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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». 31.05.03 Стоматология
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Functional appliances
Functional appliances can be used to treat problems with the position
of the upper and lower jaw and teeth.
Most people need to wear them all the time. It's very important to
follow your orthodontist's instructions about how and when to wear the
appliance. If it's not worn correctly, the treatment will not work.
It may be necessary to remove your functional appliance for cleaning
and while you're eating.
Headgear
Headgear is used to correct the position of the back teeth or to keep
them in position while the front teeth are being treated.
Most people only need to wear headgear in the evening and during
the night. You will not be able to eat or drink while wearing headgear.
Other treatments
There are other types of braces available privately, such as aligners,
or invisible or lingual braces that fit onto the back of the teeth.
You'll need to talk to your orthodontist to see whether they can be
used for your problem. The cost of these braces is usually higher.
Retainers
Retainers are used at the end of a course of orthodontic treatment.
They hold straightened teeth in place while the surrounding gum and bone
adjusts to their new position. Retainers can either be removable or fixed.
Under the NHS, your orthodontist is responsible for your care for 12
months after usual treatment ends. After this period, you'll have to pay
privately for continuing care, repeated treatment, and any replacement or
repair of retainers.
It's likely there will be some tooth movement if you stop wearing your
retainer. Changes in the position of your teeth can continue throughout life
and are normal.
The only way to have permanently straight teeth is to wear a retainer
as advised.
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Removing teeth
In some cases, it may be necessary to remove one of your teeth to
correct the position and appearance of nearby teeth.
Results
You're likely to achieve good results within 18 to 24 months of
starting treatment as long as you:
• take good care of your teeth and gums;
• wear your appliances as instructed;
• follow your orthodontist's advice about what to eat and drink;
• wear your retainer every night to maintain the results; your
orthodontist will talk to you about exactly how long you need to wear this.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) Are there many different types of orthodontic treatment?
2) What does the first stage of orthodontic treatment include?
3) What for do you need a treatment plan?
4) Name all kinds of orthodontic appliances.
5) How long does the orthodontic treatment last?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) There are three different types of orthodontic treatment.
2) The best treatment for you depends on your symptoms: toothache,
discomfort while eating and drinking hot, cold and sweet food.
3) Fixed braces are braces you cannot remove which made up of
brackets that are glued to the front of each tooth and linked with wires.
4) Removable braces can be used to correct minor problems, or as
part of fixed-brace treatment.
5) Sometimes it is necessary to remove one of your teeth to correct
the position and appearance of nearby teeth.
32
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. Orthodontic treatment often
involves
2. The 4 main types of orthodontic
treatment are
3. Fixed braces are usually made
from metal,
4. Functional appliances can be
used to
5. Retainers are used at the end of a
course of orthodontic treatment
a:
-fixed braces – a brace you cannot remove which
is made up of brackets that are glued to the front
of each tooth and linked with wires;
-removable braces – usually plastic plates that
cover the roof of the mouth and clip on to some
teeth; these can only be used to achieve very
limited tooth movements;
-functional appliances – usually a pair of
removable plastic braces that are joined together
or designed to interact together and fit on to both
the upper and lower teeth;
-headgear – this is not an orthodontic appliance,
but it can be used with other appliances and is
usually worn at night
b. Treat problems with the position of the upper
and lower jaw and teeth
c. So they will be noticeable on the front of your
teeth
d. They hold straightened teeth in place while the
surrounding gum and bone adjusts to their new
position
e. Taking X-rays, making plaster models, and
taking photographs of your teeth
33
Text 8. Cleft lip and palate
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 8. Kids with a cleft lip
A cleft lip is a gap or split in the upper lip and/or roof of the mouth
(palate). It is present from birth.
The gap is there because parts of the baby's face did not join
together properly during development in the womb.
A cleft lip and palate is the most common facial birth defect in the UK,
affecting around 1 in every 700 babies.
What does a cleft lip and palate look like?
Babies can be born with a cleft lip, a cleft palate, or both.
A cleft lip may just affect one side of the lip or there may be 2 clefts.
It can range from a small notch to a wide gap that reaches the nose.
