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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». 31.05.03 Стоматология
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4) It's important to remove plaque and food deposits from your
denture in order to escape problems, such as bad breath, gum
disease, tooth decay and oral thrush.
5) You should clean your dentures at least twice a day: every morning
and night.
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. There are two types of
dentures
2. The difference between a
dentist and qualified dentist
technician is that a
3. While cleaning dentures you
should
a.
- brush your dentures with toothpaste or soap and
water before soaking them to remove food particles;
- soak them in a fizzy solution of denture-cleaning
tablets to remove stains and bacteria (follow the
manufacturer's instructions);
- brush them again as you would your normal teeth
(but don't scrub them too hard)
b.
- dentist will take measurements and impressions
(moulds) of your mouth, and then order your full or
partial dentures from a dental technician;
- clinical dental technician will provide a full set of
dentures directly without you having to see your
dentist (although you should still have regular dental
check-ups with your dentist)
c. Avoid chewing gum and any food that's sticky,
hard or has sharp edges
4. Eating with dentures d.
- complete dentures (a full set) – which replace all
your upper or lower teeth;
- partial dentures – which replace just 1 tooth or a few
missing teeth
5. See your dentist as soon as
possible if
e.
- your dentures click when you're talking;
- your dentures tend to slip, or you feel they no
longer fit properly;
- your dentures feel uncomfortable;
- your dentures are visibly worn;
- you have signs of gum disease or tooth decay, such
as bleeding gums or bad breath
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Text 11. Dysphagia (swallowing problems)
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 11. Problems with swallowing certain foods or liquids
Dysphagia is the medical term for swallowing difficulties.
Some people with dysphagia have problems with swallowing certain
foods or liquids, while others can't swallow at all.
Other signs of dysphagia include:
• coughing or choking when eating or drinking;
• bringing food back up, sometimes through the nose;
• a sensation that food is stuck in your throat or chest;
• persistent drooling of saliva;
• being unable to chew food properly;
• a gurgly, wet-sounding voice when eating or drinking.
Over time, dysphagia can also cause symptoms such as weight loss
and repeated chest infections.
When to seek medical advice
You should see your GP if you, or someone you care for, have
difficulty swallowing or any other signs of dysphagia so you can get
treatment to help with your symptoms.
Early investigation can also help to rule out other more serious
conditions, such as oesophageal cancer.
52
Your GP will assess you and may refer you for further tests.
Read more about diagnosing dysphagia.
Treating dysphagia
Treatment usually depends on the cause and type of dysphagia.
Many cases of dysphagia can be improved with careful management,
but a cure isn't always possible.
Treatments for dysphagia include:
• speech and language therapy to help people recover their
swallowing with special exercises and techniques;
• changing the consistency of food and liquids to make them safer
to swallow;
• other forms of feeding – such as tube feeding through the nose or
stomach;
• surgery to widen the oesophagus, by stretching it or inserting a
plastic or metal tube (stent).
Causes of dysphagia
Dysphagia is usually caused by another health condition, such as:
• a condition that affects the nervous system, such as a stroke, head
injury, multiple sclerosis or dementia;
• cancer – such as mouth cancer or oesophageal cancer;
• gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) – where stomach acid
leaks back up into the oesophagus.
Children can also have dysphagia as a result of a developmental or
learning disability, such as cerebral palsy. Read more about the causes of
dysphagia.
Complications of dysphagia
Dysphagia can sometimes lead to further problems.
One of the most common problems is coughing or choking, when
food goes down the "wrong way" and blocks your airway. This can lead to
chest infections, such as aspiration pneumonia, which require urgent
medical treatment. Aspiration pneumonia can develop after accidentally
inhaling something, such as a small piece of food.
Warning signs of aspiration pneumonia include:
• a wet, gurgly voice while eating or drinking;
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• coughing while eating or drinking;
• difficulty breathing – breathing may be rapid and shallow.
Dysphagia may mean that you avoid eating and drinking due to a fear
of choking, which can lead to malnutrition and dehydration.
Dysphagia can also affect your quality of life because it may prevent
you from enjoying meals and social occasions.
Dysphagia in children
If children with long-term dysphagia aren't eating enough, they may
not get the essential nutrients they need for physical and mental
development.
Children who have difficulty eating may also find meal times stressful,
which may lead to behavioural problems.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is dysphagia?
2) Can dysphagia cause symptoms such as weight loss and repeated
chest infections?
