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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». 31.05.03 Стоматология
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Text 5. Gum disease
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Picture 5. Inflamed and swollen gums
Gum disease is where the gums become red, swollen and sore, and
bleed. It's very common, but it's important to get it checked by a dentist.
Check if you have gum disease
Symptoms of gum disease include:
•
your gums bleeding when you brush your teeth, floss or eat hard
foods such as apples;
•
your gums becoming swollen, red and sore.
Gum disease can lead to:
•
bad breath and a bad taste in the mouth;
•
your gums shrinking;
•
your teeth becoming loose or falling out.
See a dentist if:
•
your gums bleed when you brush your teeth or eat hard foods;
•
your gums are painful and swollen;
•
you have bad breath;
•
your child has sore, bleeding gums.
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Ask for an urgent dentist appointment if:
You or your child have gum disease and other symptoms such as:
• very sore and swollen gums;
• teeth becoming loose or falling out;
• ulcers or red patches in your mouth;
• a lump in your mouth or on your lip.
You should have regular dental check-ups even if you do not have any
problems. See a dentist if you have not had a check-up for 2 years
(or 1 year if you're under 18).
Treatments for gum disease
Your dentist will check your teeth and gums, and may take some Xrays to check your teeth and jaw bone.
They may also refer you to a specialist for further tests and treatment.
How gum disease is treated depends on how severe it is.
In the early stages, your dentist will:
• give you advice about keeping your teeth clean, such as using
interdental brushes;
• advise you to stop smoking, if you smoke;
• advise you to get your teeth cleaned by a hygienist.
If your gum disease is serious, you may need:
• to have deep cleaning under the gums;
• antibiotics;
• to have some teeth removed;
• gum surgery.
Gum disease is caused by a build-up of plaque on the teeth.
If you do not remove plaque from your teeth by brushing and
Preventing gum disease
cleaning in between them regularly, it builds up and irritates your gums.
There are things you can do yourself to prevent gum disease.
Do:
• brush your teeth with fluoride toothpaste at least twice a day – spit
after brushing, do not rinse;
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• clean in between your teeth every day using floss or interdental
brushes;
• replace your toothbrush every 1 to 3 months;
• see a dentist and dental hygienist for regular check-ups, especially
if you're pregnant or have type 2 diabetes.
Don’t:
• do not use mouthwash straight after brushing your teeth;
• do not smoke.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is gum disease?
2) How to check if you have gum disease or not?
3) When should you ask for an urgent dentist appointment?
4) What will the dentist do in the early stages of gum disease?
5) Can you prevent gum disease? In what way?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) You should replace your toothbrush every 1 to 3 months.
2) Very sore and swollen gums, ulcers or red patches in your mouth
are the signs of gum disease.
3) Take some X-rays to check your teeth and jaw bone and consult a
dentist in order to check if you have gum disease or not.
4) You may need antibiotic and gum surgery if your gum disease is
serious.
5) If you smoke, just use mouthwash straight after brushing your teeth
and it will prevent your gum disease.
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Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
and letters)
1. Symptoms of gum disease include a.
- do not use mouthwash straight after
brushing your teeth;
- do not smoke
2. See a dentist if b.
- very sore and swollen gums;
- teeth becoming loose or falling out;
- ulcers or red patches in your mouth;
- a lump in your mouth or on your lip
3. The things you can do yourself to
prevent gum disease are as follows
4. The things you mustn’t do yourself to
prevent gum disease are as follows
5. You or your child have gum disease
and other symptoms such as
c.
- brush your teeth with fluoride toothpaste at
least twice a day – spit after brushing, do not
rinse;
- clean in between your teeth every day using
floss or interdental brushes;
- replace your toothbrush every 1 to 3
months;
- see a dentist and dental hygienist for regular
check-ups, especially if you're pregnant or
have type 2 diabetes
d.
- your gums bleed when you brush your teeth
or eat hard foods;
- your gums are painful and swollen;
- you have bad breath;
- your child has sore, bleeding gums
e.
- your gums bleeding when you brush your
teeth, floss or eat hard foods such as apples;
- your gums becoming swollen, red and sore
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Text 6. Braces and orthodontics
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Picture 6. Using braces to straighten teeth
Around a third of children need orthodontic treatment. Find answers
to some common questions about braces and orthodontics.
Why have braces?
The purpose of orthodontic treatment is to make the best of your
teeth.
This includes straightening your teeth so you're able to care for your
teeth and gums more easily, and improving your bite so you can eat more
comfortably. And your smile will benefit, too.
Treatment almost always involves using braces to straighten crooked,
crowded or protruding teeth, close gaps between teeth, and correct the
bite so the top and bottom teeth meet when the mouth is closed.
You'll need to have healthy teeth and gums before you can have a
brace fitted.
This is because you must be able to keep your teeth and your brace
very clean while you're wearing it to avoid getting tooth decay or gum
disease.
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Treatment usually lasts from 12 months to 2 and half years, and visits
to the orthodontist are needed every 4 to 10 weeks.
Are braces available on the NHS?
Orthodontic treatment is available on the NHS for young people
under the age of 18 at no cost, if a dentist feels they need it.
