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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка = Practical English Grammar. Учебное пособие
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менениях в нашем отделе. 6. Боб не делает никаких усилий, чтобы его
заметило руководство. 7. В стране поставлена задача за пять лет уменьшить инфляцию, увеличить экспорт и создать большее количество рабочих мест. 8. Города, в которых проходят международные события,
имеют уникальную возможность получить такие выгоды, как узнаваемость и импульс к дальнейшему развитию. 9. СМИ обладают большой
способностью влиять на настроение населения. 10. Одной из причин
актуализации проблематики социальной ответственности бизнеса
в конце 1990-х гг. стало желание мирового сообщества использовать
ресурсы ТНК на социальное развитие.
31. Explain why somebody does (did) it. Use the infi nitive phrase in
brackets as adverbial modifi er of purpose.
Example:
Why does he take long
walks? (relax a bit)
He takes long walks to relax
a bit.
1. Why are you calling on Betsy? (invite her to eat out tonight) 2. Why
did the policeman criticize a lady driver? (offend her) 3. Why was Adam
sent to Britain? (get a formal education) 4. Why did the head of the company
invite Bill when he had studied the proposal? (discuss the next stage of the
project) 5. Why is your boss leaving for Nigeria? (tender for the contract
to construct a new port in Lagos) 6. Why does Tom need money badly?
(repay a long-term debt maturing in a week) 7. Why do all central bankers
meet every month? (discuss economic problems) 8. Why do some companies
consider additional advertising in four months leading up to Christmas?
(promote sales) 9. Why does the IMF lend money for three to fi ve years?
(help countries with balance-of-payments diffi culties) 10. Why was the
company putting more assets for sale? (get its debt down) 11. Why did the
post offi ce introduce automatic sorting? (speed up the delivery of letters)
12. Why does this company have to work so hard? (please its bankers and
shareholders) 13. Why did you invent such a device? (increase the
productivity of the assembly line) 14. Why did you put the top management’s
decision in the company’s intranet? (inform the employees as soon
as possible)
32. Explain why somebody can (could) do it, using the infi nitive as an
adverbial modifi er of result.
Example:
I think John can solve the
problem. (clever)
Oh yes, he is clever enough
to solve the problem.
231
1. I’m sure Bill drives a car well. (careful) 2. He walked alone in this
district at night. (brave and strong) 3. I always believe her. (foolish) 4. Bill
lent Sam his car that was new last week. Everybody knows Sam as a bad
driver. (rash) 5. Middle-aged people have experience to work. (old)
6. My father sympathizes with younger generation. (broad-minded) 7. The
old man’s luggage can sink a battleship. (heavy) But John is able to carry the
luggage for him. (strong) 8. Roger was awarded an honourary doctorate
at Princeton. (brilliant) 9. It’s stupid not to follow his advice. (helpful)
10. It’s Max who has solved the problem. (creative) 11. Edward understood
the benefi ts of the programme quickly. (clever) 12. The Travel group has
four companies: an airline, a retail travel agency, a hotel company and
a direct-sell company. (large and rich) 13. John was appointed area sales
manager. (experienced) 14. Have you heard Sharon apply to the same fi rm
again? (optimistic)
33. Work in pairs. Give the reason why somebody failed to do something.
Example:
Why didn’t she clean the
fl at? (tired)
She was too tired to clean the
fl at.
1. Why couldn’t you go any further? (tired) 2. Why don’t you wear the
suit I bought you ten years ago? (shabby) 3. Do you know why Kitty couldn’t
tell the policeman about the road casualty? (upset) 4. Why isn’t Jack playing
football with us? (weak after the operation) 5. Do you know why Ann didn’t
invite her boyfriend to her birthday party? (angry with him) 6. Why doesn’t
he walk to work? He lives fi ve minutes’ walk far from his offi ce. (lazy)
7. Why doesn’t Pam understand what’s happening all round? (stupid) 8. Why
didn’t you lend Dick some money? (cautious) 9. I don’t understand why
they haven’t got any experience to work. (young) 10. Do you happen
to know the reason why Charles didn’t apply for a job again? (pessimistic)
11. Why can’t the boss see me right now? (busy) 12. Why isn’t your assistant
speaking calmly? (irritated)
34. Translate the following sentences into English using the infi nitive
as an adverbial modifi er.
