Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка = Practical English Grammar. Учебное пособие
.pdf
1. Sally has just fi nished drinking a cup of coffee. She has already had
three cups this evening. 2. George has just fi nished drinking a can of lager.
He’s already had two cans of beer tonight. 3. Jill has broken a plate. She’s
already broken two plates while washing up this morning. 4. Ron is phoning
Jill again. He’s already phoned her twice this evening. 5. The car has broken
down. It has already broken down twice this month. 6. My favourite football
team has won the match. It has already won six matches this month.
7. My cousin from France has visited us. She has already visited me once
this year. 8. Tom has lost his mobile phone. He’s already lost two phones this
quarter. 9. Brian has moved to another fl at. He has already moved into
another fl at twice this year. 10. Max has changed the job again. He has
already changed the job three times this decade.
16. Choose between the Past Simple and the Present Perfect to complete
the sentences.
1. Alice ... (buy) a new car recently. – Really? Where ... (she / get) the
money? 2. Look! I ... (fi n d ) a fi fty-dollar note! – It’s probably mine. Where ...
(you / fi n d ) it? 3. Jeans sales ... (drop) in Brazil. 4. The profi ts of the company
in the second quarter ... (fall) by 85%. 5. What sum of the contract ... (settle
on)? We … (decide) on the last one. 6. When the 2012 Summer Olympics
were held, many small businesses ... (use) the Olympic symbol on their
goods. 7. I think John ... (get) the job he ... (apply) for. 8. You ... (hear) the
news? There ... (be) a terrible fi re in Birmingham. 9. We ... (sign) the contract
three months ago, but the work ... (not begin) yet. 10. This year’s committee
of the corporation’s directors ... (predict) a surplus. 11. We ... (start) the
advertising campaign last month and since then the sales ... (increase).
12. You ... (watch) on TV the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic
games in Sochi? It … (be) marvellous!
17. Make up a dialogue by analogy using the given vocabulary. If you
fi nd it diffi cult, act out a given interview.
Ms. Brown: Who do you work for now, Mr. Wigmore?
M r. W i g m o r e: The National Bus Company.
Ms. Brown: And how long have you worked for them?
M r. W i g m o r e: I’ve worked for them for fi ve years.
Ms. Brown: How long have you been an area sales manager?
M r. W i g m o r e : Eighteen months.
Ms. Brown: And what did you do before joining the Bus Company?
M r. W i g m o r e: I worked for a chain of hotels as a junior manager.
Ms. Brown: The post you’ve
applied for involves a lot of travelling.
Have you been abroad much?
131
M r. W i g m o r e: I’ve been to most of Western Europe, and I’ve been
to Central Europe once, to Hungary.
Ms. Brown: Why did you go there?
M r. W i g m o r e: The hotel sent me to attend a conference.
Ms. Brown: I see. Have you ever organized a conference yourself?
M r. W i g m o r e: Yes, I have actually. Why?
Ms. Brown: Well, this job would require rather a lot of organizing
meetings and conferences.
18. Translate the following sentences into English using the Present
Perfect.
1. Я не видел своих друзей с понедельника, потому что в этот день
заболел. 2. Ник и Диана знают друг друга уже десять лет. 3. Брауны уехали из нашего города в 2004 году. И с того времени я ничего не слышал о них. 4. Где вы собираетесь отдыхать летом? – Мы еще не решили. Ты же знаешь, мы недавно купили новый автомобиль и еще не выплатили весь кредит. Скорее всего, останемся дома. А вы? – А мы поедем к морю: Питеру в этом году повысили зарплату, и мы уже отложили
необходимую сумму денег. 5. Сегодня мы празднуем 80-летие нашего
университета и на этот юбилей пригласили много зарубежных гостей.
6. Я вчера опаздывал на работу, и Линда меня подвезла до офиса. –
А меня она никогда не подвозила! 7. Надеюсь, твоя сестра довольна,
что получила хорошее место в нашей компании. 8. Прошло десять лет,
как я закончил университет. С тех пор мне пришлось много поработать.
9. Я хочу сообщить, что фирма согласилась на наши условия и подписала контракт. 10. Ты уже закончил разрабатывать свой бизнес-план? –
Нет еще. Я не могу перейти к последнему разделу плана, так как не нашел необходимых данных. 11. Что произошло, что ты так опоздал
на обсуждение главного вопроса? 12. Мой брат с детства мечтал работать в компании по разработке программного обеспечения, но только
сейчас его мечта исполнилась. 13. Мы поддерживаем тесные контакты
с компанией Nestle уже три года.
