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Файл:Основы реферирования и аннотирования научной английской литературы. Часть 1. Учебно-методическое пособие
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2. The author (the reporter, the
commentator. the newsman,
the. interviewer, the pressman);
where, when the article was
published (printed, taken from)
The author of the article is
The article is written by…
The author of the article is not know
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It is (was) printed in
3.The key-note of the article.
The main idea of the article
The main idea of the article is…
The article is about
The article is devoted to...
The article deals with
The article touches upon...
The purpose of the article is to give the
reader some information on…
The aim of the article is to provide the
reader with some material (data) on …
4. The contents of the article.
Some facts, names, figures
a) Firstly, the author writes (states,
stresses, considers, points out, says,
thinks, describes, comments on) that
b) Secondly, the author reports (says)
that
c) Thirdly, the author mentions the
facts about
He concerns (deals with)...
5. Your opinion of the article.
Your recommendations
I found the article interesting
(important, up-to-date, out-of-date,
dull)
The article is of no value.
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Примеры аннотаций на английском языке.
The article is headlined «It is all about controversy». The author
of the article is Gillian Ridgley. The article is about the differences
and disputes in the preparation and holding of the Olympic Games.
Firstly, the author says that often there is disagreement between
the organizers of the Olympic.
Secondly, the author explains in more detail about artists taking
part in a concert opening and closing ceremonies.
Thirdly, the author mentions the Olympic flame lighting ceremony
and talks about the creative ideas that arise from the organizers.
Fourthly, the author submits that even the simplest events of
Olympic Games may be in dispute and controversy. He gives us an
example: «At the 1908 Olympics, the parade of athletes was marred
by several rows. The American team refused to dip its flag to King
Edward VII, and some of the Finnish team refused to march under the
Russian flag; events which set the scene for further controversies
which were not resolved by the time the Games were over».
In conclusion the author expresses the hope that such
disagreements in the past and the organizers of future Olympic Games
will not have such disputes. This article may be useful for people who
are interested in sports, in particular the Olympic Games and the
Olympic Movement, as it provides interesting facts and opinions
about the preparation and holding of the Olympic Games.
Key Words: the Olympic Games, controversy, holding, dispute.
The article is headlined «Martial arts». The author of the article
is not mentioned. The article may be printed in a sport magazine and it
may be used on conference devoted to kind of sports or history of
sport. The purpose of the article is to give the reader some information
on material arts which are of East Asian origin. The first part deals
with typically categorized of martial arts. The second chapter shows
the influence on martial arts by Taoism and Zen Buddhism. The
author says about kind of martial arts and writes about black belt
status. Thirdly, the author mentions the facts from history of Karate.
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I found the article interesting, because I learned about the different
techniques used in martial arts, what is the difference between them, the
birthplace of Karate. In my opinion the article may be useful for people,
who want to learn about the sport and its intricacies and diversity.
Key Words: Martial arts, Karate, black belt, origin.
The title of article is «Language». The author of the article is not
mentioned. The article is devoted to specific terminologies of sports.
The main idea of the article is the study of language is not
straightforward. It is necessary to note some facts of text.
Firstly, the author writes that most sports have their specific
terminologies which are forms of shorthand language used by
participants and observers to communicate with each other.
Secondly, the author reports that use of language, and the
meaning attached to it, has been at the root of some of the most
intense academic arguments during the twentieth century. Thirdly, the
author reports that theorists have argued that the use of language does
not simply impart information, but develops meaning as a result of
choosing given words within a cultural set ting. In the fourth the
author says that especially important for the use of language in sport
has been the development of advertising and sponsorship. In
conclusion the author gives us such example: Nike’s appeal for us all
to ‘just do it’, encouraged us to embrace sport and competitiveness,
become a winner, and most importantly, to wear the correct footwear.
I found the article interesting for theorist of language and for
students who study on specialties connecting with word, sentence and
communications.
Key Words: language, terminology, watcher, listener, advertising.
The article is headlined «Wellness». In this article the author's
name is not mentioned. The article is about the impact of adverse
weather on the participants and the consequences after the competition
in foul weather. Firstly, the author writes that the impact of adverse
weather can result in bruises, career disruption, and sometimes death.
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Secondly the author says that for spectators, inclement weather may
result in increased risk to health, or simply non-attendance, with the
consequent loss of revenue to sport. Thirdly, author reports that the
promoters have plans how to cope with bad weather until 1970. In
conclusion, the author says that some of the caprices of nature were
changed and the competition rules, the other has attempted to combat
weather conditions by better stadium design, drainage improvements,
and the use of all-weather surfaces. Some sports have used the same
climatic conditions as the basis of its existence. In my opinion the
article is very interesting, it is said about the different sports, and how
people are struggling to weather conditions. This article is interesting
not only for athletes but also for people who love to watch sports life.