1. Думаю, он солгал, чтобы спасти себе жизнь. 2. Они вышли из комнаты, чтобы дать девушке возможность подумать о том, что она сделала. 3. Мария была слишком умна, чтобы не понять всех преимуществ
своей новой должности. 4. Я думаю, что твои друзья достаточно богатые, чтобы купить собственный дом за городом, а не снимать апартаменты в душном Нью-Йорке. 5. Все знают, что Эдвард достаточно опы-
232
тен, чтобы решить эту проблему самостоятельно. 6. В новом микрорайоне открыли еще один универсам, чтобы удовлетворить требования
покупателей. 7. По радио объявили, что кандидат в губернаторы выступит с заявлением. Однако звук был недостаточно громким, чтобы можно было его расслышать. 8. Джек связался с банковским служащим,
чтобы узнать, сколько денег осталось на его текущем счете. 9. Мы первыми нарушили условия контракта, поэтому мы несем штрафные санкции. 10. Чтобы увеличить дивиденды на десять центов, компании нужно много поработать.
35. State the function of the for-to-infi nitive construction in the following
sentences. Then translate them into your own language.
1. He waited for Holly to say something. 2. Their house is always ready
for anyone to come into. 3. It was really warm for May, and still light enough
for him to see his sheep in the meadow. 4. There was no home for him to go
to. 5. Greasbourough street, where Johnny spent the fi rst eight years of his
life, was a nice place for a boy to live. 6. It’s impossible for me to write
about that time in detail – I can’t bear to. 7. Mr. Downing waited for Helen
to sit down. 8. There’s nothing for us to do but amuse ourselves.
9. He cordially extended one forefi nger for Brian to shake. 10. My dear, this
isn’t the time for us to quarrel. 11. Ken opened the door of his room for
Veronica to go out. 12. But the pain in James’s head asserted itself too
cruelly for him to think of anything else for the moment. 13. And it is not for
you to make terms. It is for you to accept them. 14. There were plenty
of papers for him to read, but he left them alone.
36. Translate the following sentences info English using the for-toinfi nitive construction.
1. Городок, в котором мы живем, – чудесное место для наших детей
с точки зрения здоровья. 2. Ваш вопрос о специфике данного рынка несколько неожиданный, чтобы я мог сразу на него ответить. 3. Тебе сейчас не время ставить условия – время их принимать. 4. Ему ничего
не оставалось делать в этой ситуации, поэтому он уволился из компании и срочно покинул город. 5. Для компании было важно изменить
политику ценообразования на выпускаемые товары. 6. Биллу нужно
было просмотреть еще много документов, но времени уже не оставалось. 7. То, о чем просил его коллега, было слишком сложным, чтобы
он мог это сделать один. 8. Для всех работников предприятия важно,
чтобы им были предоставлены социальные гарантии.
233
PARTICIPLE I
Form Active Passive
Indefi nite She listened attentively,
gi ving her comments.
Perfect Having climbed the hill, he
sat down to have a rest.
FUNCTIONS OF PARTICIPLE I
Functions Indicators Examples
Predicative After the link verbs:
be co me, be, look, seem,
sound, etc.
Attribute* In a position before or
after a noun
Part of a comp lex
object
attendant circum stances
(manner)
reason
(cause)
time** Usually after the conjun-
Adverbial mo di fi er of:
comparison After the conjunctions
Parenthesis Frankly speaking, I don’t
After:
the verbs of sense perception: feel, hear, no-
tice, see, watch, etc.;
the verb of order have
ctions while and when
as if, as though
Being left alone, we kept
si lence for some time.
Having been warned that
bad weather lay ahead, he
chan ged the course.
Your offer sounds temp t-
ing.
I liked her charming
smi le.
The woman holding a
baby is my mom.
I saw him crossing the
street.
I can’t have you doing it.
He was standing on the
bridge admiring the view.
Being a stranger, he was
the most eligible for
suspi cion.
While turning up his
violin, he broke a string.
She looked at him as if
waiting for an answer.
know the answer.
234
NOTES
1. Participle I Indefi nite Active and Passive expresses an action
simultaneous with the action expressed by the predicate. Participle I Perfect
expresses a prior action. Compare:
She listened attentively, giving
her comments from time to time.
Having climbed the hill, he sat
down to have a rest.