19. Test yourself. Use the Past Simple or the Present Perfect to complete
the following sentences.
1. Jimmy ... (already / see) Eastwood’s Trouble with the Curve. He ...
(see) it when the fi lm was on in the Odeon. 2. You know those young trees
we ... (plant)? They ... (die). – You probably ... (not water) them enough.
3. I ... (buy) a new frock last month, but I ... (not wear) it yet. 4. Mummy!
Look what I ... (do)! – Oh, my God! What ... (you / do) that for? 5. Peter ...
132
(live) in Brazil for the thirty three years. 6. I ... (just / have) my lunch. I ...
(fi n i s h ) eating fi ve minutes ago. 7. I’m sorry. I ... (break) a cup. – How ...
(you / manage) to do that? 8. ... you ever ... (speak) to him? – Yes, I ...
(speak) to him before the party. 9. Sam ... (never / play) rugby in his life,
but he ... (play) football when he was at school. 10. When ... (you / meet)
the head manager? – I ... (meet) him the day before yesterday. 11. At the
1980 Winter Olympics, one company ... (sell) snow. 12. Well, what ...
(happen) at Blackstable since I … (be) here? 13. These people have been
getting on my nerves all through the course. Time ... (come) to stop being
polite and to really tell them what you think of them. 14. In the 1980s some
countries of the Third World ... (insist) on multinationals entering into
partnership with local investors. 15. “What tender fi gure you ... (settle on),
sir?” asked the project manager. 16. The post you ... (apply) for involves
overworking.
THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
1. The Present Perfect Progressive (have / has been doing) is used to say
how long something has been going on. This time the action or situation
began in the past, lasted for some time and is still going on. It concerns the
verbs that are normally used in the progressive tenses. Prepositions for, since
and such expressions all day, all night, all week, all life, etc. are used with
the Present Perfect Progressive:
I have been working for two hours. (= I began to work two hours ago
and I am still working.)
2. The Present Perfect Progressive is also used to talk about quite a long
action that began in the past and has recently stopped or just stopped:
You’re out of breath. Have you been running?
3. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Progressive have similar
uses, but there are some differences. Compare:
a) I’ve read the book.
I’ve been reading a book.
b) He’s worked in the
company all his life.
I’ve been working here for
three months.
Remember that some verbs such as be, have, know, etc. (see Chapter
The Present Simple) are not normally used in the progressive tenses:
I’ve had a cold for the past week.
(The action was completed re cent ly
and we’re interested in the result.)
(I haven’t fi nished reading the book.
I’m still reading it.)
(A more permanent situation.)
(A more temporary situation.)
133
EXERCISES
1. Combine the two sentences into one using the Present Perfect Progressive.
Example:
1. Our tourist group began to travel in the Crimea a week ago. We’re still
travelling in the mountains. 2. The rescue crew started looking for the
survivors of the plane crash last night. They haven’t found anybody but they
are keeping on searching. 3. The Browns moved to Canada in 2006. They
are still living in Canada. 4. The guest from room 1207 started bathing at 7
o’clock. It’s 8 o’clock, and he’s still bathing. 5. In 2011 Dories went
to Helsinki to teach children English. She is still teaching them. 6. Mary’s
dream is to make a tour round Thailand. Two years have passed but her
dream hasn’t come true yet. So Mary is still looking forward to it. 7. Three
months ago Larry was sent to Pace University to get a course in regional
marketing. He is still studying there. 8. Ann is looking for a job. She began
looking six months ago. 9. Jose Mourinho returned to Chelsea football club
for his second spell in 2013. He is now working as fi rst team manager.
10. According to the contract the plant started delivering cement to our
construction site three years ago. It is still delivering it. 11. They’re
discussing the terms of the contract. They began discussing them at noon.
12. Harry began developing a business plan on Tuesday this week. He is still
working at it. 13. David Jones was appointed supervisor in 1991. He quite
likes the work so he is still working for the same company.
2. Practise asking special questions beginning with how long.
Example:
Kevin is studying. He began doing it two hours ago.
Your friend is waiting for
you.
Kevin has been studying for
two hours.
How long has he been waiting
(for me)?
1. Andy is learning Arabic. 2. It is raining heavily. 3. Jack and Jill are
looking for a fl at. 4. Tom lives in the High Street. 5. Helen Goldsmith
writes books. 6. His parents are now staying at the Hilton in London.
7. Phil dreams to become a Navy offi cer. 8. She is carrying out a research
on human resources. 9. Arsène Wenger, a former French football player,
is Arsenal FC manager. 10. Joy sells washing machines. 11. Donald Clay
runs the company producing stuffed toys. He is an experienced manager.
