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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». 31.05.03 Стоматология
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2) Using a soft-bristled toothbrush is one of the ways of treating
mouth ulcers.
3) Do not eat very spicy, salty or acidic food if you have mouth ulcers.
4) Steroid mouth spray or steroid tablets that dissolve in your mouth
are forbidden because it can give complications such as mouth cancer
5) If you have several mouth ulcers, it can be a symptom of Crohn's
disease and coeliac disease.
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. Avoiding things that
irritate your mouth ulcer
should help
2. While treating mouth
ulcers you should do:
3. While treating mouth
ulcers you shouldn’t do
4. Possible treatments
include
5. Most single mouth ulcers
are caused by things you
can try to avoid, such as
a.
- use a soft-bristled toothbrush;
- drink cool drinks through a straw;
- eat softer foods;
- get regular dental check-ups;
- eat a healthy, balanced diet
b.
- speed up the healing process;
- reduce pain;
- reduce the chance of it returning
c.
- do not eat very spicy, salty or acidic food;
- do not eat rough, crunchy food, such as toast or crisps;
- do not drink very hot or acidic drinks, such as fruit juice;
- do not use chewing gum;
- do not use toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulphate
d.
- biting the inside of your cheek;
- badly fitting dentures, braces, rough fillings or a sharp
tooth;
- cuts or burns while eating or drinking – for example,
hard food or hot drinks;
- a food intolerance or allergy;
- damaging your gums with a toothbrush or irritating
toothpaste;
-feeling tired, stressed or anxious
e.
- steroid mouth spray or steroid tablets that dissolve in
your mouth;
- painkilling gels, ointments, sprays or tablets;
- mouthwashes to kill or remove any germs in your mouth
101
Text 21. CT scan
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 21. CT scans of many structures inside the body
A computerized tomography (CT) scan uses X-rays and a computer
to create detailed images of the inside of the body.
CT scans are sometimes referred to as CAT scans or computed
tomography scans.
They're carried out in hospital by specially trained operators called
radiographers, and can be done while you're staying in hospital or during a
short visit.
When CT scans are used
CT scans can produce detailed images of many structures inside the
body, including the internal organs, blood vessels and bones.
They can be used to:
• diagnose conditions – including damage to bones, injuries to
internal organs, problems with blood flow, stroke, and cancer;
• guide further tests or treatments – for example, CT scans can help
determine the location, size and shape of a tumour before
having radiotherapy, or allow a doctor to take a needle biopsy (where a
small tissue sample is removed using a needle) or drain an abscess;
102
• monitor conditions – including checking the size of tumours
during and after cancer treatment.
CT scans wouldn't normally be used to check for problems if you
don't have any symptoms (known as screening).
This is because the benefits of screening may not outweigh the risks,
particularly if it leads to unnecessary testing and anxiety.
Preparing for a CT scan
Your appointment letter will mention anything you need to do to
prepare for your scan.
You may be advised to avoid eating anything for several hours before
your appointment to help make sure clear images are taken.
You should contact the hospital after receiving your appointment
letter if you have any allergies or kidney problems, or if you're taking
medication for diabetes, as special arrangements may need to be made.
You should also let the hospital know if you're pregnant. CT scans
aren't usually recommended for pregnant women unless it's an emergency,
as there's a small chance the X-rays could harm your baby.
It's a good idea to wear loose, comfortable clothes as you may be
able to wear these during the scan.
Try to avoid wearing jewellery and clothes containing metal (such as
zips), as these will need to be removed.
Before having a CT scan
Before having the scan, you may be given a special dye called a
contrast to help improve the quality of the images.
This may be swallowed in the form of a drink, passed into your
bottom (enema), or injected into a blood vessel.
Tell the radiographer if you feel anxious or claustrophobic about
having the scan.
They can give you advice to help you feel calm and can arrange for
you to have a sedative (medication to help you relax) if necessary.
Before the scan starts, you may be asked to remove your clothing and
put on a gown.
You'll also be asked to remove anything metal, such as jewellery, as
metal interferes with the scanning equipment.
