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3.4. Translating activity
3.4. Translating activity
3.4.1. Translating activity (class work)
Translate the text from English into Russian.
Study the words given below:
explorer, navigator, colonizer, to complete, voyages across, to establish settle-
ments on, kingdoms, to propose, sailing westward, spice trade, to intend, landing
on an island, coast of, a period of exploration, conquest, colonization;
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer.
Born in the Republic of Genoa, under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs
of Spain he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. ose voyages
and his eorts to establish settlements on the island of Hispaniola initiated
the permanent European colonization of the New World.
At a time when European kingdoms were beginning to establish new
trade routes and colonies, motivated by imperialism and economic competition, Columbus proposed to reach the East Indies (South and Southeast
Asia) by sailing westward. is eventually received the support of the Span
ish Crown, which saw a chance to enter the spice trade with Asia through
this new route. During his rst voyage in 1492, he reached the New World
instead of arriving in Japan as he had intended, landing on an island in
the Bahamas archipelago that he named San Salvador. Over the course of
three more voyages, he visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as
the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming all of it
for the Crown of Castile.
Columbus is the European explorer credited with establishing and documenting routes to the Americas, though he was preceded by the Viking expedition led by Leif Erikson in the 11th century. Moreover, the voyages of
Columbus led to the rst lasting European contact with the Americas, inaugurating a period of exploration, conquest, and colonization that lasted several centuries. ese voyages thus had an enormous eect on the historical
development of the modern Western world. He spearheaded the transatlantic
slave trade and has been accused by several historians of initiating the genocide of the Hispaniola natives. Columbus himself saw his accomplishments
primarily in the light of spreading the Christian religion.
Columbus had set course in hopes of nding a western route to the Indies
(Asia). He called the inhabitants of the lands that he visited indios (Spanish
-
31
Unit 3. World
for “Indians”). His strained relationship with the Spanish crown and its appointed colonial administrators in America led to his arrest and dismissal as
governor of the settlements on the island of Hispaniola in 1500, and later to
protracted litigation over the benets that he and his heirs claimed were owed
to them by the crown.
3.4.2. Translating activity (homework)
Translate the text from English into Russian.
Study the words given below:
hegemony over, valuable goods, land route, dangerous, sailing west, explorers,
leadership, seafaring, reject, a proposal, scholars, accept, Ptolemy's estimate,
difficulty, obtaining support, discovery, carry out, account for, old-fashioned units
of distance, circumference;
Under the Mongol Empire's hegemony over Asia (the Pax Mongolia, or
Mongol peace), Europeans had long enjoyed a safe land passage, the Silk
Road, to the Indies (then construed roughly as all of south and east Asia)
and China, which were sources of valuable goods such as, spices and silk.
With the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the land
route to Asia became much more dicult and dangerous. Portuguese navi-
gators tried to nd a sea way to Asia. In 1470, the Florentine astronomer
Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli suggested to King Afonso V of Portugal that
sailing west would be a quicker way to reach the Spice Islands, Cathay, and
Cipangu than the route around Africa. Afonso rejected his proposal. Portuguese explorers, under the leadership of King John II, then developed
the Cape Route to Asia around Africa. Major progress in this quest was
achieved in 1488, when Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope,
in what is now South Africa.
Meanwhile, in the 1480s, the Columbus brothers had picked up Toscanel-
li's suggestion and proposed a plan to reach the Indies by sailing west across
the “Ocean Sea”, i.e., the Atlantic. However, Dias's discovery had shied the
interests of Portuguese seafaring to the southeast passage, which complicated
Columbus's proposals signicantly.
Washington Irving's 1828 biography of Columbus popularized the idea that
Columbus had diculty obtaining support for his plan because many Catholic theologians insisted that the Earth was at. In fact, nearly all educated
Westerners had understood, at least since the time of Aristotle, that the Earth
is spherical. e sphericity of the Earth is also accounted for in the work of
32
3.5. Writing activity
Ptolemy, on which medieval astronomy was largely based. Christian writers
whose works clearly reect the conviction that the Earth is spherical include
Saint Bede the Venerable in his Reckoning of Time, written around AD 723.
In Columbus's time, the techniques of celestial navigation, which use the po-
sition of the sun and the stars in the sky, together with the understanding that
the Earth is a sphere, had long been in use by astronomers and were beginning to be implemented by mariners.
As far back as the 3rd century BC, Eratosthenes had correctly computed the
circumference of the Earth by using simple geometry and studying the shadows cast by objects at two dierent locations: Alexandria and Syene (modern-day Aswan).
Eratosthenes's results were conrmed by a comparison of stellar observa-
tions at Alexandria and Rhodes, carried out by Posidonius in the 1st century
BC. ese measurements were widely known among scholars, but confusion
about the old-fashioned units of distance in which they were expressed had led,
in Columbus's day, to some debate about the exact size of the Earth. Toscanelli's notions of the geography of the Atlantic Ocean (shown superimposed on
a modern map), which directly inuenced Columbus's plans.
