Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». 31.05.03 Стоматология
.pdf
Text 25. Echocardiogram
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 26. A procedure of an echocardiogram and a scan of heart and vessels
An echocardiogram, or "echo", is a scan used to look at the heart
and nearby blood vessels.
It's a type of ultrasound scan, which means a small probe is used to send
out high-frequency sound waves that create echoes when they bounce off
different parts of the body.
These echoes are picked up by the probe and turned into a moving
image on a monitor while the scan is carried out.
An echocardiogram may be requested by a heart specialist
(cardiologist) or any doctor who thinks you might have a problem with your
heart, including your GP.
The test will usually be carried out at a hospital or clinic by a
cardiologist, cardiac physiologist, or a trained technician called a
sonographer.
Although it has a similar name, an echocardiogram is not the same as
an electrocardiogram (ECG), which is a test used to check your heart's
rhythm and electrical activity.
When an echocardiogram is used
An echocardiogram can help diagnose and monitor certain heart
conditions by checking the structure of the heart and surrounding blood
vessels, analysing how blood flows through them, and assessing the
pumping chambers of the heart.
121
An echocardiogram can help detect:
• damage from a heart attack – where the supply of blood to the
heart was suddenly blocked;
• heart failure – where the heart fails to pump enough blood around
the body at the right pressure;
• congenital heart disease – birth defects that affect the normal
workings of the heart;
• problems with the heart valves – problems affecting the valves that
control the flow of blood within the heart;
• cardiomyopathy – where the heart walls become thickened or
enlarged;
• endocarditis – an infection in the lining of the heart which
damages the heart valves.
An echocardiogram can also help your doctors decide on the best
treatment for these conditions.
How an echocardiogram is carried out
There are several different ways an echocardiogram can be carried
out, but most people will have a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE).
Transthoracic echocardiogram
For a TTE, you'll be asked to remove any clothing covering your upper
half before lying down on a bed. You may be offered a hospital gown to
cover yourself during the test.
When you're lying down, several small sticky sensors called
electrodes will be attached to your chest. These will be connected to a
machine that monitors your heart rhythm during the test.
A lubricating gel will be applied to your chest or directly to the
ultrasound probe. You'll be asked to lie on your left side and the probe will
be moved across your chest.
The probe is attached by a cable to a nearby machine that will display
and record the images produced.
You will not hear the sound waves produced by the probe, but you
may hear a swishing noise during the scan. This is normal and is just the
sound of the blood flow through your heart being picked up by the probe.
The whole procedure will usually take between 15 and 60 minutes,
and you'll normally be able to
122
Other types of echocardiogram
There are also several other types of echocardiogram that can be
carried out:
• a transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) – where a small probe
is passed down the throat into your food pipe (oesophagus) and
sometimes into your stomach (your throat will be numbed with local
anaesthetic spray and you'll be given a sedative to help you relax); you may
need to avoid eating for several hours before this test;
• a stress echocardiogram – a TTE, but carried out during or just
after a period of exercise on a treadmill or exercise bike, or after being
given an injection of a medication that makes your heart work harder;
• a contrast echocardiogram – where a harmless substance called a
contrast agent is injected into your bloodstream before an echocardiogram
is carried out; this substance shows up clearly on the scan and can help
create a better image of your heart.
The type of echocardiogram you will have depends on the heart
condition being assessed and how detailed the images need to be.
For example, a stress echocardiogram may be recommended if your
heart problem is triggered by physical activity, while the more detailed
images produced by a TOE may be more useful in helping plan heart
surgery.
Getting your results
In some cases, it may be possible for the person carrying out the scan
to discuss the results with you soon after it's finished.
However, the images from the scan will usually need to be analysed
before the results are sent to the doctor who requested the test. Your
doctor will then discuss the results with you during your next appointment.
Are there any risks or side effects?
A standard echocardiogram is a simple, painless, safe procedure.
There are no side effects from the scan, although the lubricating gel may
feel cold and you may experience some minor discomfort when the
electrodes are removed from your skin at the end of the test.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is an echocardiogram?
123
2) By whom can an echocardiogram be requested?
3) Where is the echocardiogram test usually carried out?
4) When is an echocardiogram used?
5) What can echocardiogram help to detect?