A cleft palate may just be an opening at the back of the mouth, or it
may be a split in the palate that runs all the way to the front of the mouth.
Sometimes it can be hidden by the lining of the roof of the mouth.
34
Problems related to cleft lip and palate
A cleft lip and cleft palate can cause a number of issues, particularly in
the first few months after birth, before surgery is done.
Problems can include:
• difficulty feeding – a baby with a cleft lip and palate may be unable
to breastfeed or feed from a normal bottle because they cannot form a
good seal with their mouth;
• hearing problems – some babies with a cleft palate are more
vulnerable to ear infections and a build-up of fluid in their ears (glue ear),
which may affect their hearing;
• dental problems – a cleft lip and palate can mean a child's teeth
do not develop correctly and they may be at a higher risk of tooth decay;
• speech problems – if a cleft palate is not repaired, it can lead to
speech problems such as unclear or nasal-sounding speech when a child is
older.
Most of these problems will improve after surgery and with
treatments such as speech and language therapy.
Causes of cleft lip and palate
A cleft lip or palate happens when the structures that form the upper
lip or palate fail to join together when a baby is developing in the womb.
The exact reason why this happens to some babies is often unclear.
It's very unlikely to have been caused by anything you did or did not do
during pregnancy.
In a few cases, cleft lip and palate is associated with:
• the genes a child inherits from their parents (although most cases
are a one-off);
• smoking during pregnancy or drinking alcohol during pregnancy;
• obesity during pregnancy;
• a lack of folic acid during pregnancy;
• taking certain medicines in early pregnancy, such as some anti-
seizure medications and steroid tablets.
In some cases, a cleft lip or palate can occur as part of a condition that
causes a wider range of birth defects, such as 22q11 deletion
syndrome (sometimes called Di George or velocardiofacial syndrome)
and Pierre Robin sequence.
35
Diagnosing cleft lip and palate
A cleft lip is usually picked up during the mid-pregnancy anomaly
scan done when you're between 18 and 21 weeks pregnant. Not all cleft
lips will be obvious on this scan and it's very difficult to detect a cleft palate
on an ultrasound scan.
If a cleft lip or palate does not show up on the scan, it's usually
diagnosed immediately after birth or during the newborn physical
examination done within 72 hours of birth.
When a cleft lip or palate is diagnosed, you'll be referred to a
specialist NHS cleft team who will explain your child's condition, discuss the
treatments they need and answer any questions you have.
You may also find it useful to contact a support group, such as
the Cleft Lip and Palate Association, who can offer advice and put you in
touch with parents in a similar situation.
Treatments for cleft lip and palate
Cleft lip and cleft palate are treated at specialist NHS cleft centres.
Your child will usually have a long-term care plan that outlines the
treatments and assessments they'll need as they grow up.
The main treatments are:
• surgery – an operation to correct a cleft lip is usually done when
your baby is 3 to 6 months and an operation to repair a cleft palate is
usually done at 6 to 12 months;
• feeding support – you may need advice about positioning your
baby on your breast to help them feed, or you might need to feed them
using a special type of bottle;
• monitoring hearing – a baby born with cleft palate has a higher
chance of glue ear, which may affect hearing; сlose monitoring of their
hearing is important and if glue ear affects their hearing significantly, a
hearing aid may be fitted or small tubes called grommets may be placed in
their ears to drain the fluid;
• speech and language therapy – a speech and language therapist
will monitor your child's speech and language development throughout
their childhood and help with any speech and language problems;
• good dental hygiene and orthodontic treatment – you'll be given
advice about looking after your child's teeth, and they may need braces if
their adult teeth don't come through properly.
36
Outlook for cleft lip and palate
The majority of children treated for cleft lip or palate grow up to have
completely normal lives.
Most affected children will not have any other serious medical
problems and treatment can usually improve the appearance of the face
and problems with feeding and speech.
Surgery to repair a cleft lip may leave a small pink scar above the lips.
This will fade over time and become less noticeable as your child gets older.
Some adults who've had a cleft lip or palate repair may be selfconscious or unhappy about their appearance. Your GP may refer you back
to an NHS cleft centre for further treatment and support if there are any
ongoing issues.
