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Файл:Основы реферирования и аннотирования научной английской литературы. Часть 1. Учебно-методическое пособие
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developmental disabilities within the age range of 5 years old through
adults. By combining people with and without disabilities, S4EA
hopes that participating athletes will interact and form lasting bonds of
friendship through shared sports and recreational activities in S4EA's
served communities. Although the organization's focus is
primarily San Diego County, S4EA has grown from this base to
satellite programs in Ventura and Temecula, California.
Since 1988, the International Olympic Committee have chosen to
validate Disabled Sports (physical disabilities) and incorporate it as a
part of the Games: the staging of the Paralympic Games immediately
follows the Olympic Games. This scheduling helps to foster greater
interest in disabled sports. As an investigation on the Swiss wheelchair
website has shown, more and more International Sports Federations list
disabled athletes as any other sportsmen or sportswomen.
A wide range of sports have been adapted to be played by people
with various disabilities, as well as several that are unique to disabled
athletes. Within each movement, different sports are practiced at
different levels; for example, not all sports in the Paralympics
movement are part of the Paralympics Games. In addition, many
sports are practiced by persons with a disability outside the formal
sports movements.
TOPIC: PHYSIOLOGY. Weight Management. By Dylan
Thomas.
Generally, programs designed to assist individuals to lose weight or
to maintain a desired body weight. Americans who diet to lose weight
frequently participate in weight management programs for many
reasons. Statistics show that meeting external expectations motivates
most dieters. Current American images of attractiveness and success
place a premium on being slender, especially for women. A second
motivation to manage weight is an awareness of the ramifications of
being excessively overweight. Obesity defined as having a body mass
index of 25 or higher, carries increased risks for diabetes, hypertension,
and CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. Certain people tend to gain
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excess fat on their upper body, and upper body fat increases the waist to
hip ratio, which correlates with a greater risk of heart disease.
Strategies for Weight Loss. Short-term weight loss readily can
be attained by extreme measures: a drastic reduction in caloric intake
(semi-starvation); crash dieting; unbalanced diets emphasizing high
fat and high protein with little or no CARBOHYDRATE. However,
most of this lost weight represents WATER and muscle protein loss
rather than fat loss. Without a commitment to changing long-term
behavior, pounds lost will be rapidly regained; frequently lost muscle
is replaced by fat at the termination of the weight loss program.
Several popular, doctor-supervised, very low-calorie programs are
available. There is little published data on the success rates of most
weight management programs. The limited information available
suggests that only 2 percent to 10 percent of people who have enrolled
in such programs successfully keep off lost pounds for a year or more.
These strategies can lead to weight losses of several pounds per week
and often employ liquid protein meal replacements. Current liquid
formula diets are much improved over 1970s versions. Regular food
allotments plus three meal replacements can bring the total calories up
to 1,200 per day, and with supervision they are often safe for several
weeks. A major disadvantage: They often reinforce the unhealthy
pattern of eating lightly at breakfast and lunch, and eating heavily at
dinner or later. Under starvation or semi-starvation conditions, usually
less than 1,200 calories per day, the body’s metabolism compensates
for decreased caloric intake by gearing down the rate at which calories
are burned. In other words the basal metabolic rate declines as a
protective adaptation. Furthermore, the body preferentially breaks
down protein in the early stages of semi-starvation to meet energy
requirements; paradoxically, the body can therefore become
proportionately fatter during this period. Programs that incorporate
medications to curb craving as well as increased exercise and
restricted caloric intake have been recommended for obese people.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES DURING BADMINTON
AND TABLE TENNIS GAMES. P. Antoniou, S. Athanassiou, T.
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Pilianidis, K. Laparidis Department of Physical Education and Sport
Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
Badminton and table tennis are characterised as aerobic
activities. During the games, there are intense work periods
followed by periods of rest. The ration for playing time and rest periods for badminton was found 5.1 sec. work and 9.3 sec. rest (Coad, Rasmussen and Mikkelson, 1979). The percentage of participation of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms in women was found 55
%–45 % in badminton with a VO2max 3.2ml/kg/min and 48 %–52
% in table tennis with VO2max2.8ml/kg/min, respectively
(Omosegaard, 1996). These two sports have high demands in
technical ability and good physical condition. In table tennis the
technique is of greater importance than physical condition because
you have to react quick and precise in a very small area. In
badminton the area of movement and the duration of plays are
greater, so it demands good physical condition and good technique.