6) How is an echocardiogram carried out?
7) Describe the process of carrying out transoesophageal
echocardiogram (TOE).
8) What is the difference between a stress echocardiogram and a
contrast echocardiogram?
9) When can a stress echocardiogram be recommended?
10) Are there any risks or side effects of the echocardiogram?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) An echocardiogram is a type of ultrasound scan, which means a
small probe is used to send out high-frequency sound waves that create
echoes when they bounce off different parts of the body.
2) Heart failure is a pathological condition where the heart fails to
pump enough blood around the body at the right pressure.
3) A contrast echocardiogram is a procedure where a small probe is
passed down the throat into your food pipe (oesophagus) and sometimes
into your stomach (your throat will be numbed with local anaesthetic spray
and you'll be given a sedative to help you relax); you may need to avoid
eating for several hours before this test.
4) For a TTE (Transthoracic Echocardiogram), you'll be asked to
remove any clothing covering your upper half before lying down on a bed.
5) A standard echocardiogram is a complex, painful procedure.
124
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. An echocardiogram, or "echo", is a. By the probe and turned into a moving image
on a monitor while the scan is carried;
2. The echoes are picked up b.
- damage from a heart attack;
- heart failure;
- congenital heart disease;
- problems with the heart;
- cardiomyopathy;
- endocarditis
3. An echocardiogram can help detect c.
- a transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE);
- a stress echocardiogram;
- a contrast echocardiogram
4. There are several other types of
echocardiogram that can be carried out
5. There are no side effects from the scan
while carrying out echocardiogram
d. Is a scan used to look at the heart and nearby
blood vessels
e. Although the lubricating gel may feel cold and
you may experience some minor discomfort
when the electrodes are removed from your
skin at the end of the test
125
Text 26. Endoscopy
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 27. An endoscopy have been passed into body through the mouth
An endoscopy is a test to look inside your body.A long, thin tube with
a small camera inside, called an endoscope, is passed into your body
through a natural opening such as your mouth.
Your GP may refer you for an endoscopy if you're having certain
symptoms. It will usually be done at an endoscopy unit in a hospital.There
are different types of endoscopy that look at different parts of the body.
The type of endoscopy you have will depend on your symptoms.
Types of endoscopy
• colonoscopy: in your bottom to check your bowels;
• colposcopy: in your vagina to check your cervix (the opening to
your womb);
• cystoscopy: in your urethra (tube where pee comes out) to check
your bladder;
• gastroscopy: in your mouth to check your oesophagus (food pipe),
stomach and part of the small intestine;
• hysteroscopy: in your vagina to check your womb.
We’ll describe some of the following procedures.
126
What is a colonoscopy?
A colonoscopy is a test to check inside your bowels.This test can help
find what's causing your bowel symptoms.A long, thin, flexible tube with a
small camera inside it is passed into your bottom.You'll be given a laxative
so your bowels are empty for the test.
What is a colposcopy?
A colposcopy is a test to take a closer look at your cervix. The cervix is
the opening to your womb from your vagina. Let’s describe this procedure.
• a colposcopy is often done if cervical screening finds changes to
your cells that are caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV);
these changed cells can turn into cervical cancer cells.
• during a colposcopy a smooth, tube-shaped tool (a speculum) is
gently placed into your vagina to open it. A microscope is then used to look
at your cervix in greater detail. The microscope stays outside your body;
• a small sample of cells may be taken from your cervix for testing -
this is called a biopsy.
What is a gastroscopy?
This procedure examines your stomach:
• a gastroscopy is a test to check inside your throat, food pipe
(oesophagus) and stomach, known as the upper part of your digestive
system;
• this test can help find what's causing your symptoms;
• a long, thin, flexible tube with a small camera inside it is passed
into your mouth then down your throat and into your stomach;
• a gastroscopy can also be used to remove tissue for testing
(biopsy) and treat some conditions such as stomach ulcers.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is an endoscopy?
2) How can we call a thin tube with a small camera inside which is
passed into your body through a natural opening such as your mouth?
3) The type of endoscopy you have will depend on your symptoms,
won’t it?
4) Name the different types of endoscopy.
5) What is a colonoscopy?
127
6) When does a doctor use colposcopy?
