Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». 31.05.03 Стоматология
.pdf
Text 13. Food allergy
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 13. One symptom of a food allergy: a raised itchy red rash
A food allergy is when the body's immune system reacts unusually to
specific foods. Although allergic reactions are often mild, they can be very
serious.
Symptoms of a food allergy can affect different areas of the body at
the same time. Some common symptoms include:
• an itchy sensation inside the mouth, throat or ears;
• a raised itchy red rash (urticaria, or "hives");
• swelling of the face, around the eyes, lips, tongue and roof of the
mouth (angioedema) ;
• vomiting.
Anaphylaxis
In the most serious cases, a person has a severe allergic
reaction (anaphylaxis), which can be life threatening.
Call 999 if you think someone has the symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as:
• breathing difficulties;
• trouble swallowing or speaking;
• feeling dizzy or faint.
Ask for an ambulance and tell the operator you think the person is
having a severe allergic reaction.
61
What causes food allergies?
Food allergies happen when the immune system – the body's defense
against infection – mistakenly treats proteins found in food as a threat.
As a result, a number of chemicals are released. It's these chemicals
that cause the symptoms of an allergic reaction.
Almost any food can cause an allergic reaction, but there are certain
foods that are responsible for most food allergies.
Foods that most commonly cause an allergic reaction are:
• milk;
• eggs;
• peanuts;
• tree nuts;
• fish;
• shellfish;
• some fruit and vegetables.
Most children that have a food allergy will have
experienced eczema during infancy. The worse the child's eczema and the
earlier it started, the more likely they are to have a food allergy.
It's still unknown why people develop allergies to food, although they
often have other allergic conditions, such as asthma, hay fever and eczema.
Read more information about the causes and risk factors for food
allergies.
Types of food allergies
Food allergies are divided into 3 types, depending on symptoms and
when they occur.
• IgE-mediated food allergy – the most common type, triggered by
the immune system producing an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE).
Symptoms occur a few seconds or minutes after eating. There's a greater
risk of anaphylaxis with this type of allergy.
• non-IgE-mediated food allergy – these allergic reactions aren't
caused by immunoglobulin E, but by other cells in the immune system. This
type of allergy is often difficult to diagnose as symptoms take much longer
to develop (up to several hours).
• mixed IgE and non-IgE-mediated food allergies – some people
may experience symptoms from both types.
Read more information about the symptoms of a food allergy.
62
Oral allergy syndrome (pollen-food syndrome)
Some people experience itchiness in their mouth and throat,
sometimes with mild swelling, immediately after eating fresh fruit or
vegetables. This is known as oral allergy syndrome.
Oral allergy syndrome is caused by allergy antibodies mistaking
certain proteins in fresh fruits, nuts or vegetables for pollen.
Oral allergy syndrome generally doesn't cause severe symptoms, and
it's possible to deactivate the allergens by thoroughly cooking any fruit and
vegetables.
The Allergy UK website has more information.
Treatment
The best way to prevent an allergic reaction is to identify the food that
causes the allergy and avoid it. Research is currently looking at ways to
desensitise some food allergens, such as peanuts and milk, but this is not
an established treatment in the NHS. Read more about identifying foods
that cause allergies (allergens). Avoid making any radical changes, such as
cutting out dairy products, to your or your child's diet without first talking to
your GP. For some foods, such as milk, you may need to speak to a dietitian
before making any changes. Antihistamines can help relieve the symptoms
of a mild or moderate allergic reaction. A higher dose of antihistamine is
often needed to control acute allergic symptoms. Adrenaline is an effective
treatment for more severe allergic symptoms, such as anaphylaxis. People
with a food allergy are often given a device known as an auto-injector pen,
which contains doses of adrenaline that can be used in emergencies. Read
more about the treatment of food allergies.
When to seek medical advice
If you think you or your child may have a food allergy, it's very
important to ask for a professional diagnosis from your GP. They can then
refer you to an allergy clinic if appropriate.
Many parents mistakenly assume their child has a food allergy when
their symptoms are actually caused by a completely different condition.
Commercial allergy testing kits are available, but using them isn't
recommended. Many kits are based on unsound scientific principles. Even
if they are reliable, you should have the results looked at by a health
professional.
Read more about diagnosing food allergies.
63
Who's affected?
Most food allergies affect younger children under the age of 3.
Most children who have food allergies to milk, eggs, soya and wheat
in early life will grow out of it by the time they start school.
Peanut and tree nut allergies are usually more long lasting.
Food allergies that develop during adulthood, or persist into
adulthood, are likely to be lifelong allergies.
For reasons that are unclear, rates of food allergies have risen sharply
in the last 20 years.
However, deaths from anaphylaxis-related food reactions are now
rare.
What is food intolerance?
A food intolerance isn't the same as a food allergy.
People with food intolerance may have symptoms such as diarrhoea,
bloating and stomach cramps. This may be caused by difficulties digesting
certain substances, such as lactose. However, no allergic reaction takes
place.
Important differences between a food allergy and a food intolerance
include:
• the symptoms of a food intolerance usually occur several hours
after eating the food;
• you need to eat a larger amount of food to trigger an intolerance
than an allergy;
• a food intolerance is never life threatening, unlike an allergy.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is a food allergy?
2) Allergic reactions can be mild and serious, can’t they?
3) Name the common symptoms of allergic reactions.
4) Is anaphylaxis a life threatening pathological condition?
5) How can a person prevent an allergic reaction?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Food allergies happen when the immune system reacts in a wrong
way; it mistakenly treats proteins found in food as a threat.
64
2) Only certain foods are responsible for most food allergies such as
red berries, fruits, some kinds of vegetables.
3) Eczema during infancy may be the sign of food allergy.