12. He works as the company’s fi nance director. 13. The Agnelli family
controls the car group through a variety of holding companies. 14. Miss
Glen is an experienced documentalist. She is now working out a classifi cation system.
134
3. Write two sentences, one with the Present Perfect and one with the
Present Perfect Progressive using the given information.
Example:
Jane is reading a e-book.
She started two hours ago
and she is on page 86 now.
Jane has been reading for
two hours. She has read 86
pa ges so far.
1. Julia is a tennis champion. She began playing tennis when she was
8 years old. Now she is the national champion for the third time. 2. Linda
is from Australia. Now she is travelling around Europe. She began her tour
two months ago. Poland is the seventh country Linda is visiting. 3. Andy and
Phil make fi lms. They started making documentary fi lms together when they
left college. Lost in the Jungle is the fi fth fi lm they’re making together.
4. My father began working for the lorry plant when he graduated from the
Polytechnic in Nottingham. He was appointed product line manager 17 years
ago; my father became the plant’s general manager 8 years ago. This year
he is retiring. 5. Oh yes, we look very optimistic to developing markets
in South Asia. We started developing them 16 months ago, and since then
our profi ts are increasing every day. Malaysia is the sixth country in the area
we’re now trading with.
4. Work in pairs. Express doubt or disbelief about the period of time
somebody has been doing something.
Example:
Dick started painting the
fence six hours ago. He is
Has he really been painting
the fence for six hours?
still painting it.
1. They are planting bushes. They started doing it in the morning. Now
it’s lunchtime. 2. His French is very fl uent though he began learning French
three months ago. 3. Sandy is looking for the material on the subject area
in the Internet. Three hours have passed but she is still in the system. 4. Max
began driving a car ten hours ago and he’s still on the way. 5. Bill went in for
body-building only four months ago. Look, how strong he is! 6. Seven years
ago Vicky started playing tennis. This year she has become a Wimbledon
winner. 7. Carry joined the Facebook at 10 o’clock. Three hours have passed
but she is still there. 8. It’s time to leave work but Jane is still typing a report.
She started typing it at noon. 9. Alex Cotton runs the company. He was
appointed managing director in 2007. 10. Arsène Wenger, a former French
football player, was named Arsenal FC manager in 1996. He is still managing
the football club. 11. The naughty client came at 4 p.m. It is time to leave
work but the shop manager is still meeting with her. 12. David came to work
for McDonald’s when he left school. He’s still working here.
135
5. Imagine that you were talking to a friend. Make a short dialogue
to ask if somebody has been doing it for a long time. Mind the use of for
or since.
Example:
George / swim / 10 o’clock
– What is George doing now?
– He’s swimming.
– Has he been swimming long?
– Yes, he’s been doing it since 10 o’clock.
1. Ruth and Val / jog / in the park / an hour. 2. Toby / train / at the
stadium / morning. 3. Helen / try to convince / her husband to decide on her
plan of spending a leave / two hours. 4. Mrs. Cotton / share / her experience
on cooking with young girls / an hour and a half. 5. The girl / lie in bed / ill /
over a week. 6. Alice / try to contact / the police / ten minutes. 7. Bill / make
a report / fi fteen minutes. 8. Bob / develop / the annual report / 9 o’clock.
9. The hotel personnel / discuss / the question of making services better / two
hours. 10. My sister / train for / secretarial work / September. 11. The head
of the unit / see / a Mr. Thatcher / a quarter of an hour. 12. John / explore /
the possibility for changing the project / all day long. 13. The accountant /
make / another set of calculations out / the beginning of the working hours.
14. They / develop / a new strategy / focusing on marketing / a week.
6. Respond to your partner’s questions using the information in brackets.
Example:
What’s happening here?
Why is there such mess?
(read up for one’s exam /
Oh, it’s natural! I’m reading
up for my exam. I’ve been
doing it for two days already.
two days)
1. To go for a picnic in the country now is out of the question. (rain
hard / yesterday) 2. The cat seems to be very upset. (miaow / all the evening)
3. Look out of the window! We’re cut off by snow-drifts. (snow heavily / last
night) 4. I say, Trevor. I’m late for the lecture again. Who’s delivering the
lecture? (a Canadian professor / 15 minutes) 5. What’s happened to you,
Tom? You look so nervous. (try to get in touch with / one’s bank manager /
half an hour / the phone / be busy) 6. I say, Emmy. Your brother knows
so many interesting facts about Loch Ness in Scotland. (collect / stories and
legends / he moved there to live) 7. Look! Your car’s got another scratch.