Also the distance covered in each set in badminton found that it can
reach 1–1.8 km (Omosegaard, 1996). In Greece these two sports are
not popular enough and there are missing elements that could help
the organisation of training, so the purpose of this study was to
record and evaluate physiological parameters between the two
sports and consequently incorporate these findings for a better
training planning.
The participants were 42 students of Democritus University, 22
boys and 20 girls at age 21.2 ± 2.7 years, 20.8 ± 1.8 years, weight
74.2 ± 16.5 kg, 60.35 ± 8.6 and height 1.78 ± 8.5 cm, 1.68 ± 9.3 cm
respectively which were taking courses of badminton and table tennis.
The participants tested in games of total time 10 min for each sport
and physiological parameters as heart rate (HR), lactic acid (LAC) and
total clear time (TIME) recorded.
To examine the probable difference between the physiological
parameters of the two sports we used the statistical analysis of one tale
(ANOVA). The homogeneous of the values cleared up with the
Cochrans and Bartlet -Box method. The analysis showed that there is
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a statistical difference between the two sports in heart rate
(F40.1=136.249, p<0.001) and in lactic acid (F40.1=20.403, p<0.001)
with badminton players having higher values. In total clear time there
weren't any important differences, with mean time in badminton
241.38 ± 24.38 sec and in table tennis 254 ± 30.58 sec.
The results show that there are differences in the physiological
parameters we measured. These differences indicate much higher
workload in the game of badminton and it's something we can
understand from the values of heart rate (F40.1=136.249, p<0.001) and
lactic acid (F40.1=20.403, p<0.001). From the technical analysis and the
relation of the total clear time between the game we can assume that
workload in badminton is higher because of the higher playing intensity
in comparison with table tennis. This is due to the fact that the area
covered in badminton is much bigger, the technical demands are very
high, the muscle groups that take part in the movements are bigger
because of the greater range of movement and footwork. In table tennis
the intensity is lower because players cover a smaller distance, use less
muscle groups, especially of the upper part of the body. International
references indicate values for badminton HR=142-162 b/min in junior
players in a 10 min game (Bartuncova et al., 1979), 175± 6 b/min
(Rittell and Watehold,1975) and LAC=3-6mmol/l (Majumdar,1997). In
table tennis it was found that HR should not be higher than 160-170
b/min and LAC total level 4-5mmol/l (Leso,1982). According to these
findings from the international references, the planing of training should
be different in these two racquet sports at least for their physical
conditioning demands.
15th annual ECSS Congress Antalya/Turkey, June 23–26 2010
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF VARIOUS TRAINING
SESSIONS IN MALAYSIAN JUNIOR BADMINTON PLAYERS.
Lee Ming, C., Shi-Wei, L., Siti Musyrifah, Cheong Hwa, O. National
Sports Institute of Malaysia
Introduction. There have been quite a number of studies on the
physiological characteristics of badminton during training and
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competitive match play (Majumdar et al, 1997; Cabello et al, 2004;
Faude et al, 2007). However, studies on comparisons between training
and competition in badminton are still scarce. Thus, the purpose of
this study is to evaluate the physiological responses in different types
of badminton training program (on-court training, CT; physical
training, PT; and simulated match play, MP).
Method. A total of 12 Malaysian junior boys’ developmental
badminton players participated in this study. There were 12
monitoring sessions carried out which consist of 5 CT sessions (basic
drills, multi-shuttle, match practice), 3 PT sessions and 4 MP sessions
(friendly match and ranking matches). The duration of the monitoring
period was ~3 months. Each training content were documented with
body mass changes (BMC), heart rates (HR), blood lactate
concentration (Bla) from capillary samples and rating of perceived
exertion (RPE) were collected.
Results. Based on BMC, results showed that players elicits higher
sweats during MP (0.8 ± 0.7 %) compared to CT (0.4 ± 0.6 %). Mean-
while, the cardiovascular demand during MP was significantly higher
than CT and PT with percentage of maximum HR during CT, PT and MP
was 74 ± 9 %, 77 ± 6 % and 90 ± 6 % respectively. However, the
metabolic demand in all three types of training as shown in post-training
Bla appears to be similar with mean values of 2.9 mmol/L. Besides,
players also perceived similar exertion during CT, PT and MP.
