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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». 31.05.03 Стоматология
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2. Cyanosis can be caused by a serious
problem with the
b.
- trying to relax and do breathing exercises to
help reduce stress and anxiety;
- keeping cool by removing a layer of clothing
and drinking water;
- wearing make-up that reduces the redness of
your skin in stressful situations like an interview
or when giving a presentation
3. One can help stop blushing by
4. Do not eat spicy foods or drink
alcohol or hot drinks if
5. Consult a doctor – GP – if
c. They make you blush
d.
-your blushing is affecting your everyday life;
-you think your blushing might be caused by a
medical condition or a medicine you're taking
e.
-lungs, like asthma or pneumonia;
-airways like choking or croup;
-heart, like heart failure or congenital heart
disease;
-Raynaud's, which affects your fingers and
toes;
-beta blockers, a medicine used to treat high
blood pressure;
-a blood clot that stops the blood supply to or
from a limb;
-being in cold air or water;
-wearing clothing or jewellery that's too tight
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Text 15. Food intolerance
Read and translate.Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 15. A boy suffering from food intolerance – sickness and vomiting
A food intolerance is difficulty digesting certain foods and having an
unpleasant physical reaction to them.
It causes symptoms, such as bloating and tummy pain, which usually
happen a few hours after eating the food.
The number of people who believe they have a food intolerance has
risen dramatically over recent years, but it's hard to know how many people
are truly affected. Many people assume they have a food intolerance when
the true cause of their symptoms is something else.
What are the symptoms of food intolerance?
In general, people who have a food intolerance tend to experience:
• tummy pain, bloating, wind and/or diarrhoea;
• skin rashes and itching.
These symptoms usually happen a few hours after eating the food.
It can be difficult to know whether you have a food intolerance as
these are general symptoms that are typical of many other conditions.
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Is there a food intolerance test?
A number of companies produce food intolerance tests, but these
tests are not based on scientific evidence and are not recommended by the
British Dietary Association (BDA).
The best way of diagnosing a food intolerance is to monitor your
symptoms and the foods you eat. See what happens when you cut out the
suspected food for a while, and then reintroduce it into your diet.
Food diary
Try keeping a food diary, noting:
• what foods you eat;
• any symptoms you have after eating these foods;
• when these symptoms happen.
Trial elimination diet
Once you have an idea of which foods may be causing your
symptoms, you can try excluding them from your diet 1 at a time and
observing the effect this has. Try cutting out the suspected food from your
diet for 2 to 6 weeks and see if your symptoms improve. Reintroduce the
food to see if symptoms return. You may find you can tolerate a certain
level and you only get symptoms if you have more than this amount.
Consider seeing a dietitian to make sure you're receiving all your
recommended daily nutrients while you do this trial. Never restrict your
child's diet unless this has been advised by a dietitian or your doctor.
Could my symptoms be something else?
If you regularly have diarrhoea, bloating, tummy pain or skin rashes
but you're not certain of the cause, see a GP. A GP may be able to diagnose
the cause from your symptoms and medical history. If necessary, they'll
order tests, such as blood tests. You can also do some research yourself. It
may help to find out about other conditions that cause similar symptoms.
For example, find out about:
• irritable bowel syndrome;
• stress and anxiety disorder
• lactose intolerance ;
• coeliac disease;
• inflammatory bowel disease;
• food allergy.
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The bowel is a sensitive organ and it's common to have bowel
symptoms when you have been ill or feel run down or stressed.
Is it a food intolerance or food allergy?
A food intolerance is not the same as a food allergy. Here's how to
tell the difference.
A food allergy:
• is a reaction by your immune system (your body's defence against
infection), your immune system mistakenly treats proteins found in food as
a threat;
• can trigger allergy symptoms, such as a rash, wheezing and
itching, after eating just a small amount of the food (these symptoms
usually happen quickly);
• is often to particular foods.
Common food allergies in adults include fish and shellfish and nut
allergies, common food allergies in children include milk, eggs, fish,
peanuts and other nuts can be life-threatening.