3) When should you see a dentist?
4) What does treatment of dysphagia depend on?
5) Can dysphagia affect your quality of life? In what way?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Dysphagia is the medical term for breathing difficulties.
2) Early investigation of this pathological condition can prevent other
more serious conditions, such as oesophageal cancer.
3) Speech and language therapy is one of the techniques for treating
dysphagia.
4) Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) – is a disease where
stomach acid leaks back up into the oesophagus and causes dysphagia.
5) There is much difference between clinical signs of dysphagia in
children and adults.
54
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. Some people with dysphagia
have problems with
2.Clinical signs of dysphagia are
as follows
3. Treatments for dysphagia
include
a.
- a wet, gurgly voice while eating or drinking;
- coughing while eating or drinking;
- difficulty breathing – breathing may be rapid and
shallow
b.
- a condition that affects the nervous system, such as
a stroke, head injury, multiple sclerosis or dementia;
- cancer – such as mouth cancer or oesophageal
cancer;
- gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) –
where stomach acid leaks back up into
the oesophagus
c.
- speech and language therapy to help people
recover their swallowing with special exercises and
techniques;
-changing the consistency of food and liquids to
make them safer to swallow
- other forms of feeding – such as tube -feeding
through the nose or stomach;
- surgery to widen the oesophagus, by stretching it
or inserting a plastic or metal tube (stent)
4. Dysphagia is usually caused by
another health condition, such as
5. Warning signs of aspiration
pneumonia include
d.
- coughing or choking when eating or drinking;
- bringing food back up, sometimes through the
nose;
- a sensation that food is stuck in your throat or
chest;
- persistent drooling of saliva;
- being unable to chew food properly;
- a gurgly, wet-sounding voice when eating or
drinking
e. With swallowing certain foods or liquids, while
others can't swallow at all
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Text 12. Epiglottitis
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 12. The symptoms of epiglottitis
Epiglottitis is inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis. It's often
caused by an infection, but can also sometimes happen as a result of a
throat injury.
The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the
back of the throat.
Its main function is to close over the windpipe (trachea) while you're
eating to prevent food entering your airway.
Symptoms of epiglottitis
The symptoms of epiglottitis usually develop quickly and get rapidly
worse, although they can develop over a few days in older children and adults.
Symptoms include:
• a severe sore throat;
• difficulty and pain when swallowing;
• difficulty breathing, which may improve when leaning forwards;
• breathing that sounds abnormal and high-pitched (stridor) ;
• a high temperature;
• irritability and restlessness;
• muffled or hoarse voice;
• drooling.
56
The main symptoms of epiglottitis in young children are breathing
difficulties, stridor and a hoarse voice.
In adults and older children, swallowing difficulties and drooling are
the main symptoms.
When to get medical advice
Epiglottitis is regarded as a medical emergency, as a swollen
epiglottis can restrict the oxygen supply to your lungs.
Call 999 for an ambulance if you think you or your child has epiglottitis.
While waiting for an ambulance, you should not attempt to
examine your child's throat, place anything inside their mouth, or lay them
on their back. This may make their symptoms worse.
It's important to keep them calm and to try not to cause panic or distress.
Epiglottitis can be fatal if the throat becomes completely blocked. But
most people make a full recovery with appropriate treatment.
Treating epiglottitis
Epiglottitis is treated in hospital. The first thing the medical team will
do is secure the person's airways to make sure they can breathe properly.
Securing the airways
An oxygen mask will be given to deliver highly concentrated oxygen
to the person's lungs.
If this does not work, a tube will be placed in the person's mouth and
pushed past their epiglottis into the windpipe. The tube will be connected
to an oxygen supply.
If there's an urgent need to secure the airways, a small cut may be
made in the neck at the front of the windpipe so a tube can be inserted.
The tube is then connected to an oxygen supply.
This procedure is called a tracheostomy and it allows oxygen to enter
the lungs while bypassing the epiglottis.
An emergency tracheostomy can be carried out using local
anaesthetic or general anaesthetic.
Once the airways have been secured and the person is able to
breathe unrestricted, a more comfortable and convenient way of assisting
breathing may be found.
57
This is usually achieved by threading a tube through the nose and into
the windpipe.
Fluids will be supplied through a drip into a vein until the person is
able to swallow.