2. A prior action is not always expressed by Participle I Perfect: with the
verbs of sense perception and motion, such as see, hear, come, look, arrive,
seize, enter, turn, close, open, pass, etc. Participle I Indefi nite is used even
when priority is meant:
Looking out of the window he saw that the rain had stopped.
3. Participle I Perfect is not used as an attribute (*). To express priority
an attributive clause is used:
The boy who has broken the window is Tom Winslow.
4. Participle I Indefi nite of the verb “to be” is not used as an adverbial
modifi er of time (**). Clauses of the type “Когда я был ребенком” may
be translated as “When a boy”.
Она внимательно слушала, изредка комментируя.
Взобравшись на холм, он присел
отдохнуть.
EXERCISES
1. Complete the following sentences with the participles from the box.
Never use any participle more than once. The fi rst sentence has been
done for you.
astonishing boring convincing demanding mocking
exciting thrilling tempting disconcerting terrifying
touching worrying humiliating encouraging disappointing
1. The fi lm Lord of the Ring is so exciting, I advise you to see it. 2. I don’t
believe you to have done it deliberately, Gladys. But anyway, it was
extremely ... . 3. Your suggestion to miss the classes at university today
sounds very ... . 4. Her gravity was not severe and ... like a schoolteacher’s,
but warm and ... as a mother’s. 5. The performance was so ... that I could
hardly stay till the end of it. 6. I say, your last trip to investigate the tribes
in the Amazon basin has been dangerous. Even to listen to the story of your
adventures is really ... . 7. The situation became so ... that we all were at a
loss. 8. It’s ... to me that Mr. Lincoln didn’t understand your mission. His
voice sounded ..., and the tone in which he spoke with you was so ... . 9. That
235
she can’t remember the origin of her information seems very unusual and ... .
10. The effect of the manager’s words was ... . 11. When the chairman speaks
of devotion to high ideals in business, he seems quite ... and even ... .
2. Work in pairs. Answer the following questions using Participle I as
a predicative.
1. Does it sound tempting for you to miss a class of higher mathematics?
English? 2. Julia Roberts is very charming, isn’t she? 3. You want to climb
Everest. Don’t you know that climbing this mountain is so exhausting?
4. I know Jack didn’t enjoy the last night’s football match. Did it happen
to be less exciting than he had expected? 5. Does it sometimes become rather
annoying for you to listen to punk rock being played by your roommates all
night when you’re getting ready for your exam? 6. Is it really disgusting
when the kitchen hasn’t been cleaned for ages? 7. The weather becomes
depressing when it’s been raining all day long, doesn’t it? 8. Life seems
extremely boring when there’s nothing interesting to do. Do you share this
opinion? 9. It’s rather confusing when somebody calls you by name, and you
don’t remember who he or she is, isn’t it? 10. Do you share the opinion that
experience can be rather terrifying? 11. It’s sometimes embarrassing when
you have to ask people for money, isn’t it? 12. Would it be amazing for you
to get a job of an advertising manager right after graduating from university?
3. Translate the sentences into English using Participle I predicatively.
1. Моя мама учит маленьких детей. Ее работа очень утомительная.
2. Встреча со знакомым в чужой стране всегда волнующая. 3. Я не разделяю мнения, что жизнь без работы становится скучной. 4. Даже в таких условиях помощник нашего директора была, как всегда, обаятельной. 5. Я подумаю над вашим предложением: оно мне кажется очень
заманчивым. 6. Разве ты не чувствуешь себя неловко, когда хочешь занять денег? 7. Слова коллеги по работе неожиданно показались Максу
оскорбительными. 8. Мы решили не принимать условия соперника, так
как они были унизительными. 9. Доводы босса были весьма убедительными. 10. Ужасно, когда люди начинают убивать друг друга на гражданской войне. Этот опыт не становится менее ужасным, когда он объясняется экономическими или политическими причинами.
4. Complete the following notices and announcements by choosing suitable participles from the box below. Do not use any participle more
than once.
coming wishing arriving exciting rising missing
telling starting wearing no-parking amazing meeting
236
1. Brazil won the Cup after a very ... match. 2. The police are searching
for the ... child. 3. Friends and relatives ... passengers from Rome are advised
that fl ight BA763 has been delayed. 4. The train ... at platform 2 is the 10.43
to Leeds. 5. Passengers ... to smoke should sit at the rear of the bus. 6. Cars
left in a ... zone will be removed. 7. Any guest not ... a tie will be asked
to leave. 8. Adrian Mailer, a pilot of the wrecked fl ight TWA 005 tells us of
his ... escape from the jungle captivity. 9. The government policy is blamed
for ... prices. 10. Every month the company that has issued you the credit
card sends you a report ... about your expenses. 11. Students ... the MBA
programme on Monday should arrive by 8.30. 12. There are three benefi ts ...
from the place’s hosting an international event: momentum, visibility and
priority.