103
What happens during a CT scan
During the scan, you'll usually lie on your back on a flat bed that
passes into the CT scanner. The scanner consists of a ring that rotates
around a small section of your body as you pass through it.
Unlike an MRI scan, the scanner doesn't surround your whole body at
once, so you shouldn't feel claustrophobic.
The radiographer will operate the scanner from the next room. While
the scan is taking place, you'll be able to hear and speak to them through
an intercom.
While each scan is taken, you'll need to lie very still and breathe
normally. This ensures that the scan images aren't blurred.
You may be asked to breathe in, breathe out, or hold your breath at
certain points. The scan will usually take around 10 to 20 minutes.
What happens afterwards
You shouldn't experience any after-effects from a CT scan and can
usually go home soon afterwards. You can eat and drink, go to work and
drive as normal. If a contrast was used, you may be advised to wait in the
hospital for up to an hour to make sure you don't have a reaction to it.
The contrast is normally completely harmless and will pass out of your
body in your urine.
Your scan results won't usually be available immediately. A computer
will need to process the information from your scan, which will then be
analysed by a radiologist (a specialist in interpreting images of the body).
After analyzing the images, the radiologist will write a report and send
it to the doctor who referred you for the scan so they can discuss the results
with you. This normally takes a few days or weeks.
Safety of CT scans
CT scans are quick, painless and generally safe. But there's a small
risk you could have an allergic reaction to the contrast dye used and you'll
be exposed to X-ray radiation.
The amount of radiation you're exposed to during a CT scan varies,
depending on how much of your body is scanned.
CT scanners are designed to make sure you're not exposed to
unnecessarily high levels.
104
Generally, the amount of radiation you're exposed to during each
scan is equivalent to between a few months and a few years of exposure to
natural radiation from the environment.
It's thought exposure to radiation during CT scans could slightly
increase your chances of developing cancer many years later, although this
risk is thought to be very small (less than 1 in 2,000).
The benefits and risks of having a CT scan will always be weighed up
before it's recommended.Talk to your doctor or radiographer about the
potential risks beforehand if you have any concerns.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What does the term “computerized tomography ” mean?
2) The CT scan procedures are carried out in hospital by specially
trained operators called radiographers, aren’t they?
3) When can these procedures be done?
4) What can CT scan produce?
5) How can CT scans be used to diagnose and monitor different
conditions?
6) Can CT scans help to determine the location, size and shape of a
tumour before having radiotherapy?
7) What may be given before CT scan procedure to improve the
quality of the images?
8) What should a person do while having CT scan procedure?
9) What can a person do after CT scan procedure?
10) CT scans are quick, painless and generally safe, aren’t they?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) A computerized tomography (CT) scan uses X-rays and a computer
to create detailed images of the inside of the body.
2) During the scan procedure, a person usually lies on his abdomen
on a flat bed that passes into the CT scanner.
3) You should also let the hospital know if you're pregnant, have
allergies or kidney problems.
4) The contrast is normally completely harmless and will pass out of
your body in your urine.
5) The benefits and risks of having a CT scan procedure will always be
analyzed before it's recommended.
105
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. CT scans can produce a. To breathe in, breathe out, or hold your
breath at certain points
2. You may be asked b. Detailed images of many structures inside
the body, including the internal organs, blood
vessels and bones
3. CT scans wouldn't normally be used c. To check for problems if you don't have any
symptoms (known as screening)
4. It's a good idea to wear d. Anything metal, such as jewellery, as metal
interferes with the scanning equipment
5. You'll also be asked to remove e. Loose, comfortable clothes as you may be
able to wear these during the scan
106
Text 22. Cytoscopy
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 22. A procedure of cystoscopy in men and women
A cystoscopy is a procedure to look inside the bladder using a thin
camera called a cystoscope.
A cystoscope is inserted into the urethra (the tube that carries pee out
of the body) and passed into the bladder to allow a doctor or nurse to see
inside. Small surgical instruments can also be passed down the cystoscope
to treat some bladder problems at the same time.