4) It is important to consult medical specialist in order to make a
professional diagnosis and prescribe a proper treatment.
5) A food intolerance is the same as a food allergy.
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. Some common symptoms of allergy
include
2. You should call ambulance for
example 911 if you think someone has
the symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as
3. Foods that most commonly cause an
allergic reaction are
a.
- the symptoms of a food intolerance usually
occur several hours after eating the food;
- you need to eat a larger amount of food to
trigger an intolerance than an allergy;
- a food intolerance is never life threatening,
unlike an allergy
b.
- IgE-mediated food allergy – the most
common type, triggered by the immune
system producing an antibody called
immunoglobulin E (IgE). Symptoms occur a
few seconds or minutes after eating. There's a
greater risk of anaphylaxis with this type of
allergy;
- non-IgE-mediated food allergy – these
allergic reactions aren't caused by
immunoglobulin E, but by other cells in the
immune system. This type of allergy is often
difficult to diagnose as symptoms take much
longer to develop (up to several hours);
-mixed IgE and non-IgE-mediated food
allergies – some people may experience
symptoms from both types
c.
- milk;
- eggs;
- peanuts;
- tree nuts;
- fish;
- shellfish;
- some fruit and vegetables
65
4. Depending on symptoms and time
they occur, food allergies are divided
into 3 types
d.
- breathing difficulties;
- trouble swallowing or speaking;
- feeling dizzy or faint
5. Important differences between a
food allergy and a food intolerance
include
e.
- an itchy sensation inside the mouth, throat or
ears;
- a raised itchy red rash (urticaria, or "hives");
- swelling of the face, around the eyes, lips,
tongue and roof of the mouth (angioedema).
- vomiting
66
Text 14. Blue skin or lips (cyanosis). Blushing
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Cyanosis is where your skin or lips turn blue. It can be a sign of a
serious problem.
Picture 14. A girl with cyanosis
How to tell if you have blue skin or lips (cyanosis)
You may notice a blue colour on your:
• lips;
• tongue;
• gums;
• skin;
• ears;
• under your nails.
If you have dark skin, cyanosis may be easier to see:
• on your lips, tongue and gums;
• under your nails;
• around your eyes.
Your hands and feet are usually a normal temperature unless you also
have poor blood circulation.
Causes of blue skin or lips (cyanosis)
Cyanosis can mean there's not enough oxygen in your blood, or you
have poor blood circulation. It can be caused by a serious problem with
the:
• lungs, like asthma or pneumonia;
67
• airways like choking or croup;
• heart, like heart failure or congenital heart disease;
Other causes of cyanosis include:
• Raynaud's, which affects your fingers and toes;
• beta blockers, a medicine used to treat high blood pressure;
• a blood clot that stops the blood supply to or from a limb;
• being in cold air or water;
• wearing clothing or jewellery that's too tight.
Treatment for blue skin or lips (cyanosis)
Cyanosis is a symptom of many different conditions.
Treatment depends on the cause.
Blushing
Blushing is a common problem that can be embarrassing and affect
your day to day life. There are things you can do to help stop it.
How to help stop yourself blushing.
Do:
• try to relax and do breathing exercises to help reduce stress and
anxiety;
• keep cool by removing a layer of clothing and drinking water;
• wear make-up that reduces the redness of your skin in stressful
situations like an interview or when giving a presentation.
Don’t
• do not eat spicy foods or drink alcohol or hot drinks if they make
you blush;
Common causes of blushing
Lots of different things can cause blushing. It's often caused by feeling
embarrassed, hot or anxious.
Sometimes other symptoms you have might give you an idea of
what's causing it.
68
Symptoms and possible causes of blushing
Symptoms Possible causes
A red face most of the time, small blood
vessels can be seen under your skin, spots
Hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness,
low mood, reduced sex drive
Sweating a lot, particularly in your armpits,
hands, feet, face and groin
Swelling in your neck, anxiety and
irritability, mood swings, difficulty sleeping,
tiredness
Rosacea
Menopause
Excessive sweating
Overactive thyroid
Some medicines can also cause blushing. Check the side effects of
any medicine you're taking to see if blushing or flushing is listed.
See a GP if:
• your blushing is affecting your everyday life;
• you think your blushing might be caused by a medical condition
or a medicine you're taking.
Information:
Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: how to contact a GP
It's still important to get help from a GP if you need it. To contact your
GP surgery:
• visit their website;
• use the NHS App;
• call them.
Treatments from a GP
Treatment for blushing will depend on the cause.
For example, your GP may suggest:
• a talking therapy like cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) if your
blushing is caused by stress or anxiety
• medicines to help reduce anxiety, stop blushing or treat an
underlying condition
Very rarely, surgery may be an option if blushing is severe and other
treatments have not helped. But this can cause serious and long-lasting
side effects.
69
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is cyanosis?
2) When do your hands and feet have abnormal temperature?
3) Can cyanosis be caused by serious problems? What are they?
4) Treatment of cyanosis depends on the cause, doesn’t it?
5) Some medicines can also cause blushing, can’t they?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Сyanosis or blushing can be a sign of a serious problem.
2) Cyanosis shows that there's not enough oxygen in your blood, or
you have poor blood circulation.
3) Swelling in your neck, anxiety and irritability, mood swings,
difficulty sleeping, tiredness are the clinical signs of overactive thyroid that
never leads to blushing.
4) The side effects of some medicines cause blushing.
5) Menopause is diagnosed by the following external and internal
clinical signs: hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, low mood, reduced
sex drive.
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. You may notice a blue colour on the
following parts of your body and inside
the organism
a.
-lips;
-tongue;
-gums;
-skin;
-ears;
-under your nails;
-around your eyes
70
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]