A food intolerance:
• does not involve your immune system – there is no allergic
reaction, and it is never life-threatening;
• causes symptoms that happen gradually, often a few hours after
eating the problem food;
• only results in symptoms if you eat a substantial amount of the
food (unlike an allergy, where just traces can trigger a reaction) ;
• can be caused by many different foods.
What causes a food intolerance?
It is often unclear why a person is sensitive to certain foods.
If your symptoms happen after eating dairy products, it's possible you
may have lactose intolerance. This means your body cannot digest lactose,
a natural sugar found in milk, yoghurt and soft cheeses. A GP can usually
diagnose lactose intolerance by looking at your symptoms and medical
history.
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Some people have trouble digesting wheat and experience bloating,
wind, diarrhoea, being sick and stomach pain after eating bread. Read
more about wheat intolerance (also known as wheat sensitivity).
Otherwise, the culprit may be a food additive, chemical or
contaminant, such as:
• monosodium glutamate (MSG);
• caffeine;
• alcohol;
• artificial sweeteners;
• histamine (found in Quorn, mushrooms, pickled and cured foods,
and alcoholic drinks) ;
• toxins, viruses, bacteria or parasites that have contaminated food;
• artificial food colours, preservatives or flavour enhancers.
Gluten intolerance
Many people cut gluten from their diet thinking that they are
intolerant to it, because they experience symptoms after eating wheat.
But it's hard to know whether these symptoms are because of an
intolerance to gluten, an intolerance to something else in wheat, or nothing
to do with wheat at all. It may help to read more about cutting out bread
from your diet.
Very few people need to cut out gluten from their diet, although it's
important to do so if you have coeliac disease (which is not an intolerance,
nor an allergy, but an autoimmune condition).
How do I manage it?
If you're confident you are intolerant to a particular food, the only way
to manage this is to stop eating the food for a while and then reintroduce
small quantities while monitoring how much you can eat without causing
symptoms.
Check food labels to see which sorts of foods to avoid.
If you think your child may have a food intolerance, check with a GP or
dietitian before eliminating foods from their diet, as a restricted diet could
affect their growth and development. Cows' milk, for example, is an
important source of calcium, vitamin D and protein.
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When do I need to see a specialist?
A GP may refer you to a specialist if they're not sure what's causing
your symptoms and further tests are needed.
You may also be referred if your child has digestive symptoms (such
as tummy pain and diarrhoea) and:
• is not growing well;
• has not responded to any elimination diets that your healthcare
professional recommended;
• has reacted suddenly or severely to a food;
• has a suspected food allergy.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is food intolerance?
2) It causes symptoms, such as bloating and tummy pain, which
usually happen a few hours after eating the food, doesn’t it?
3) What is the best way of diagnosing food intolerance?
4) Has the number of people with food intolerance risen dramatically
over recent years?
5) Common food allergies in adults include fish and shellfish and nut
allergies, doesn’t it?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Children are usually allergic to milk, eggs, fish, peanuts and other
nuts.
2) If your symptoms happen after eating dairy products, if you may
have lactose intolerance, your allergy occur after eating dairy products.
3) Consult a dietitian to make sure you're receiving all your
recommended daily nutrients in order to escape food allergy.
4) If your child has digestive symptoms (such as tummy pain and
diarrhoea) it means that he or she is allergic to something.
5) Food additive, chemical or contaminant are the sources of allergy.
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Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. People who have a food
intolerance tend to experience
2. Keep a food diary and pay
attention to
3. Otherwise, the culprit may be a
food additive, chemical or
contaminant, such as
a.
-what foods you eat;
-any symptoms you have after eating these foods;
-when these symptoms happen
b.
-is not growing well;
-has not responded to any elimination diets
that your healthcare professional recommended;
-has reacted suddenly or severely to a food;
-has a suspected food allergy
c.
- monosodium glutamate (MSG);
- caffeine;
- alcohol;
- artificial sweeteners;
- histamine (found in Quorn, mushrooms, pickled
and cured foods, and alcoholic drinks);
- toxins, viruses, bacteria or parasites that have
contaminated food;
- artificial food colours, preservatives or flavour
enhancers
4. You may also be referred to GP if
your child has digestive symptoms
(such as tummy pain and diarrhoea)
and
5. Many people cut gluten from
their diet thinking that they are
intolerant to it
d. Because they experience allergic symptoms
after eating wheat
e.