Will a cleft lip and palate happen again?
Most cases of cleft lip or palate are a one-off and it's unlikely you'll
have another child with the condition. The risk of having a child with a cleft
lip or palate is slightly increased if you've had a child with the condition
before, but the chances of this happening are thought to be around 2 to
8%. If either you or your partner were born with a cleft lip or palate, your
chance of having a baby with a cleft is also around 2 to 8%. The chances of
another child being born with a cleft or of a parent passing the condition to
their child can be higher in cases related to a genetic condition.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is a cleft lip?
2) How can doctors diagnose this pathological condition?
3) What are the causes of cleft lip and palate?
4) Are there any kinds of treatments for cleft lip and palate?
5) The majority of children treated for cleft lip or palate grow up to
have completely normal lives, don’t they?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Babies can be born with the two pathological conditions - a cleft lip
and a cleft palate.
37
2) Problems related to cleft lip and palate are as follows: difficulty
feeding, dental problems and speech problems.
3) Most of these problems will be resolved after surgery and with
treatments such as speech and language therapy.
4) The main treatment for cleft lip and palate is surgery.
5) Most affected children will not have any other serious medical
problems and treatment usually improves the appearance of the face and
problems with feeding and speech so they can lead normal lives.
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. A cleft lip is a:
-surgery – an operation to correct a cleft lip is
usually done when your baby is 3 to 6 months
and an operation to repair a cleft palate is
usually done at 6 to 12 months;
-feeding support – you may need advice
about positioning your baby on your breast to
help them feed, or you might need to feed
them using a special type of bottle;
-monitoring hearing – a baby born with cleft
palate has a higher chance of glue ear, which
may affect hearing;
-speech and language therapy – a speech and
language therapist will monitor your child's
speech and language development
throughout their childhood and help with any
speech and language problems;
-good dental hygiene and orthodontic
treatment – you'll be given advice
about looking after your child's teeth, and
they may need braces if their adult teeth don't
come through properly
2. A cleft palate may just be b:
-the genes a child inherits from their parents
(although most cases are a one-off);
-smoking during pregnancy or drinking
alcohol during pregnancy;
-obesity during pregnancy;
-a lack of folic acid during pregnancy;
38
-taking certain medicines in early pregnancy,
such as some anti-seizure medications
and steroid tablets
3. Problems related to cleft lip and
palate can include
4. In a few cases, cleft lip and palate is
associated with
c:
-difficulty feeding – a baby with a cleft lip and
palate may be unable to breastfeed or feed
from a normal bottle because they cannot
form a good seal with their mouth;
-hearing problems – some babies with a cleft
palate are more vulnerable to ear
infections and a build-up of fluid in their
ears (glue ear), which may affect their hearing;
-dental problems – a cleft lip and palate can
mean a child's teeth do not develop correctly
and they may be at a higher risk of tooth
decay;
-speech problems – if a cleft palate is not
repaired, it can lead to speech problems such
as unclear or nasal-sounding speech when a
child is older
d. An opening at the back of the mouth, or it
may be a split in the palate that runs all the
way to the front of the mouth
5. The main treatments for cleft lip and
palate are
e. A gap or split in the upper lip and/or roof of
the mouth (palate). It is present from birth.
39
Text 9. Dental abscess
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 9. Pus in the upper part of the gum
A dental abscess is a collection of pus that can form inside the teeth,
in the gums or in the bone that holds the teeth in place. It's caused by a
bacterial infection.
An abscess at the end of a tooth is called a periapical abscess. An
abscess in the gum is called a periodontal abscess.
Dental abscesses are often painful, but not always. In either case, they
should be looked at by a dentist.
It's important to get help as soon as possible, as abscesses do not go
away on their own.
They can sometimes spread to other parts of the body and make you ill.
Symptoms of a dental abscess
Symptoms of an abscess in your tooth or gum may include:
• an intense throbbing pain in the affected tooth or gum that may
come on suddenly and gets gradually worse;
• pain that spreads to your ear, jaw and neck on the same side
as the affected tooth or gum;
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