5. Work in pairs. Describe a person or an object as given in the example.
Example:
Diana teaches small children. At the end of the day
Oh yes, she’s got an ex ha ust-
ing job.
she is often exhausted.
1. It’s been raining all day. I hate this weather as it makes me depressed.
2. He was disappointed with the movie. He expected it to be much better.
3. The experience you had got was really terrifying. Afterwards everybody
was very shocked. 4. When David Lennox started his career as a fi lm director
two years ago, his talent promised much. 5. Frazer won the championship
yesterday. The last match was really exciting. 6. Douglas is one of the
persons I wouldn’t like to meet again. He never stops talking and never says
anything interesting. He makes everybody bored. 7. In March 2011 there
was a terrible tsunami in Japan that caused a lot of damage to the Fukushima
nuclear power station. Fukushima could become second Chernobyl. We were
all horrifi ed when we heard about the disaster. 8. If you need any advice, ask
Sue for it. She’s so helpful. Even her smile can encourage. 9. My father is a
workman. He’s always very tired when he gets home from work. 10. Prices
are soaring these days. The government policy is blamed for it. 11. Jane had
never expected to be offered the job. She was really amazed when she was
offered it.
6. Translate the following sentences. Mind present participles as attributes.
1. Спуск по горной реке с порогами оказался самым интересным
приключением в ее жизни. 2. Мы проехали половину пути, как заметили красный Форд, который следовал за нашей машиной. 3. Босс, это
миссис Уоркер, желающая высказать претензии к качеству обслужива-
237
ния. 4. В условиях текущего финансово-экономического кризиса цены
растут с ужасающей скоростью. 5. Эксперты хотели бы обсудить ряд
моментов, вытекающих из гарантийного пункта договора. 6. Каждый
месяц компания высылает вам отчет о ваших расходах. 7. Статистика
показывает, что в начале нулевых годов в тройку наиболее продаваемых в США автомобилей вошли Лексус, Ниссан и Хонда, произведенные японскими компаниями. 8. В марте 2011 года в Японии случилось
ужасное цунами, которое нанесло большой ущерб атомной станции
«Фукусима». 9. Компании, уделяющие внимание инновациям, имеют
большое будущее.
7. Complete the following sentences using Participle I as part of a
complex object. Mind the active or passive form of the participle.
Example:
I could hear the wind ...
(whistle) all night.
I could hear the wind whis t l-
ing all night.
1. He regards this method as ... (afford) good results. 2. A huge crowd
watched the fi remen ... (fi ght) the blaze. 3. “Don’t worry,” said the doctor.
“I’ll soon have you ... (feel) better ”. 4. We all suddenly sensed danger ...
(approach). 5. Kate doesn’t like to see animals ... (treat) cruelly. 6. Did the
news leave you ... (not to wonder) what would happen next? 7. Jack was
surprised to see his friends ... (carry off) by the police. 8. One day I saw
Barbara ... (show) the visitors round the factory. 9. Something is wrong with
the photocopier. Do you hear it … (make) a strange noise? 10. The assistant
kept the customer ... (wait) a very long time. 11. Because of Japan’s success,
European and US manufacturers have found their own markets ... (diminish)
drastically. 12. Many people fear these days that the loss of secrecy might
result in money ... (withdraw) from the banks. 13. Did you hear the
Minister ... (speak) yesterday of another cut of prices? 14. Some Western
fi rms have found themselves ... (be unable) to compete with Far Eastern
manufacturers.
8. Say that you will not allow somebody to do it.
Example:
to do it
I won’t (can’t) have you
do ing it.
Prompts: to take away the materials from one’s study; Nick / to miss
practical hours; to jump the queue; to drive too much fast; to elbow one’s
way onto buses; to put off till tomorrow what you can do today; to cheat
at the lesson; Arnold / to keep bad company; to be rude to customers; to give
a challenging assignment to a non-experienced employee; to negotiate the
contract without getting the sales manager’s consent; to sign a contract
238
without getting the manufacturer’s consent; talk to the head manager
on one’s behalf.
