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Файл:Сборник упражнений по английскому языку.pdf
Level A
2.Когда были изобретены деньги иначалось строительство городов,
люди стали зависеть отних, покупая еду упродавцов, вместо того чтобы
выращивать, заниматься собирательством или охотиться самостоятельно.
3.Говорят, чтоколичество исторических источников, посвящённых
проблеме безработицы ограничено, так как наблюдения велись невсегда иневезде.
4.Именно индустриализация привела котчуждению средств производ-
ства отработников исвела кминимуму возможность ихсамозанятости.
5.Согласно теории М.Фридмана, естественная безработица специ-
фична для каждой экономики всоответствии смакроэкономическим
равновесием, прикотором ожидаемый уровень инфляции равен действительному её уровню.
Section 4. Translating from English into Russian
1.Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development), is persons above a specied age (usually 15) not
being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work
during the reference period.
2.Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, which is the
number of people who are unemployed as a percentage of the labour force (the
total number of people employed added to those unemployed).
3.Unemployment and the status of the economy can be inuenced by a
country through, for example, scal policy.
4.Furthermore, the monetary authority of a country, such as the central
bank, can inuence the availability and cost for money through its monetary
policy.
5.In addition to theories of unemployment, a few categorisations of unemployment are used for more precisely modelling the eects of unemployment
within the economic system.
Section 5. Writing
Task 1. Write an essay/ a magazine article/ a letter.
Topic s :
1.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? e most important aspect of a job is the money a person earns.
2.If you were an employer, which kind of worker would you prefer to
hire: an inexperienced worker at a lower salary or an experienced worker at
a higher salary?
51
Practice test 1. Employment, jobs, professions
3.Write a magazine article about working 80 or more hours a week to
change the world. Include imaginary interviews with people who are for and
against thisю Read what you wrote to your classmates in the next lesson. Write
down any new words and expressions you hear from your partner(s).
4.Write a newspaper article about the next stage in this news story. Read
what you wrote to your classmates in the next lesson. Give each other feedback on your articles.
5.Write a letter to an expert on the working week. Ask him/her three questions about the working week. Give him/her three of your ideas. Read your letter
to your partner(s) in your next lesson. Your partner(s) will answer your questions.
Preparation: Decide on your topic, do your research, and create an essay
outline.
Writing: Set out your argument in the introduction, develop it with evi-
dence in the main body, and wrap it up with a conclusion.
Revision: Check the content, organization, grammar, spelling, and format-
ting of your essay.
Level B
Section 1. Listening comprehension
(Use the audio le: https://breakingnewsenglish.com/1607/160702-sleep.html)
Task 1. Listen to the text “Company pays its workers to sleep” and
choose an appropriate answer.
1. A company in the USA is paying its employees ____________.
A.to sleeps more
B.two sleeps more
C.to sleep more
2. Sta at the insurance company Aetna will get $300 a year ____________
salary.
A.added to their
B.add it to their
C.addled to their
3. at works out to just over an extra dollar ____________.
A.for each night
B.four each night
C.for nights
52
Level B
4. Human resources ocials say employees will work better if they
____________.
A.have slept well
B.have slept swell
C.have slept dwell
5. Sta can either record their sleep automatically using a wrist monitor
that connects to Aetna's computers, or manually record how long they have
____________.
A.slept every night
B.sleep every night
C.sleeps every night
6. Studies that warn that not sleeping enough can aect our ability
____________.
A.to do your job
B.to done our jobs
C.to do our job
7. e average worker in the USA loses 11.3 working days ____________
year.
A.of productivity the
B.of proclivity a
C.of productivity a
8. It estimates that the US economy loses $63.2 billion a year because workers do not sleep more ____________ night.
A.then seven hours a
B.than seven hours a
C.than seven hours the
9. Sta who slept less than seven hours per night were ____________ productive.
A.for less
B.far less
C.four less
10. e sta at Aetna also receive extra cash ____________ exercise.
A.if they done
53
Practice test 1. Employment, jobs, professions
B.if they doing
C.if they do
Task 2. Listen to the text “Company pays its workers to sleep”, ll in
the gaps.
A company in the USA is paying its (1) ____________ to sleep more. Sta
at (2) ____________ company Aetna will get $300 a year added to their salary
if they get at least seven hours of sleep a night. at works out to just over an
extra dollar for each night the employee sleeps over seven (3) ____________.
e idea (4) ____________ this scheme is employee performance. Human
(5) ____________ ocials say employees will work better if they have slept
well. ey add that (6) ____________ that is more awake and alert will mean
the company will perform better. (7) ____________ can either record their
sleep automatically using a wrist monitor that connects to Aetna's computers,
or manually record how long they have slept every night. ere are a number
of studies that warn that not sleeping enough can aect our ability to do our
job. e American Academy of Sleep Medicine said that the average worker
in the USA loses 11.3 working days of productivity a year because of not getting enough sleep. is (8) ____________ companies about $2,280 for one
worker. It (9) ____________ that the US economy loses $63.2 billion a year
because workers do not sleep more than seven hours a night. A 2015 study in
Europe by the Rand Corporation found that sta who slept less than seven
hours (10) ____________ night were far less productive than workers who
had eight or more hours of sleep. e sta at Aetna also receive extra cash if
they do exercise.
