporarily avoid flossing around the
affected tooth.
These measures can help relieve your symptoms temporarily, but you
should not use them to delay getting help from a dentist.
Treatments for a dental abscess
Dental abscesses are treated by removing the source of the infection
and draining away the pus.
Depending on the location of the abscess and how severe the
infection is, possible treatments include:
• root canal treatment – a procedure to remove the abscess from the
root of an affected tooth before filling and sealing it;
• removing the affected tooth (extraction) – this may be necessary if
root canal treatment is not possible;
• incision and drainage – where a small cut (incision) is made in the
gum to drain the abscess (this is usually only a temporary solution and
further treatment may be needed).
Local anaesthetic will usually be used to numb your mouth for these
procedures.
More extensive operations may be carried out under general
anaesthetic, where you're asleep.
Antibiotics are not routinely prescribed for dental abscesses, but may
be used if the infection spreads or is particularly severe.
What causes dental abscesses?
Your mouth is full of bacteria, which form a sticky film on your teeth
called plaque.
If you do not keep your teeth clean, acids produced by the bacteria in
plaque can damage your teeth and gums, leading to tooth decay or gum
disease.
The following can increase your chances of developing a dental
abscess:
• poor oral hygiene – plaque can build-up on your teeth if you do
not floss and brush your teeth regularly;
42
• consuming lots of sugary or starchy food and drink – these can
encourage the growth of bacteria in plaque and may lead to decay that can
result in an abscess;
• an injury or previous surgery to your teeth or gums – bacteria can
get into any damaged parts of the teeth or gums;
• having a weakened immune system – this includes people with
certain underlying health conditions, such as diabetes, and those having
treatment, including steroid medication or chemotherapy.
Preventing dental abscesses
You can reduce your risk of developing dental abscesses by keeping
your teeth and gums as healthy as possible.
To do this, you should:
• use floss or an interdental brush at least once a day to clean
between your teeth and under the gum line;
• brush your teeth with a fluoride toothpaste twice a day – spending
at least 2 minutes each time;
• avoid rinsing your mouth with water or mouthwash after brushing
because this washes the protective toothpaste away – just spit out any
excess toothpaste;
• cut down on sugary and starchy food and drinks – particularly
between meals or shortly before going to bed;
• visit your dentist regularly – your dentist can suggest how often
you should have a check-up, based on your oral health.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is a dental abscess?
2) Is it caused by a bacterial infection?
3) Throbbing pain in the affected tooth or gum is one of the
symptoms of the dental abscess, isn’t it?
4) What happens if the infection spreads?
5) How can a dentist choose treatment for the dental abscess?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) There is a difference between a periapical abscess and a
periodontal abscess.
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2) Dental abscess is never painful.
3) Shiny, red and swollen gums may be one of the sings of gum
abscess.
4) It is necessary to see a dentist as soon as possible if you think you
have a dental abscess.
5) Dental abscesses are treated by removing the source of the
infection and draining away the pus.
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. Symptoms of an abscess in your
tooth or gum may include
2. These measures can help relieve
your symptoms of an abscess
temporarily
a.
- root canal treatment – a procedure to remove
the abscess from the root of an affected tooth
before filling and sealing it;
- removing the affected tooth (extraction) – this
may be necessary if root canal treatment is not
possible;
- incision and drainage – where a small cut
(incision) is made in the gum to drain the
abscess (this is usually only a temporary
solution and further treatment may be
needed)
b.
- poor oral hygiene – plaque can build-up on
your teeth if you do not floss and brush your
teeth regularly;
- consuming lots of sugary or starchy food and
drink – these can encourage the growth of
bacteria in plaque and may lead to decay that
can result in an abscess;
- an injury or previous surgery to your teeth or
gums – bacteria can get into any damaged
parts of the teeth or gums;
- having a weakened immune system – this
includes people with certain underlying health
conditions, such as diabetes, and those having
treatment, including steroid
medication or chemotherapy
44
3. Depending on the location of the
abscess and how severe the infection
is, possible treatments include
c.