9. You spent the night in a house where strange things happened. Use
the ideas below to make sentences about what you saw, heard and felt.
Example:
Someone screamed from
I heard someone screaming.
time to time.
1. Someone was crying in the next room. 2. A fi gure was dancing in the
garden. 3. The stairs started creaking at midnight. 4. A cold hand touched
me several times. 5. Something was fl oating in the air above my head.
6. A door slammed suddenly at midnight. Then it slammed every hour.
7. A white face appeared and then disappeared. It happened several times.
8. Something was crawling up my arm. 9. The wind was howling outside.
10. Someone tapped me on the shoulder. It happened several times.
11. Someone was calling my name all night. 12. The voices in the garden
were calling for help.
10. A fi lm director is talking to some actors about the scene they are
going to fi lm. Use the notes below to complete his directions. The fi rst
sentence has been done for you.
1. watch / children / play
2. look at / some girls / sunbathe
3. see / something / move
4. notice / David / windsurf
5. see / shark / come
6. hear / Rita / shout
7. feel / surfboard / rock
8. hear / David / scream
OK. Now, the next scene is on the beach, and we want to create a nice,
peaceful atmosphere. Rita, you’re (1) watching the children playing in the
water, and Peter, you’re (2) ... farther along the beach, through your
binoculars. OK? Suddenly, Rita, you (3) ... through the water. You borrow
Peter’s binoculars to see more clearly, and then you realize it’s a shark.
At the same time, you (4) ... near by. That’s when you start shouting. Right?
Now, David, you don’t (5) ... towards you and you’re too far away to (6) ... .
The fi rst time you realize something is wrong is when you (7) ... . You lose
your balance and fall in. The scene fi nishes with the reaction of the people
on the beach when they (8) ... . Clear? Right, quiet, everybody.
11. Translate the following sentences into English using Participle I as
part of a complex object.
1. Что с нашим ксероксом? – Разве ты не слышишь, что он издает
странный звук? Кроме того, он «жует» бумагу. Его надо отправлять
239
в ремонт. 2. Мартин был обескуражен, когда увидел, что его сообщника
полиция выводит из банка: их план рухнул! 3. Неужели вы не почувствовали запах горелого, когда начался пожар? 4. Я не желаю, чтобы
ты разговаривал с боссом от моего имени! 5. Так как секретарь плотно
закрыла дверь в комнату для переговоров, он не мог слышать дальнейшее обсуждение условий поставки. 6. Вы считаете, что только эта методика подбора кадров дает желаемый результат? 7. Я не позволю вам
разорвать контракт с этой фирмой: наше предприятие может понести
большие убытки! 8. Я и не слышал, как вчера министр говорил об очередном понижении цен. 9. Европейские и американские компании обнаружили, что их рынки резко сокращаются в результате успешного
проникновения на них японских производителей. Более того, некоторые западные компании почувствовали, что они не в состоянии конкурировать с японскими фирмами.
12. Read the following extract from a story. Then think of a suitable
verb and make it Participle I to complete the passage. The fi rst sentence
has been done for you.
(1) Moving carefully and not (2) ... a sound, Douglas slowly made his
way towards the window. (3) ... through a gap between the curtains,
he could see the three men. The fat one, Wiseman, stood by the fi replace,
(4) ... a cigar and (5) ... excitedly to Petersson, the Norwegian. Petersson
appeared to be listening intently, (6) ... from time to time as if Wiseman had
said something funny. The third man, Wescott, sat on the sofa, (7) ... the
paper, not (8) ... the other two. Suddenly, the door opened and a fourth man
came in, (9) ... a large suitcase, which he put down on the table. As Douglas
stood (10) ... the four men in the room, he heard a sound behind him. (11) ...
round, he could see in the darkness the shape of a man only a few metres
away. (12) ... his gun out of his jacket, Douglas stepped into the shadow
of a tree and waited.
13. Work in pairs. Answer the following questions using Participle I as
an adverbial Exercise modifi er of attendant circumstances (manner).
The verb is given in brackets.
Example:
How did he sit for a long
time? (think)
He sat for a long time, thinking.
1. How do you usually spend your working days? (do routine jobs)
2. How did you usually spend the evenings when you were at school?
240
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