Types of cystoscopy and how they're carried out
There are 2 types of cystoscopy:
• flexible cystoscopy – a thin (about the width of a pencil), bendy
cystoscope is used, and you stay awake while it's carried out;
• rigid cystoscopy – a slightly wider cystoscope that does not bend
is used, and you're either put to sleep or the lower half of your body is
numbed while it's carried out.
Flexible cystoscopies tend to be done if the reason for the procedure
is just to look inside your bladder. A rigid cystoscopy may be done if you
need treatment for a problem in your bladder.Anyone can have either type
of cystoscopy. Ask your doctor or nurse which type you're going to have if
you're not sure.
107
Why cystoscopies are used
A cystoscopy can be used to look for and treat problems in the
bladder or urethra.For example, it can be used to:
• check for the cause of problems such as blood in pee,
frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs), problems peeing, and longlasting pelvic pain;
• remove a sample of tissue for testing in a laboratory (a biopsy) to
check for problems such as bladder cancer;
• carry out treatments, such as removing bladder stones, inserting
or removing a stent (a small tube used to treat blockages), and injecting
medicine into the bladder.
Does a cystoscopy hurt?
A cystoscopy can be a bit uncomfortable, but it's not usually painful.
For a flexible cystoscopy, local anaesthetic gel is used to numb the
urethra. This will reduce any discomfort when the cystoscope is inserted.
A rigid cystoscopy is carried out under general anaesthetic (where
you're asleep) or a spinal anaesthetic (which numbs the lower half of your
body), so you will not have any pain while it's carried out.
It's normal to have some discomfort when peeing after a cystoscopy,
but this should pass in a few days.
Recovering from a cystoscopy
You should be able to get back to normal quite quickly after a
cystoscopy.
You can usually leave hospital the same day and can return to your
normal activities – including work, exercise, and having sex – as soon as you
feel able to.This may be later the same day if you had a flexible cystoscopy,
or a couple of days after a rigid cystoscopy.
It's normal to have discomfort when peeing and a bit of blood in your
pee for a day or two.See a GP if the discomfort is severe or does not
improve in a few days, or you develop a high temperature.Go to your
nearest accident and emergency (A&E) department if you feel really unwell.
Risks of a cystoscopy
A cystoscopy is usually a very safe procedure and serious
complications are rare.The main risks are:
108
• a urinary tract infection (UTI) – which may need to be treated
with antibiotics;
• being unable to pee after going home – which may mean a thin
tube called a catheter needs to be temporarily inserted into your bladder
so you can empty your bladder.
There's also a risk your bladder could be damaged by the cystoscope,
but this is rare.Speak to your doctor or nurse about the possible risks of the
procedure before having it.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is a cystoscopy?
2) Name the instrument used in a procedure of a cystoscopy.
3) Where is a cystoscope inserted?
4) What is the difference between the flexible cystoscopy and rigid
cystoscopy?
5) Why are cystoscopies used?
6) Is a rigid cystoscopy carried out under general anaesthetic?
7) You can usually leave hospital the same day and return to your
normal activities after a cystoscopy, can’t you?
8) Should you see a GP if the discomfort after the procedure of a
cystoscopy is severe or does not improve in a few days?
9) A cystoscopy is usually a very safe procedure, isn’t it?
10) Must a person speak to a doctor or nurse about the possible risks
of the procedure before having it?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Flexible cystoscopies may be done if you need treatment for a
problem in your bladder.
2) A rigid cystoscopy tend to be done if the reason for the procedure
is just to look inside your bladder.
3) Cystoscopies are used to carry out treatments, such as
removing bladder stones, inserting or removing a stent (a small tube used
to treat blockages), and injecting medicine into the bladder.
4) A cystoscopy is not a painful procedure.
5) A urinary tract infection is one of the risks of a cystoscopy.
109
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. A cystoscope is
2. The main risks of cystoscopy are
3. Flexible cystoscopies tend to be
done
a. If the reason for the procedure is just to look
inside your bladder
b. Inserted into the urethra (the tube that carries
pee out of the body) and passed into the bladder
to allow a doctor or nurse to see inside
c.
-a urinary tract infection (UTI) – which may need to
be treated with antibiotics;
-being unable to pee after going home
110
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