Discussions. We found that the HR during CT and PT does not
match the intensity of the MP; this shows that cardiovascular demand
of the player was obviously higher during MP. Contrarily, the Bla
responses remained more stable and showed similar responses in CT,
PT and MP and values were corresponding to other studies (Majumdar
et al, 1997; Cabello et al, 2004; Faude et al, 2007). The HR responses
during CT and MP could be well explained if we divide the CT into
sub-sessions. Such findings may help coaches to plan and monitor
training in order to optimize the capabilities of individual player to
meet the physical demands of competition in badminton and other
racquet Supported by SporTools GmbH
65
European Database of Sport Science (EDSS)
TRAINING TIME AND ADAPTATION TO LACK OF DAY
LIGHT – A PILOT STUDY. Siti Musyrifah, Cheong Hwa, O.
National Sports Institute of Malaysia
It is found that training done at different times synchronizes the
HR circadian rhythm. Athletes in Northern Norway claim it is hard to
achieve an optimal training effect during the darkness period.
Knowledge about the effect of light conditions upon training response
seems to be missing. As a start we did a pilot study to describe the
reaction to lack of daylight and different training-time on circadian
rhythms and nocturnal sleep in a 26 year old healthy, trained female
arriving Northern Norway from Italy in the darkness period.
Monitoring Sessions (MS) were carried out in four experimental
conditions: MS1) no-training in light-darkness periodicity (Italy);
MS2) no-training in lack of daylight (Norway); MS3) evening training
(18.00–19.30) in daylight-lack; MS4) morning training (9.00–10.30)
in daylight-lack. Each monitoring session (that started in the last
training-day) was composed by: questionnaire (analogue scale) to fill
in every morning during the sessions, three-days continuous
monitoring by heart rate (HR) monitor (S810, Polar) and actigraph
(Actiwatch, Cambridge Neurotecnology). Each training period was
four consecutives session of outdoor fast-walking (63 % HRmax,
43 % VO2max) with back-pack (1/4 of the body weight).
The Circadian Rhythms of HR and Rest Activity (RA) were
compared with sleep analysis results and subjective perception
expressed in the questionnaire. The HR and RA circadian rhythms
were statistically significant (p<.0001): MESOR values were lower in
MS 2 than in MS 1, 3 and 4 for the Activity, while it was progressively lower for the HR; Acrophase was advanced in MS 2 and 4 compared to MS 1 and 3 for both Activity and HR. Sleep Analyses show
higher values of Sleep Efficiency in MS 2, 3 and, especially, 4 than in
MS 1, that correspond to low values in Mean Activity Score and
Movement and Fragmentation Index. The questionnaires showed that
the subjective perception of sleep and concentration ability were
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pretty close to the normality. It was also observed that the rest-HR
decreased through the 3 monitoring weeks, even if the subject was
already well trained. It seems as if the light-lack condition induced a
bradicardial stimulus in addition to the training.
This pilot study suggests that lack of daylight and no training
condition induce an activity decrease, advance Acrophase (2,5h for
the activity and 3h for HR), and enhance sleep. The training increased
the activity MESOR, but influenced the circadian structure in different
way according to the time in which it was carried out. The training
time influenced the circadian parameters for both HR and RA: after
the evening session the Acrophase e was postponed, whilst it was
advanced after the morning session. The sleep quality seems to benefit
the best from the morning training.
TOPIC: track-and-field sports. By James Joyce.
American athletes in track-and-field sports have been able to
maintain their dominance as a result of the emphasis colleges and universities place on the sport. Backed by the NCAA and an elaborate
system of sports scholarships, colleges and universities have been able
to offer opportunities to athletes to compensate for the sport’s amateur
status (a status that no longer remains). The significance of the
college-based system on the lives of athletes has been explored in
numerous movies from Personal Best (1982) to Without Limits
(1998). The pressure to succeed created by this system has given rise
to the widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs.
The widespread attention given to track and field derived in large
part from its association with the Olympic movement, which provided
a forum for the expression of nationalist sentiments. As such, the
efforts of athletes competing against countries with which the United
States is in competition (economically and ideologically) have often
taken on considerable significance. During the Cold War, therefore,
considerable attention would be paid to Americans competing against
athletes from the Soviet Union and East Germany. Owing to the
prominence of African American athletes in many track-and-field
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events, the possibilities of harnessing patriotic fervor to racial
advancement were commonly acknowledged. Jesse Owens’ success at
the 1936 Berlin Olympics, winning four gold medals in front of a
furious Hitler (who would have been more furious still had the
Americans included their Jewish sprinters on their relay team), was
just one example of this. Owens (1913–80) became a nationally
recognized and celebrated athlete and, along with Joe Louis, helped
pave the way for Jackie Robinson’s desegregation of baseball.