(learn to drive / a fortnight only) 8. What’s happening here? Your table’s
blocked up with papers and calculators. (search for / a mistake in the profi ts
and losses statement / since noon)
136
7. Act out the following story.
Two middle-aged friends haven’t seen each other for ages. One of them
has become particularly thin, the other very fat. At fi rst they don’t recognize
each other. At last one exclaims, “Why! Bless my soul! It’s Dick! I am sure
you have been fasting ever since I saw you last.” – “As for you,” replies the
other, “I am afraid you have been doing nothing but eating ever since.”
8. Complete this dialogue between two friends. Include the Past Simple,
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive tense in your answers.
B i l l: ... ?
J a n e: Listening to the news. Have you heard?
B i l l: No, ... ?
J a n e: There’s been a strike of the airport staff. We’re stranded.
B i l l: ... ?
J a n e: Yes, I phoned them at once. My father’s coming to collect us.
B i l l: ... ?
J a n e: Not yet. We’d better go and collect them from the luggage offi ce.
B i l l: ... ?
Jane: Yes. They told me that the strikers wanted higher salary rates for
working outside normal hours. It’s a pity they didn’t let our plane take off
fi rst! I thought we’d be airborne by now.
B i l l: Yes, ... !
9. Translate these sentences into English using the Present Perfect Progressive.
1. Где ты был все это время? Мы тебя ищем уже полчаса! Твой доклад уже через пять минут. 2. Сколько времени вы живете в этом городе? – Мои родители переехали сюда, когда мне исполнилось 10 лет.
С тех пор мы здесь и живем. 3. О сегодняшнем пикнике нет и речи.
С вечера дождь льет как из ведра. 4. Он уже три часа сидит ВКонтакте.
Когда он будет готовиться к семинару по социологии? 5. Марта выглядит очень усталой. – Неудивительно, ведь в последнее время она много
работает. Вот уже две недели она анализирует корпоративные коммуникации для создания новой системы информирования персонала.
6. Арсен Венге начал работать главным тренером футбольного клуба
«Арсенал» в 1996 г. – Неужели он работает там уже 18 лет? 7. Почему
никого из персонала отеля нет на месте? Мне нужно погладить брюки. – Персонал отеля сейчас обсуждает вопрос улучшения сервиса. –
Интересно, сколько времени они обсуждают этот вопрос? Я уже полчаса жду, чтобы мне кто-нибудь помог. 8. Когда я могу увидеть босса? –
137
Трудно сказать. Oн уже почти час разговаривает с одной покупательницей. Да ты знаешь ее, это миссис Браун, которая всегда всем недовольна.
10. Test yourself. Complete these sentences putting the verb into the
appropriate form, either the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Prog ressive.
1. Sorry I’m late. There was a traffi c jam. – It’s not an excuse. You should
have left home earlier! I ... ( wait) for half an hour! 2. My sister is a short
story writer. She ... (write) stories since she graduated from university. So far
she ... (write) 35 stories. 3. Look! Somebody ... (break) that window.
4. Hello! I ... (clean) the windows. So far I ... (clean) fi ve of them and there
are two more to do. 5. Betsy looks very tired. – No wonder. She ... (work)
hard at the project. 6. The Nelsons moved to Montreal in 2001 and they ...
(live) there since. 7. Tim ... (have) a cold for the past week. He ... (stay)
in bed all this time. 8. My cousin ... (be) in the Army since he was seventeen.
9. John ... (explore) the possibility for changing the project all day long.
10. Bill ... (be) unemployed since April. 11. My father ... (always / work)
hard. Now he ... (work) at the project on developing overseas markets by his
fi rm for two months. 12. We ... (purchase) goods from this company for
eighteen months. 13. Ever since the accident Sue ... (be) afraid to drive.
So for some months she ... (see) a psychologist who specializes in that sort
of problem. 14. Dear sir! Every year our students choose a project on an
environment problem. We … (recently / see) your advertisements about
protecting dolphins, so, for the last few weeks, we … (learn) about the
dolphins that live in the sea near here. Could you please send us some World
Wildlife Fund posters to add to their work?
THE PAST PERFECT
1. The Past Perfect (had done) is used for an action completed before
another action or a certain moment in the past. The Past Perfect is normally
introduced by the conjunction after:
After Edwin had left London, he went to live to Wales.
A certain moment in the past can also be expressed by the specifi ed time
indications (hour, month, year, date) with the preposition by:
We had done the project by April.