- use floss or an interdental brush at least once
a day to clean between your teeth and under
the gum line;
- brush your teeth with a fluoride toothpaste
twice a day – spending at least 2 minutes each
time;
- avoid rinsing your mouth with water or
mouthwash after brushing because this
washes the protective toothpaste away – just
spit out any excess toothpaste;
- cut down on sugary and starchy food and
drinks – particularly between meals or shortly
before going to bed
- visit your dentist regularly – your dentist can
suggest how often you should have a checkup, based on your oral health
4. The following can increase your
chances of developing a dental
abscess
5. To prevent dental abscess, you
should
d.
- avoid hot or cold food and drink if it makes
the pain worse;
- try eating cool, soft foods if possible, using
the opposite side of your mouth;
- use a soft toothbrush and temporarily avoid
flossing around the affected tooth
e.
- an intense throbbing pain in the affected
tooth or gum that may come on suddenly
and gets gradually worse;
- pain that spreads to your ear, jaw and neck
on the same side as the affected tooth or gum;
- pain that's worse when lying down, which
may disturb your sleep;
- redness and swelling in your face;
- a tender, discoloured or loose tooth;
- shiny, red and swollen gums;
- sensitivity to hot or cold food and drink;
- bad breath or an unpleasant taste in your
mouth
45
Text 10. Dentures (false teeth)
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 10. Removable plastic false teeth
Dentures are removable false teeth made of acrylic (plastic), nylon or
metal. They fit snugly over the gums to replace missing teeth and
eliminate potential problems caused by gaps.
Gaps left by missing teeth can cause problems with eating and
speech, and teeth either side of the gap may grow into the space at an
angle.
Sometimes all the teeth need to be removed and replaced.
You may therefore need either:
• complete dentures (a full set) – which replace all your upper or
lower teeth;
• partial dentures – which replace just 1 tooth or a few missing
teeth.
Dentures may help prevent problems with eating and speech. If you
need complete dentures, they may also improve the appearance of your
smile and give you confidence.
It's also possible that dentures might not give you the result you hope
for. Discuss plans openly with your dentist before you agree to go ahead.
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How dentures are fitted
Complete dentures
A full denture will be fitted if all your upper or lower teeth need to be
removed or you're having an old complete denture replaced.
The denture will usually be fitted as soon as your teeth are removed,
which means you won't be without teeth. The denture will fit snugly over
your gums and jawbone.
But if you have dentures fitted immediately after the removal of
several teeth, the gums and bone will alter in shape fairly quickly and the
dentures will probably need relining or remaking after a few months.
Occasionally, your gums may need to be left to heal and alter in
shape for several months before dentures can be fitted.
You can either see a dentist or a qualified clinical dental technician to
have your dentures made and fitted.
The difference between them is that a:
• dentist will take measurements and impressions (moulds) of your
mouth, and then order your full or partial dentures from a dental
technician;
• clinical dental technician will provide a full set of dentures
directly without you having to see your dentist (although you should still
have regular dental check-ups with your dentist).
A trial denture will be created from the impressions taken of your
mouth.
The dentist or clinical dental technician will try this in your mouth to
assess the fit and for you to assess the appearance.
The shape and colour may be adjusted before the final denture is
produced.
Partial dentures
A partial denture is designed to fill in the gaps left by one or more
missing teeth. It's a plastic, nylon or metal plate with a number of false teeth
attached to it.
It usually clips onto some of your natural teeth via metal clasps, which
hold it securely in place in your mouth. It can easily be unclipped and
removed.
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Occasionally, the clips can be made of a tooth- or gum-coloured
material, although this type of clip isn't always suitable because it tends to
be more brittle than metal.
Your dentist can measure your mouth and order a partial denture for
you, or you can see a qualified clinical dental technician, who can provide a
partial denture for you directly after you have first seen your dentist for a
treatment plan and certificate of oral health.