Key Words: adverse weather, the participants, increased risk to
health, stadium design.
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ГЛАВА III. ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ:
ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ АННОТИРОВАНИЯ И РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЯ
Sportswear. By Dylan Thomas.
An interesting commercial phenomenon of recent years is the
way in which clothing apparel has copied sportswear. Hitherto, the
wearing of tracksuits or jogging suits was confined to those
practising sports. However partly because of the higher profile
accorded to athletes and sports people via television, consumers
began themselves to buy sports clothes for leisure wear. Research
and investment by shoe companies, particularly Nike and Adidas,
undoubtedly improved the quality of athletes’ footwear and
introduced the running shoe or ‘trainer’. The companies used
various new materials.
They also pruned their production costs by building factories in
Asia and spent fortunes on sponsorship and advertising. As these
shoes were both lightweight and comfortable, they became
popular with consumers in general. This has meant that the sale of
conventional leather shoes has declined, as that of sports shoes has
risen. Sports clothing tends to be bought more by young males (47.8
percent); however, 27.9 percent of all adults bought trainers and 17.7
percent bought track suits in 1994. Even in the age group 55–64, 14.1
percent bought tracksuits (cloned briefly as ‘shell suits’). A feature of
Britain’s supermarkets is the number of overweight people in trainers
and jogging suits pushing shopping trolleys around the store as
quickly as they can so they can get outside for a cigarette.
Formerly British clothes were discreet in terms of colours and
attribution (a small label inside the collar at the rear). Clothes with
logos displayed on the breast pocket of, shirts and pullovers then
became popular. These included those of Fred Perry (tennis), Pringle
(golf ), Ron Hill (running). A striking feature of the high street now is
that much of the clothing that people wear is bright and has got large
writing on it. That applies to general designer-wear such as Tommy
Hilfiger or Helly Hansen, but this trend has come from sportswear
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where purchasers are practically walking advertising hoardings for:
Nike, Umbro, Adidas, Asics, Fila and so on. The baseball cap is also
becoming as universal in Britain as it is in the USA, though the
influence here is partly sport, partly homage to America.
Coaching Principles. Is Coaching an Art or a Science?
Science. By James Joyce.
To support the coach there is a wealth of scientific information
based on research conducted with athletes. Information is available to
support the coach and athlete in all areas of training and development
including nutrition, biomechanics, psychology, physiology &
medicine. There are a number of scientific methods to measure and
analyze the athlete's performance e.g. computer aided analysis of VO2
max, lactate levels, running technique etc.
Art. The art of coaching comes when the coach has to analyse the
scientific data and convert it into coaching and training programs to help
develop the athlete. This analysis process relies heavily on the coach's
experience and knowledge of the event/sport and the athlete concerned.
By understanding the science, which is the foundation of training,
a well designed training program can be developed that will help an
athlete reach their full potential.
So is coaching the art of understanding the science and then
applying it?
Coaching Process. The coaching process comprises of three
elements:
Planning – developing short and long term training programs to
help your athlete achieve their goals.
Conducting – delivery of training programs.
Evaluating – evaluation of the programs, athlete development
and your coaching. This element may result in adjustment of your
athlete's training program and your coaching.
To support this process you will need to develop your
knowledge and practical coaching skills. These include, but not
limited to:
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your coaching philosophy;
coaching styles;
teaching methods;
the learning process and training principles;
the code of ethics and conduct for sports coaches;
the sports coach's legal responsibilities;
how to apply an athlete centred approach to your coaching;
prepare training programs to meet the needs of each athlete;
Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD);
capabilities of growing children;
the rules for your sport/event;
how to assess your coaching performance;
how to communicate effectively with your athletes;
advise athletes on issues of safety applicable to their
sport/event;
the causes and symptoms of over-training;
how to reduce the risk of injury to your athletes;
assist athletes to develop new skills;
the biomechanical principles that underpin efficient action;
use evaluation tests to monitor training progress and predict
performance;
advise athletes on their nutritional needs;
advise athletes on legal supplements;
how to develop the athlete's energy systems;
how to develop the components of fitness as appropriate for
your athlete and event;
advise athletes on relaxation, visualisation and mental image-
ry skills;
advise athletes how to prepare for competition;
evaluate an athlete's competition performance;
evaluate athlete/training and athlete/coach performance;
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provide clear and effective instructions, explanations and
demonstrations;
conduct effective observation and analysis;
provide clear and effective feedback;
use effective questioning to determine what an athlete knows or
can do, their understanding and to develop their self awareness.
Sport Drinks. By Joseph Conrad.
Sport drinks are electrolyte replacement beverages popular among
athletes to replace water lost during exercise. It is important to drink
plenty of fluids during strenuous exercise, especially during hot
weather, because the body requires water for efficient cooling and for
efficient operation of the kidneys in moving wastes from the blood.