- tummy pain, bloating, wind or diarrhoea pain;
- skin rashes and itching
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Text 16. HIV and AIDS
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 16. Damaging the cells in the immune system
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that damages the cells
in your immune system and weakens your ability to fight everyday
infections and disease.
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the name used to
describe a number of potentially life-threatening infections and illnesses
that happen when your immune system has been severely damaged by the
HIV virus. While AIDS cannot be transmitted from 1 person to another, the
HIV virus can. There's currently no cure for HIV, but there are very effective
drug treatments that enable most people with the virus to live a long and
healthy life. With an early diagnosis and effective treatments, most people
with HIV will not develop any AIDS-related illnesses and will live a nearnormal lifespan.
Symptoms of HIV infection
Most people experience a short flu-like illness 2 to 6 weeks after HIV
infection, which lasts for a week or 2.
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After these symptoms disappear, HIV may not cause any symptoms
for many years, although the virus continues to damage your immune
system.
This means many people with HIV do not know they're infected.
Anyone who thinks they could have HIV should get tested.
Some people are advised to have regular tests as they're at
particularly high risk.
Causes of HIV infection
HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person. This includes
semen, vaginal and anal fluids, blood and breast milk.
It's a fragile virus and does not survive outside the body for long.
HIV cannot be transmitted through sweat, urine or saliva.
The most common way of getting HIV in the UK is through having anal
or vaginal sex without a condom.
Other ways of getting HIV include:
• sharing needles, syringes or other injecting equipment;
• transmission from mother to baby during pregnancy, birth or
breastfeeding.
The chance of getting HIV through oral sex is very low and will be
dependent on many things, such as whether you receive or give oral sex
and the oral hygiene of the person giving the oral sex.
Diagnosing HIV
Seek medical advice as soon as possible if you think you might have
been exposed to HIV.
You can get tested in a number of places, including at a GP surgery,
sexual health clinics and clinics run by charities.
The only way to find out if you have HIV is to have an HIV test. This
involves testing a sample of your blood or saliva for signs of the infection.
It's important to be aware that:
• emergency anti-HIV medicine called post-exposure prophylaxis
(PEP) may stop you becoming infected if started within 72 hours of possible
exposure to the virus – it's recommended that you start it as soon as
possible, ideally within 24 hour;
• an early diagnosis means you can start treatment sooner, which
can improve your chances of controlling the virus, reduce the risk of
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becoming more unwell and reduce the chance of passing the virus on to
others.
Both positive and negative HIV tests may need to be repeated 1 to 3
months after potential exposure to HIV infection (this is known as the
window period), but you should not wait this long to seek help:
• clinics may offer a finger prick blood test, which can give you a
result in minutes, but it may take up to a few days to get the results of a
more detailed HIV test;
• home testing or home sampling kits are available to buy online or
from pharmacies – depending on the type of test you use, your result will
be available in a few minutes or a few days.
If your first test suggests you have HIV, a further blood test will need
to be carried out to confirm the result.
If this is positive, you'll be referred to a specialist HIV clinic for some
more tests and a discussion about your treatment options.
Treatment for HIV
Antiretroviral medicines are used to treat HIV. They work by stopping
the virus replicating in the body, allowing the immune system to repair itself
and preventing further damage.
These come in the form of tablets, which need to be taken every day.
HIV is able to develop resistance to a single HIV medicine very easily,
but taking a combination of different medicines makes this much less likely.
Most people with HIV take a combination of medicines. It's vital these
are taken every day as recommended by your doctor.
The goal of HIV treatment is to have an undetectable viral load. This
means the level of HIV virus in your body is low enough to not be
detected by a test.
Living with HIV
If you're living with HIV, taking effective HIV treatment and being
undetectable significantly reduces your risk of passing HIV on to others.
You'll also be encouraged to:
• take regular exercise;
• eat a healthy diet;
• stop smoking;
• have yearly flu jabs to minimise the risk of getting serious illnesses.
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