Wilma Rudolph (1940–84), the first American to win three gold
medals in the 1960 Rome Olympics (100m, 200m and 400m relay),
continued this tradition. Her achievement, a triumph also over
childhood polio, made her one of the most celebrated female athletes
of all time. Her celebrity also helped to begin the process of breaking
down gender barriers in previously all-male track-and-field events
prior to the passage of Title IX.
The identification between athletes and their country opening up
opportunities to black athletes that might otherwise have been closed,
remained in place at least until the end of the Cold War. President
Carter’s boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics, in the aftermath of
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, was considered by many a major
blow to African American athletes, not merely on the grounds of their
pursuit of gold medals. But African American track-and-field athletes
also used this spotlight to make comments about racial conditions in
the United States. Tommie Smith and John Carlos at the 1968 Mexico
Olympics raised their fists in the Black Power salute during the medal
ceremony to make the point that while they were representing their
country, that country discriminated against them (both were
suspended from the US team).
The 1968 Olympics also witnessed major trackand-field land-
marks: Bob Beamon won the gold medal in the long jump with a
world record (29ft, 2½ in), shattering the old mark by nearly 2 feet
(unlike most records, this one remained unbroken until 1991 when
Mike Powell jumped 2 inches further); and Dick Fosbury fundamentally altered the high jump with his «Fosbury Flop».
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Two other track-and-field stars deserve mention. Florence Griffith
Joyner (1959–98), known as «FloJo,» was a triple gold medalist at the
1988 Seoul Olympics. She was recognized around the world for both
her colorful and asymmetrical running outfits and her long, painted
fingernails. Smashing the world records for the 100- and 200-meter
runs in Seoul and also winning a gold medal in the 4×100 relay, she
later served as cochairperson of President Clinton’s Council on
Physical Fitness, before suffering a heart attack and dying in 1998. As
with Rudolph before her, Griffith Joyner’s performances challenged
assumptions about the relationship between sport and gender. Carl
Lewis (1961–) dominated track-and-field events throughout much of
the 1980s and early 1990s. Unable to run in Moscow because of the
boycott, Lewis amassed a record in sprints and long jump equaled by
no other athlete. Widely regarded as the greatest track-and-field
athlete of all time, he matched Jesse Owen’s record in 1984, won three
medals in 1988 (two gold and one silver) and another two gold medals
in 1992. At the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo he also set the
world record for the 100m (9.86 seconds).
TOPIC: MARKETING. Preparing Your Marketing
Communications Plan. By Joseph Conrad.
Your marketing communications plan is your road map. It
establishes where you are, where you want to go, and how you will
get there. It estimates your time in transit, the cost of making the trip,
and the congestion from other travelers taking the same route.
Your plan is a guide for action in a dynamic marketplace, and you
cannot cast it in cement. Competitors act in unexpected ways; new
product availabilities are delayed; a successful breakthrough with a
prestigious customer gives you valuable credentials. As you progress
through the time covered by the plan, you want to be able to modify it
in response to changes in the marketplace.
Experienced domestic marketing communicators will find many
similarities between a domestic marketing communications plan and
an international one; the differences are in environment, and a failure
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to understand and appreciate the foreign environment is one of the
most common factors at the heart of overseas marketing errors.
Maartin Van Veen, European director of marketing communications
for Texas Instruments Incorporated, has considered the qualifications
of a successful international marketing communications manager.
The really essential element, in my view, is a willingness to
immerse oneself in the local conditions. Definitely to be avoided as a
foreigner is looking at the local operation in any country as if it were
something under a microscope. It's striking a balance, of course. On
one side you must always maintain an overview of the international
elements and, on the other side, comprehend how local conditions
could affect the international approach.
As you develop an international marketing communications
plan, heed Van Veen's advice to maintain an overview of the
international elements and comprehend how local conditions
affect an international approach.
In international planning, you must work with nationals in local
subsidiaries or branches who will stress the differences in their local
markets, while world headquarters staff will tend to discount them.
Your job is to find the right balance between the two, and the planning
task is complex. But your experience in planning programs for the
domestic market will serve you well abroad.
The principal task of international marketing communications
planning is setting priorities. No company takes advantage of all its
opportunities in all foreign markets, and planning is very much a matter of selecting those opportunities which will have the greatest impact
on the growth of your business. This calls for careful selection of
target geographic markets and target vertical-market sectors. It means
selecting the right products to introduce in a foreign market and
targeting messages to the most influential groups through the most
cost-efficient channels of communication.
This chapter describes a logical sequence of marketing
communications projects to support major foreign-market
development programs. At first you may see hundreds of countries
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