3.5. Writing activity
Task. Write an essay. Use the writing strategy: PASS — PASS —
SYNTHESIZE (See Appendix B)
Topic s :
Mason Cooley said: “Travelers never think that they are the foreigners”.
Do you agree?
St. Augustine said: “e World is a book, and those who do not travel read
only a page”. What does this mean? Do you agree?
Instructions:
Write 200–250 words.
Use the following plan:
1)make an introduction (state the problem);
2)express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion;
3)express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing
opinion;
4)explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion;
5)make a conclusion restating your position.
33
Unit 3. World
3.6. Feedback on a specic activity of the Unit 3
1.Whatdo you like most about this unit?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.Whatdo you like least about this unit?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3.Do you come prepared for class? Why or why not?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4.Do you feel you are assessed fairly for your work?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5.If we do a similar activity in the future, should I consider any modications?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Unit 4
History, culture, traditions
4.1. Listening activity
Video watching. Henry V. Henry V St. Crispin's Day Address.
Task. Listen and ll in the gaps.
What's he that wishes so? My cousin, (1) _______________? No, my fair
cousin; If we are mark'd to die, we are enow. To do our country loss; and if to
live, the fewer men, the greater share of (2) _____________. God's will! I pray
thee, wish not one man more. (3) _____________, I am not covetous for gold,
nor care I who doth feed upon my cost; It (4) ____________ me not if men
my garments wear; Such outward things dwell not in my (5) ____________.
But if it be a sin to covet (6) ____________, I am the most oending (7)
____________ alive. No, faith, my coz, wish not a man from England. God's
peace! I (8) ____________ not lose so great an honor.
As one man more (9) ____________ would share from me. For the best
hope I have. O, do not wish one (10) ____________!
(https://www.americanrhetoric.com/
MovieSpeeches/moviespeechhenryV.html)
Key:
1) Westmorland; 2) honor; 3) by Jove; 4) yearns; 5) desires; 6) honor; 7) soul;
8) would; 9) methinks; 10) more.
4.2.Speaking activity (Snowball discussion)
1.Answer each question on the topic given below (History, culture, tradi-
tions) on the sheet, without writing your name on the sheet. (Use the glos-
sary4. Topic. 4. History, culture, traditions).
2.When you’ve written your answers, crumple your sheet of paper into a
ball so that I’ll know when everyone is done.
3.When I say ‘go’, gently throw your snowball across the room, pick up a
new one, throw it and repeat two times and GO.
35
Unit 4. History, culture, traditions
4.Open your paper and ask each question on the snowball survey.
5.Share the answers on their sheet.
Task. Speak about questions:
1.Napoleon Bonaparte said “History is a set of lies agreed upon”. Do you
agree with this?
2.“Half of writing history is hiding the truth.” What do you think of this
quote in relation to what was in your school history books?
4.3. Translating activity
4.3.1. Translating activity (class work)
Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1.Именно XIXвек стал для эволюции техники революционным.
2.Известно, что в1816году французским доктором Рене Лаэнне-
ком был изобретен первый стетоскоп, т. е. медицинский прибор для
выслушивания шумов внутренних органов (легких, сердца, бронхов,
кишечника).
3.Благодаря данному изобретению доктора могут, например, услы‑
шать хрипы влегких, диагностировав темсамым ряд опасных болезней.
4.Сегодня этот прибор потерпел существенных изменений, одна
ко механизм остался прежним исчитается важным диагностическим
средством.
5.Сообщают, чтов1826году французский изобретатель Жозеф Нь-
епс изобрел первую фотографию, основанную наспособе закрепления
изображения.
6.Нет сомнения втом, чтоэто изобретение дало важный толчок
кдальнейшему развитию фотографии.
7.Еще один важный прорыв вмедицине был сделан в1895году, его
совершил немецкий физик Вильгельм Рентген.
8.Говорят, чтоон изобрел аппарат для съемки спомощью рентге-
новского излучения. Это устройство, например, может обнаружить
перелом человеческой кости.
9.Можно утверждать, чтопервый радиопередатчик был изобретен
в1893году известным изобретателем Никола Тесла
10. Промышленная революция, как известно, инновационный период
середины 18–19веков— перенесла людей изпреимущественно аграрного существования вотносительно городской образ жизни.
‑
36
4.4. Translating activity
4.3.2. Translating activity (homework)
Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1.Именно вэтот период были изобретены механизмы, кардинально
изменившие весь ход развития человечества.
2.Большинство этих технологий, хотя были изаметно улучшены,
используются ивнаше время.
3.Известно, чтов1823году немецким химиком Иоганном Дёберей-
нером была изобретена первая зажигалка— эффективное средство
для получения огня.
4.После данного изобретения огонь стало возможным зажечь влюбых условиях, чтосыграло немаловажную роль вжизни людей, втом
числе ивоенных.