Task 3. Listen to the text “Company pays its workers to sleep”. Guess if
a‑e below are true (T) or false (F).
A.Workers at a U.S. company are getting $300 a month to sleep longer. T/F
B.e company is paying workers to sleep to improve performance. T/F
C.A worker will get $7 per night for sleeping more than seven hours. T/F
D.Workers can only get the extra cash by wearing a wrist monitor. T/F
E.e average U.S. worker loses 11.3 days of holiday a year. T/F
! Check yourself
Task 1.
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. A
6. C 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C
54
Task 2.
(1) employees, (2) the insurance, (3) hours, (4) behind, (5) resources, (6)
a workforce, (7) sta, (8) costs, (9) estimates, (10) per.
Task 3.
A— F B— T C— F D— F E— F
Section 2. Speaking
Task 1. Answer the questions.
1.What kind of monitor can workers use to record their sleep?
2.How many days of productivity does the average worker lose a year?
3.How much does a lack of sleep cost companies per worker?
4.How much does a lack of sleep among workers cost the US economy?
5.What else can the insurance company workers do to get more money?
Task 2. Discuss the questions with your partner.
1.Have you ever worked somewhere that had bad employment conditions?
2.Do you always study the terms of employment carefully before you ac-
cept a job oer?
3.Have you ever had your employment terminated?
4.Are there any conditions of employment you insist on?
5.Are working conditions in Russia better than those in other countries?
Level B
Task 3. Comment on a quotation on unemployment. ink of the fol‑
lowing:
1.What does this make you think of?
2.Do you agree or disagree and why?
3.How does this relate to the theme of the class or class discussion?
4.Any reections?
5.Is it surprising and why or why not?
6.Use the words: I think that…; It seems to me that…; is implies that….
Quotations:
1.“It is not that we have so little time but that we lose so much. e life we
receive is not short but we make it so; we are not ill provided but use what we
have wastefully.” (Lucius Annaeus Seneca, On the Shortness of Life).
2.“I doubt very seriously whether anyone will hire me. What do you mean?
You a ne boy with a good education. Employers sense in me a denial of their
values.' He rolled over onto his back. 'ey fear me. I suspect that they can see
55
Practice test 1. Employment, jobs, professions
that I am forced to function in a century I loathe. is was true even when I
worked for the New Orleans Public Library.” (John Kennedy Toole, A Confe-
deracy of Dunces).
Section 3. Translating from Russian into English
1.Говорят, чтобезработица как явление стала постепенно входить
вэкономическую мысль помере усиления индустриализации ибюрократизации.
2.Процесс формирования этого понятия можно рассматривать напри-
мере Великобритании, так как там он был хорошо задокументирован.
3.Как известно, в XVIвеке вАнглии неделалось различий между
бродягами итеми, укого нет работы, все официально именовались постоянные попрошайки (sturdy beggar [en]) ирассматривались как лица,
которых нужно наказать ивыслать.
4.Именно закрытие монастырей в1530-х годах увеличило нищету,
так как монастыри помогали бедным.
5.Кроме того, вовремена Тюдоров возросло население иусилился
процесс огораживания. Убезработных оставалось только два выхода—
голодать или нарушать закон.
Section 4. Translating from English into Russian
1.According to the UN's International Labor Organization (ILO), there
were 172 million people worldwide (or 5% of the reported global workforce)
without work in 2018.
2.Because of the diculty in measuring the unemployment rate by, for ex-
ample, using surveys (as in the United States) or through registered unemployed citizens (as in some European countries), statistical gures such as the
employment-to-population ratio might be more suitable for evaluating the status of the workforce and the economy if they were based on people who are
registered, for example, as taxpayers
3.Economists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theo-
ries of unemployment, including cyclical or Keynesian unemployment, frictional unemployment, structural unemployment and classical unemployment.
4.Some additional types of unemployment that are occasionally mentioned are
seasonal unemployment, hardcore unemployment, and hidden unemployment.
5.Many economists have argued that unemployment increases with in-
creased governmental regulation. For example, minimum wage laws raise
the cost of some low-skill laborers above market equilibrium, resulting in increased unemployment as people who wish to work at the going rate cannot
56
Level B
(as the new and higher enforced wage is now greater than the value of their
labour).
Section 5. Writing
Task 1. Write an essay / a magazine article / a letter.
Topics:
1.Problem of Unemployment.