NHS orthodontic treatment isn't usually available for adults, but may
be approved on a case-by-case basis if needed for health reasons.
Your dentist can give you more information.
What's the best age to have braces?
The ideal age to have braces is usually around 12 or 13, while a
child's mouth and jaws are still growing, but it can be earlier or later.
The opportunity for improvement in an adult is more limited and
treatment is likely to take longer.
How do I get braces fitted?
Many children don't require a brace, but those who do need to be
referred to an orthodontist by their dentist.
By law, only registered specialists can call themselves a specialist
orthodontist.
Other dentists may have done extra training so they can also do
orthodontic treatment.
Some orthodontists work with orthodontic therapists who can adjust
braces under the orthodontist's supervision.
You can search the registers on the General Dental Council website to
check an orthodontist's qualifications.
What are braces like?
There are many different types of brace. Some are fixed and stay in all
the time. These are the standard brace for NHS treatment in under-18s.
NHS braces are made of metal, but clear ceramic braces, which are
less visible, are also available privately.
Removable aligners (thin, clear, flexible plastic mouth guards) may
also be available privately.
These fit closely over the teeth and are taken out at mealtimes or to
clean them, but are otherwise worn all the time.
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How successful are braces?
Orthodontic treatment usually works very well, but you need to stick
with it for it to be successful.
You'll need to wear a retainer for some time after your treatment has
finished to stop your teeth moving back to the position they were in before
treatment.
There are many different types of types of retainers, which can be
either removable or fixed onto the teeth.
Braces can trap food and cause more plaque to build up than usual,
so you'll need to take extra care with cleaning your teeth.
You also need to watch what you eat – for example, avoiding sugary
foods and drinks.
You should continue to see your regular dentist while having
orthodontic treatment.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1) What is the purpose of orthodontic treatment?
2) What does orthodontic treatment include?
3) How long does orthodontic treatment usually last?
4) The ideal age to have braces is usually around 12 or 13, isn’t it?
5) Are there many different types of brace?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1) Around a third of children need orthodontic treatment.
2) You'll need to have healthy teeth and gums before you can have a
brace fitted.
3) The ideal age to have braces is usually around 7 or 8.
4) By law, you can work in medicine as a specialist orthodontist even
without license, just having a diploma of secondary medical education.
5) The patient should continue to see your regular dentist while
having orthodontic treatment.
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Task 3. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences (figures
f
and letters)
1. Orthodontic treatment almost always
involves using braces
2. Orthodontic treatment usually lasts b. To straighten crooked, crowded or
3. There are many different types o
retainers
4. Braces can trap food d. And cause more plaque to build up than
5. You should continue to see e.Your regular dentist while having
a. Which can be either removable or fixed
onto the teeth
protruding teeth, close gaps between teeth,
and correct the bite so the top and bottom
teeth meet when the mouth is closed
c. From 12 months to 2 and half years, and
visits to the orthodontist are needed every 4
to 10 weeks
usual, so you'll need to take extra care with
cleaning your teeth
orthodontic treatment
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Text 7. Оrthodontic treatment
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Picture 7. Using appliances to correct the position of teeth
There are many different types of orthodontic treatment. The best
treatment for you depends on the exact problem you have.
The first stage of any treatment is to assess the current position of
your teeth and how they're likely to change over time.
This often involves taking X-rays, making plaster models, and taking
photographs of your teeth.
You will then be given a treatment plan. This may suggest more than
1 way to treat the problem you have. Talk to your orthodontist about your
options.
Orthodontic appliances
Orthodontic treatment uses appliances to correct the position of
teeth.
The 4 main types are:
• fixed braces – a brace you cannot remove which is made up of
brackets that are glued to the front of each tooth and linked with wires;
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• removable braces – usually plastic plates that cover the roof of the
mouth and clip on to some teeth; these can only be used to achieve very
limited tooth movements;
• functional appliances – usually a pair of removable plastic braces
that are joined together or designed to interact together and fit on to both
the upper and lower teeth;
• headgear – this is not an orthodontic appliance, but it can be used
with other appliances and is usually worn at night.
In more severe cases, treatment may involve fixed braces plus surgery
to move the jaw. This treatment is done in hospital.
These treatments are outlined in more detail on this page. You can
find further information on the British Orthodontic Society (BOS) website.
Fixed braces
Fixed braces are the most common type of orthodontic appliance.
A few days after a fixed brace is fitted you'll be able to eat a normal
range of foods. But you should avoid certain foods and drinks, such as
toffee, hard sweets and fizzy drinks, as these can damage the appliance and
your teeth.
If you're using a fixed appliance and you play a contact sport such as
rugby, you should wear a gum shield to protect both your mouth and the
appliance.
Fixed braces are usually made from metal, so they will be noticeable
on the front of your teeth.
Many private orthodontists offer ceramic or clear braces, or metal
braces fitted to the back of the teeth, although these are usually more
expensive.
Removable braces
Removable braces can be used to correct minor problems, or as part
of fixed-brace treatment.
They can also sometimes be used to discourage children from
sucking their thumb, but this is not available on the NHS.
These braces should only be taken out of your mouth for cleaning or
as a precaution during certain activities. Your orthodontist can advise you
about this.
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