5.Лишь в1827году изобретателем Джоном Уолкером были изобре‑
тены первые спички, основаны намеханизме трения.
6.Благодаря достижениям братьев Люмьер был снят первый мир кинофильм— знаменитая лента сприбытием поезда настанцию.
7.Неменее важным служит иизобретение первого вмире автомобиля, который был запатентован Джорджем Селденом в1879году.
8.Необходимо заметить, чтоиспользуемая вовсем мире электросварка была изобретена в1888году российским инженером.
9.В1886году было сделано одно извеличайших открытий человечества— бензиновый двигатель внутреннего сгорания. Это устройство
действительно используется повсему миру вневероятных масштабах.
10. Ихотя мы называем эту эпоху «революцией», ее название несколько вводит взаблуждение, ибо это движение, которое возникло вВели
кобритании, небыло внезапным взрывом достижений, апредставляло
собой серию последовательных прорывов.
-
4.4. Translating activity
4.4.1. Translating activity (class work)
Translate the text from English into Russian.
Study the words given below:
mathematician, astronomer, and physicist, scientific revolution, scientists,
infinitesimal calculus, scientists' view, motion of objects, universal gravitation,
convincing, to contribute;
37
Unit 4. History, culture, traditions
Sir Isaac Newton PRS was an English mathematician, astronomer, and
physicist (described in his own day as a “natural philosopher”) who is widely
recognized as one of the most inuential scientists of all time and a key gure
in the scientic revolution.
Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravita-
tion that dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three
centuries. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and using the same principles to account for the
trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other
phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentric model of the Solar System and demonstrated that the motion of objects
on Earth and of celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles.
Newton's theoretical prediction that the Earth is shaped as an oblate spheroid
was later vindicated by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, thus convincing most Continental European scientists of
the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over the earlier system of Descartes.
Newton also built the rst practical reecting telescope and developed a
sophisticated theory of color based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the colors of the visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the rst theoretical calculation of the
speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian uid. In addition
to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study
of power series, generalized the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents,
developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classied
most of the cubic plane curves.
4.4.2. Translating activity (homework)
Translate the text from English into Russian.
Study the words given below:
calculations, computations, industrial revolution, primary purpose,
automatic computing machine, development, difference, engine, to complete,
logical instructions;
e word “computer” was rst recorded as being used in 1613 and originally
was used to describe a human who performed calculations or computations.
e denition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century, when the industrial revolution gave rise to machines whose primary
purpose was calculating.
38
4.5. Writing activity
In 1822, Charles Babbage conceptualized and began developing the Dif-
ference Engine, considered to be the rst automatic computing machine. e
Dierence Engine was capable of computing several sets of numbers and
making hard copies of the results. Babbage received some help with development of the Dierence Engine from Ada Lovelace, considered by many to be
the rst computer programmer for her work and notes on the Dierence Engine. Unfortunately, because of funding, Babbage was never able to complete
a full-scale functional version of this machine. In June of 1991, the London
Science Museum completed the Dierence Engine No 2 for the bicentennial
year of Babbage's birth and later completed the printing mechanism in 2000.
In 1837, Charles Babbage proposed the rst general mechanical computer,
the Analytical Engine. e Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU), basic ow control, punch cards (inspired by the Jacquard Loom),
and integrated memory. It is the rst general-purpose computer concept.
Unfortunately, because of funding issues, this computer was also never built
while Charles Babbage was alive. In 1910, Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's
youngest son, was able to complete a portion of this machine and was able to
perform basic calculations.
e Turing machine was rst proposed by Alan Turing in 1936 and became
the foundation for theories about computing and computers. e machine
was a device that printed symbols on paper tape in a manner that emulated a
person following a series of logical instructions. Without these fundamentals,
we wouldn't have the computers we use today.
4.5. Writing activity
Task. Write an essay. Use the writing strategy: PASS— PASS—
SYNTHESIZE (See Appendix B).
Topic s :
1.How would the world change if schools stopped teaching history to chil-
dren and all history books were destroyed?
2.Sir Winston Churchill said: “ose that fail to learn from history, are
doomed to repeat it.” Do you agree with him?
3.In his book 1984, George Orwell says: “He who controls the past, controls the future; and he who controls the present, controls the past.” Do you
agree? Does this apply to countries today?
Instructions:
Write 200-250 words.
39
Unit 4. History, culture, traditions
Use the following plan:
1)make an introduction (state the problem);
2)express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion;
3)express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing
opinion;
4)explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion; make a conclu-
sion restating your position.
4.6. Feedback on a specic activity of the Unit 4
1.Whatdo you like most about this unit?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.Whatdo you like least aboutthis unit?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3.Do you come prepared for class? Why or why not?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4.Do you feel you are assessed fairly for your work?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5.If we do a similar activity in the future should I consider any modications?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________