2.How to deal with Unemployment?
3.Write a magazine article about getting paid to sleep. Include imaginary
interviews with people who are for and against it. Read what you wrote to
your classmates in the next lesson. Write down any new words and expressions you hear from your partner(s).
4.Write a newspaper article about the next stage in this news story. Read
what you wrote to your classmates in the next lesson. Give each other feedback on your articles.
5.Write a letter to an expert on sleep. Ask him/her three questions about
it. Give him/her three of your ideas on how we can sleep better. Read your
letter to your partner(s) in your next lesson. Your partner(s) will answer your
questions.
Preparation: Decide on your topic, do your research, and create an essay
outline.
Writing: Set out your argument in the introduction, develop it with evi-
dence in the main body, and wrap it up with a conclusion.
Revision: Check the content, organization, grammar, spelling, and format-
ting of your essay.
Practice test 2
Gender: a man and a woman
Level A
Section 1. Listening comprehension
(Use the audio le: https://breakingnewsenglish.com/1804/
180410-corruption-l.html)
Task 1. Listen to the text “Former Brazilian president in jail” and
choose an appropriate answer.
1. He was sentenced to spend 12 years behind bars aer being found guilty
of ____________.
A.money laundry
B.money loan daring
C.money laundering
2. It is a huge fall from grace for the still-____________
A.popular ex-leader
B.populate ex-leader
C.populace ex-leader
3. Hundreds of supporters from a metal workers' union ____________.
A.blocked a gate
B.bricked a gate
C.baked a gate
4. It was only with the help of his bodyguards that he could ____________.
A.get thorough
B.get though
C.get through
5. is meant possible clashes with armed police ____________.
A.were avoided
B.were avoid it
C.were avoidance
6. He was born in poverty and rose through ____________.
A.the ranks
58
Level A
B.than ranks
C.their ranks
7. During his two administrations, he initiated several social ____________.
A.warfare programs
B.well fair programs
C.welfare programs
8. is helped tens of millions out of ____________.
A.extremist poverty
B.extreme poverty
C.extremes posterity
9. When he le oce, his approval rating was an ____________.
A.compressive 83 per cent
B.impressive 83 per cent
C.in press sieve 83 per cent
10. He hopes to overturn his conviction and run ____________.
A.four presidents again
B.form president again
C.for president again
Task 2. Listen to the text “Former Brazilian president in jail”, ll in
the gaps.
Brazil's former President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is in (1) ____________
to authorities on Saturday night. He was sentenced to spend 12 years behind
bars aer (2) ____________ of money laundering and corruption. It is a huge
fall from grace for the still-popular ex-leader. Mr. da Silva still has massive
(3) ____________ and just hours before turning himself in to the police, his
supporters were trying to stop him from going into (4) ____________. Hundreds of supporters from a metal workers' union blocked a gate where a car
carrying da Silva was trying to leave to meet police ocers. It was only with
the help of his (5) ____________ that he could get through the crowds. is
meant possible (6) ____________ with armed police were avoided.
Mr. da Silva is aectionately known as Lula by his (7) ____________. He
was born in poverty and rose through the (8) ____________ of workers'
unions to become leader of South America's largest country. He ran for the
presidency several times before being (9) ____________ to oce in 2002.
He governed from 2003 to 2010. During his two administrations, he initiated
59
Practice test 2. Gender: a man and a woman
several social (10) ____________ programs and resurrected the economy.
is helped tens of millions out of extreme poverty, which made him very
popular. Former U.S. President Barack Obama once called da Silva, “the most
popular politician on Earth”.
Task 3. Listen to the text “Former Brazilian president in jail”. Guess if
a‑e below are true (T) or false (F).
A.Brazil's president surrendered to the police on Saturday night. T/F
B.Lula da Silva was sentenced to 20 years in prison. T/F
C.Lula's supporters tried to block him from going to the police. T/F
D.ere were many clashes between Lula's supporters and the police. T/F
E.Lula da Silva was born into a rich family. T/F
! Check yourself
Task 1.
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. A
6. C 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C
Task 2.
(1)jail, (2) being found guilty, (3) support, (4) custody, (5) bodyguards,
(6)clashes, (7) supporters, (8) ranks, (9) elected, (10) welfare.
Task 3.
A— T B— F C— T D— F E— F
Section 2. Speaking
Task 1. Answer the questions.
1.What was Lula da Silva's nancial situation like when he was born?
2.How many times did Lula run for presidency before he won?
3.What did Lula da Silva help to resurrect?
4.Who called Lula da Silva the most popular politician on Earth?
5.What was Lula da Silva's approval rating when he le oce?
Task 2. Discuss the questions with your partner.
1.Some feminists believe the ‘man’ in ‘human’ or the ‘he’ in ‘she’, ‘them’ and
‘they’ are sexist. What do you think?
60