7) Describe the colposcopy procedure.
8) A gastroscopy is a test to check inside your throat, food pipe
(oesophagus) and stomach, isn’t it?
9) What for does a doctor carry out a gastroscopy?
10) Can a gastroscopy be used to remove tissue for testing (biopsy)?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) A colonoscopy is a test to check inside your urethra.
2) Cystoscopy is a test to check inside your bowels.
3) You'll be given a laxative so your bowels are empty while carrying
out the colonoscopy.
4) A colposcopy is often done if cervical screening finds changes to
your cells that are caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
5) A gastroscopy is a test to check inside your throat, food pipe
(oesophagus) and stomach, known as the upper part of your digestive
system.
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. An endoscopy is a test a. to look inside your body
2. There are different types of
endoscopy that look at
different parts of the body
b.
- colonoscopy: in your bottom to check your bowels;
- colposcopy: in your vagina to check your cervix (the
opening to your womb);
- cystoscopy: in your urethra (tube where pee comes
out) to check your bladder;
- gastroscopy: in your mouth to check your
oesophagus (food pipe), stomach and part of the
small intestine;
- hysteroscopy: in your vagina to check your womb
3. A colonoscopy is a test c. To remove tissue for testing (biopsy) and treat some
conditions such as stomach ulcers
4. A gastroscopy can also be
used to
5. A colposcopy is often done e. That can help find what's causing your bowel
d. If cervical screening finds changes to your cells that are
caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV)
symptoms
128
Text 27. Hysteroscopy
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 27. A hysteroscopy procedure
A hysteroscopy is a procedure used to examine the inside of the
womb (uterus).
It's carried out using a hysteroscope, which is a narrow telescope with
a light and camera at the end. Images are sent to a monitor so your doctor
or specialist nurse can see inside your womb. The hysteroscope is passed
into your womb through your vagina and cervix (entrance to the womb),
which means no cuts need to be made in your skin.
When a hysteroscopy may be carried out
A hysteroscopy can be used to:
• investigate symptoms or problems – such as heavy periods,
unusual vaginal bleeding, postmenopausal bleeding, pelvic pain,
repeated miscarriages or difficulty getting pregnant;
• diagnose conditions – such as fibroids and polyps (non-cancerous
growths in the womb);
• treat conditions and problems – such as removing fibroids, polyps,
displaced intrauterine devices (IUDs) and intrauterine adhesions (scar tissue
that causes absent periods and reduced fertility).
A procedure called dilatation and curettage (D&C) used to be
common to examine the womb and remove abnormal growths, but now
hysteroscopies are carried out instead.
129
What happens during a hysteroscopy
A hysteroscopy is usually carried out on an outpatient or day-case
basis. This means you do not have to stay in hospital overnight. It may not
be necessary to use anaesthetic for the procedure, although local
anaesthetic (where medication is used to numb your cervix) is sometimes
used. General anaesthetic may be used if you're having treatment during
the procedure or you would prefer to be asleep while it's carried out. A
hysteroscopy can take up to 30 minutes in total, although it may only last
around 5 to 10 minutes if it's just being done to diagnose a condition or
investigate symptoms.
Is a hysteroscopy painful?
This seems to vary considerably between women. Some women feel
no or only mild pain during a hysteroscopy, but for others the pain can be
severe. If you find it too uncomfortable, tell the doctor or nurse. They can
stop the procedure at any time. If you're worried, speak to the doctor or
nurse before having the procedure about what to expect and ask them
about pain relief options.
Recovering from a hysteroscopy
Most women feel able to return to their normal activities the following
day, although some women return to work the same day.
You may wish to have a few days off to rest if general anaesthetic was used.
While you're recovering:
• you can eat and drink as normal straight away;
• you may experience cramping that's similar to period pain and
some spotting or bleeding for a few days – this is normal and nothing to
worry about unless it's heavy;
• you should avoid having sex for a week, or until any bleeding has
stopped, to reduce the risk of infection;
• your doctor or nurse will discuss the findings of the procedure with
you before you leave hospital.
Risks of a hysteroscopy
A hysteroscopy is generally very safe but, like any procedure, there is
a small risk of complications. The risk is higher for women who have
treatment during a hysteroscopy.
130
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]