Glucose sodium sport drinks provide extra sugar and sodium, which
also promote rapid fluid uptake by the small intestine. Some
beverages contain glucose polymers (maltodextrins), small fragment
of scratch. Glucose polymer beverages may be more effective than
glucose drinks in replacing carbohydrates and in increasing blood
sugar during endurance events (more than two hours in duration).
They do not slow the passage of liquid through the stomach as a
high-glucose concentration does. Simple carbohydrates seem to
provide their greatest benefit when exercise exceeds 60 minutes. A
potential benefit of consuming glucose replacements during exercise
is that fluid intake may increase if the taste is more appealing than
plain water. The carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink should be mixed
so that the carbohydrate concentration is less than 10 percent to
minimize retention by the stomach. On the other hand, the
carbohydrate concentration should be at least 6 percent to improve
endurance. When fluid loss is reduced by a cold environment such as
in cross-country skiing, fluids with a carbohydrate concentration
greater than 10 percent are appropriate. Sport drinks often contain
more sugar and salt than are needed for optimal absorption of fluids,
and they often contain less potassium than a glass of orange juice.
Plain water, which is both easily absorbed and palatable, effectively
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replaces water lost with strenuous exercise. In general, there does not
seem to be any need to replace electrolytes lost through sweating by
consuming expensive beverages. Sport drinks appear likely to
improve performance only in endurance exercise or day-long events.
Diluted fruit juices are usually adequate electrolyte replacements.
Fruit juices should be diluted at least twofold from standard
preparations to prevent delayed gastric emptying. Electrolytes and
carbohydrates are readily replenished by eating a banana, fruit, or
crackers with water. Many commercial soft drinks contain caffeine,
which acts as a diuretic. Therefore, athletes are advised to limit their
intake of such beverages.
Early history of the sport. By Thomas Pynchon.
The history of sport probably extends as far back as the existence of
people as purposive sportive and active beings. Sport has been a useful
way for people to increase their mastery of nature and the environment.
The history of sport can teach us a great deal about social changes and
about the nature of sport itself. Sport seems to involve basic human skills
being developed and exercised for their own sake, in parallel with being
exercised for their usefulness. It also shows how society has changed its
beliefs and therefore there are changes in the rules. Of course, as we go
further back in history the dwindling evidence makes the theories of the
origins and purposes of sport difficult to support. Nonetheless, its
importance in human history is undeniable.
Sports that are at least two and a half thousand years old
include hurling in Ireland, harpastum (similar to rugby) in Rome,
cuju (similar to association football) in China, and polo in Persia.
The Mesoamerican ballgame originated over three thousand years ago.
There are artifacts and structures that suggest that
the Chinese engaged in sporting activities as early as 2000 BC.
Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's ancient
past. Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a number of sports,
including wrestling, weightlifting, long jump, swimming, rowing,
shooting, fishing and athletics, as well as various kinds of ball games,
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were well-developed and regulated several thousands of years ago in
ancient Egypt. Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high
jump, and wrestling. Ancient Persian sports such as the
traditional Iranian martial art of Zourkhaneh. Among other sports that
originated in Persia are polo and jousting.
Sports in the Middle Ages. By Christopher Marlowe.
The sports of medieval times were less well-organized. Fairs and
seasonal festivals were occasions for men to lift stones or sacks of
grain and for women to run smock races (for a smock, not in one). The
favourite sport of the peasantry was folk football, a wild sort of noholds-barred unbounded game that pitted married men against
bachelors or one village against another. The violence of the game,
which survived in Britain and in France until the late 19th century,
was such that Renaissance humanists, such as Sir Thomas Elyot,
condemned it as more likely to maim than to benefit the participants.
The nascent bourgeoisie of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
amused itself with archery matches, some of which were arranged
months in advance and staged with considerable fanfare. When town
met town in a challenge of skill, the companies of crossbowmen and
longbowmen marched behind the symbols of St. George, St.
Sebastian, and other patrons of the sport. It was not unusual for
contests in running, jumping, cudgeling, and wrestling to be offered
for the lower classes who attended the match as spectators. Grand
feasts were part of the program, and drunkenness commonly added to
the revelry. In Germanic areas, a Pritschenkoenig was supposed to
simultaneously keep order and entertain the crowd with clever verses.
The burghers of medieval towns were welcome to watch the
aristocracy at play, but they were not allowed to participate in
tournaments or even, in most parts of Europe, to compete in imitative
tournaments of their own. Tournaments were the jealously guarded
prerogative of the medieval knight and, along with hunting and
hawking, his favourite pastime. At the tilt, in which mounted knights
with lances tried to unhorse one another, the knight was practicing the
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