Once this has been achieved and the situation is thought to be safe,
some tests may be carried out, such as:
• a fibreoptic laryngoscopy – a flexible tube with a camera attached to
one end (laryngoscope) is used to examine the throat;
• a throat swab – to test for any bacteria or viruses;
• blood tests – to check the number of white blood cells (a high
number indicates there may an infection) and identify any traces of bacteria
or viruses in the blood;
• an X-ray or a CT scan – sometimes used to check the level of swelling.
Any underlying infection will be treated with a course of antibiotics.
With prompt treatment, most people recover from epiglottitis after
about a week and are well enough to leave hospital after 5 to 7 days.
Why it happens
Epiglottitis is usually caused by an infection with Haemophilus
influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria.
As well as epiglottitis, Hib can cause a number of serious infections,
such as pneumonia and meningitis.
It spreads in the same way as the cold or flu virus. The bacteria
are in the tiny droplets of saliva and mucus propelled into the air when
an infected person coughs or sneezes.
You catch the infection by breathing in these droplets or, if the
droplets have landed on a surface or object, by touching this surface and
then touching your face or mouth.
Less common causes of epiglottitis include:
• other bacterial infections – such as streptococcus pneumoniae (a
common cause of pneumonia);
• fungal infections – people with a weakened immune system are
most at risk from these types of infection;
• viral infections – such as the varicella zoster virus (the virus
responsible for chickenpox) and the herpes simplex virus (the virus
responsible for cold sores;
58
• trauma to the throat – such as a blow to the throat, or burning the
throat by drinking very hot liquids;
• smoking – particularly illegal drugs, such as cannabis or crack cocaine.
Hib vaccination
The most effective way to prevent your child getting epiglottitis is to
make sure their vaccinations are up-to-date.
Children are particularly vulnerable to a Hib infection because they
have an underdeveloped immune system.
Babies should be vaccinated against Hib as part of the 6-in-1
DTaP/IPV/Hib vaccine, which also protects against diphtheria, hepatitis
B, tetanus, whooping cough and polio.
They should receive 3 doses of the vaccine: at 8 weeks, 12 weeks and
16 weeks of age. This is followed by an additional Hib/Men C "booster"
vaccine at 1 year of age.
Contact your GP if you're not sure whether your child's vaccinations
are up-to-date.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is epiglottis?
2) Is it often caused by an infection?
3) Can epiglottis sometimes happen as a result of a throat injury?
4) What is the main function of the windpipe (trachea)?
5) Difficulty and pain when swallowing are the first symptoms of
epiglottis, aren’t they?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) The symptoms of epiglottitis can develop quickly and slowly, it
depends on age.
2) Epiglottitis is a pathological condition which requires calling
ambulance and giving the first aid, because a swollen epiglottis can restrict
the oxygen supply to your lungs.
3) An emergency tracheostomy can be carried without using local
anaesthetic or general anaesthetic.
4) Fungial, viral and bacterial infections are less common causes of
epiglottitis.
5) Trauma to the throat will never lead to epiglottitis.
59
Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. The epiglottis is a flap of
tissue
2. Symptoms of epiglottis
include
3. Some tests for the
diagnosing epiglottis may be
carried out, such as
a. An infection with Haemophilus influenzae type b
(Hib) bacteria.
b.
- other bacterial infections – such as streptococcus
pneumoniae (a common cause of pneumonia);
- fungal infections – people with a weakened immune
system are most at risk from these types of infection;
- viral infections – such as the varicella zoster virus (the
virus responsible for chickenpox) and the herpes
simplex virus (the virus responsible for cold sores);
- trauma to the throat – such as a blow to the throat, or
burning the throat by drinking very hot liquids;
- smoking – particularly illegal drugs, such as cannabis
or crack cocaine
c.
- a fibreoptic laryngoscopy – a flexible tube with a
camera attached to one end (laryngoscope) is used to
examine the throat;
- a throat swab – to test for any bacteria or viruses;
- blood tests – to check the number of white blood
cells (a high number indicates there may an infection)
and identify any traces of bacteria or viruses in the
blood;
- an X-ray or a CT scan – sometimes used to check the
level of swelling
4. Less common causes of
epiglottitis include
5. Epiglottitis is usually caused
by
d.
- a severe sore throat;
- difficulty and pain when swallowing;
- difficulty breathing, which may improve when leaning
forwards;
- breathing that sounds abnormal and high-pitched
(stridor) ;
- a high temperature;
- irritability and restlessness;
- muffled or hoarse voice;
- drooling
e.
That sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat
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