The Oral Health Foundation website has more information and
advice about bridges and partial dentures, including which type of denture
(metal or plastic) is best for you.
A fixed bridge is an alternative to a partial denture and may be
suitable for some people.
Crowns are put on the teeth either side of the gap and joined
together by a false tooth that's put in the gap.
Looking after your dentures
Dentures may feel a bit strange to begin with, but you'll soon get
used to wearing them.
At first, you may need to wear your dentures all the time, including
while sleeping.
Your dentist or clinical dental technician will advise you on whether
you should remove your dentures before you go to sleep.
It isn't always necessary to remove your dentures at night, but doing
so can allow your gums to rest as you sleep.
If you remove your dentures, they should be kept moist – for example,
in water or a polythene bag with some dampened cotton wool in it, or in a
suitable overnight denture-cleaning solution.
This will stop the denture material drying out and changing shape.
Dental hygiene
Keeping your mouth clean is just as important when you wear
dentures.
You should brush your remaining teeth, gums and tongue every
morning and evening with fluoride toothpaste to prevent tooth decay, gum
disease and other dental problems.
Read more about how to keep your teeth clean.
48
Cleaning dentures
It's important to regularly remove plaque and food deposits from
your dentures.
This is because unclean dentures can also lead to problems, such
as bad breath, gum disease, tooth decay and oral thrush.
Clean your dentures as often as you would normal teeth (at least twice
a day: every morning and night).
You should:
• brush your dentures with toothpaste or soap and water before
soaking them to remove food particles;
• soak them in a fizzy solution of denture-cleaning tablets to remove
stains and bacteria (follow the manufacturer's instructions) ;
• brush them again as you would your normal teeth (but don't scrub
them too hard).
Dentures may break if you drop them, so you should clean them over
a bowl or sink filled with water, or something soft like a folded towel.
Eating with dentures
When you first start wearing dentures, you should eat soft foods cut
into small pieces and chew slowly, using both sides of your mouth.
Avoid chewing gum and any food that's sticky, hard or has sharp
edges.
You can gradually start to eat other types of food until you're back to
your old diet. Never use toothpicks.
Denture adhesive
If your dentures fit properly, you shouldn't necessarily need to use
denture fixative (adhesive).
But if your jawbone has shrunk significantly, adhesive may be the only
way to help retain your dentures.
Your dentist or clinical dental technician will advise you if this is the case.
At first, some people feel more confident with their dentures if they
use adhesive. Follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid using
excessive amounts.
Adhesive can be removed from the denture by brushing with soap
and water.
Remnants of adhesive left in the mouth may need to be removed with
some damp kitchen roll or a clean damp flannel.
49
When to see your dentist
You should continue to see your dentist regularly if you have dentures
(even if you have complete dentures) so they can check for any problems.
Your dentures should last several years if you take good care of them.
But your gums and jawbone will eventually shrink, which means the
dentures may not fit as well as they used to and can become loose, or they
may become worn.
See your dentist as soon as possible if:
• your dentures click when you're talking;
• your dentures tend to slip, or you feel they no longer fit properly;
• your dentures feel uncomfortable;
• your dentures are visibly worn;
• you have signs of gum disease or tooth decay, such as bleeding
gums or bad breath.
If poorly fitting or worn dentures aren't replaced, they can cause great
discomfort and lead to mouth sores, infections or problems eating and
speaking.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What does the term «dentures» mean?
2) Are there any differences between complete and partial dentures?
3) When does a person need complete dentures?
4) What kind of food should you eat when you first start wearing
dentures?
5) Must you continue to see your dentist regularly if you have
dentures?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Gaps left by missing teeth can cause problems with eating and
speech, and teeth either side of the gap may grow into the space at an angle.
2) Removing your dentures, keep them moist – for example, in water
or a polythene bag with some dampened cotton wool in it, or in a suitable
overnight denture-cleaning solution.
3) A complete denture is designed to fill in the gaps left by one or
more missing teeth: it’s a gold or silver plate with a number of false teeth
attached to it.
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