To show another action in the past, a subordinate clause beginning with
when or before is introduced:
When I arrived at the party, Nick had already gone home.
They had spent all their savings before their son left school.
138
2. The Past Perfect (had gone) is the past form of the Present Perfect
(have gone), and so the indicators of the latter can be used with the Past
Perfect. Compare:
Present
I’m not hungry. I’ve just had lunch.
The house is dirty. They haven’t
cleaned it for weeks.
3. The conjunctions hardly and scarcely that mean “almost not” are often
used with the Past Perfect followed by when:
They had hardly kicked off when it began to rain.
No sooner is similar in meaning but it is followed by than:
He had no sooner set out than he became engrossed in reading.
When the conjunctions are used for some emphatic purpose the word
order in the sentence is changed. Compare:
She had hardly started cooking when the telephone rang.
Hardly had she started cooking when the telephone rang.
4. The Past Perfect is also used in the reported speech:
Ann added she hadn’t seen much of Nick since 2012.
Past
I wasn’t hungry. I’d just had lunch.
The house was dirty. They hadn’t
cleaned it for weeks.
EXERCISES
1. Complete the following sentences giving reasons. Use the verbs in
brackets in the Past Perfect.
Example:
1. Mr. and Mrs. Walker were on a plane. They were very nervous as the
plane took off because they (fl y ) ... . 2. It was Keith’s fi rst driving lesson.
He was nervous and didn’t know what to do. He (drive) ... . 3. The man was
a complete stranger to Sofi a. She (see) ... . 4. Some time ago my brother lost
his usual presence of mind because of a little danger. I wondered why as he
(lose / it) ... . 5. Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised
because she (be late) ... . 6. Dick decided to participate in the rescue party
down the Mississippi. I knew he was afraid of water, and so his decision
made me surprised because Dick (travel / by boat) ... . 7. Yesterday the boss
almost hit the roof and shouted at the staff. We were greatly surprised
because he (shout) ... . 8. When my boss asked me to chair the meeting of the
shareholders I was at a loss for some time because I (chair / this kind
Jane played tennis yesterday, at least she tried to play
tennis. She wasn’t good at it
because she (play) ... .
She wasn’t good at it because she had never play-
ed tennis before.
139
of meetings) ... . 9. We asked George to develop the alternatives for increasing
the unit output. Of course, it would take him time and efforts because George
(do / this kind of work) ... . 10. In 1955 the parents emigrated to the USA
from Turkey. They were very excited as they (never / travel / outside
Turkey) ... . 11. When Julia was a business student at Boston University, she
learnt Japanese. But after university she (never / have / the opportunity
to use her Japanese) ... until she went to Tokyo last month.
2. Imagine that a forgetful old lady went out one evening to see some
friends. She had a number of problems. Find reasons for them, using
the Past Perfect.
Example:
Why didn’t she get to her
friends’ house?
Because she had forgotten
their address.
1. Why didn’t she look in her address book? 2. Why didn’t she phone
home and ask her daughter for their address? 3. Why didn’t she go back
home? 4. Why couldn’t she get a hotel room? 5. Why did she get soaked
to the skin? 6. Why didn’t she take a taxi? 7. When she found her home, why
couldn’t she open the front door? 8. Why didn’t she call her daughter to help
her open the door? 9. Why did it take her daughter a long time to let her in?
3. Say that one action happened after another action(s) in the past using
the conjunctions after, before or as soon as.
Example:
I washed and dressed.
Then I had breakfast.
After I had washed and dres-
sed, I had breakfast.
1. Gill felt tired. She stopped working. 2. The weather became stormy.
The Air Traffi c Control delayed the fl ights. 3. His wife died. David went
abroad. 4. The plane took off from Gatwick Airport. The hijackers wanted
to seize it but they failed. 5. The Wilsons used all their savings up. Then
their son left high school. 6. The deputy manager introduced the business
partners. They joined us. 7. The chairman studied the proposal. Then
he spread it round the offi ce for discussion. 8. Ann applied for a job. Then
they invited her for an interview. 9. We increased our output last year.
We completely changed the equipment. 10. Andrew got the fi rst profi ts.
Then he decided to expand his business. 11. We fi nished discussing the
prices. Then we decided to comment on the delivery dates. 12. Ferrari
suffered losses. Then Fiat bought a controlling block of stock. 13. The
company complied with the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act. Then it got
fringe benefi ts. 14. We made changes in the contract and agreed it upon.
Then we passed the contract to the management to sign.
140
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]