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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка = Practical English Grammar. Учебное пособие
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he’ll speak the language fl uently. 6. I’ll give you my address when ... (I / fi nd
somewhere to live). 7. Terry will come back home after ... (do the shopping).
8. Kate will get the dinner ready when ... (fi nish cleaning the fl at). 9. We’ll
let you know as soon as ... (make a decision). 10. The manager says Kevin
will get the job of a fi nancial analyst in his department after ... (graduate
from university). 11. I’ll write him an e-mail after I … (clear up the
situation). 12. They will present the company’s mission and objectives
after ... (work out the Corporate Code). 13. The lawyer will sound his
recommendation after he … (analyze the available information). 14. He will
submit the article on the ecological problems after he … (fi nish writing it).
4. Add some missing information about the person mentioned.
Example:
By the time the dinner is
ready, Helen ... (do / the
rooms).
By the time the dinner is
ready, Helen will have done
the rooms.
1. Today Ted and Joan are celebrating the tenth anniversary of their
married life. Joan has been up since early morning, cooking and baking.
Before Ted comes back home from the offi ce, she ... (cook and bake / a lot
of tasty things). 2. As soon as Ted comes back home, he will begin to help
his wife. When the guests arrive, he ... (fi n i s h / decorating the lounge).
3. Brian is on holiday at the seaside. He has little money and he is spending
too much too quickly. Before the end of his holiday he ... (spend / all his
money). 4. My relatives left for Austria fi ve years ago. Next month it will
be exactly fi ve years since they arrived there. By next month they ... (live /
for fi ve years). 5. Larry is a great eater. Today his brother is late for dinner.
Before he comes home, Larry ... (eat / most of the dinner). 6. When Bill left
the offi ce he asked his secretary to select the correspondence. He’s sure
by the time he comes back, she ... (fi nish /doing it). 7. If you work hard,
by the end of the month you ... (fi nish the project). 8. The line manager
hasn’t got the necessary information yet, has he? He … (not be able ) to draw
a conclusion by the time fi xed by the head manager.
5. Respond using the verb in the Future Perfect and by then
, as shown
in the example. Expand your responses.
Example:
Will he fi nish the work
on Friday?
Yes, he’ ll have fi nished the work
by then. He’ll have comp leted
all the experi ments by Friday.
1. Will he be able to return from his journey on Thursday? 2. Will they
manage to build a new hall of residence if winter comes earlier than usual?
3. We’re leaving at 7 o’clock in the morning. Don’t oversleep, or shall
151
I wake you up? 4. Has George decided on what to do when he leaves school?
5. We need some bread for dinner, but the closing time of the nearest baker’s
begins in 15 minutes. Will you be able to reach it before it is closed? 6. Her
family is moving into a new cottage on Friday, but Jane doesn’t like the
colour of the walls in the lounge and the wallpaper in the children’s room
upstairs. Do you think the workers will change the paper and re-paint the
lounge before they settle in here? 7. Can you give me a ride in the car
on Sunday if you repair it? 8. Ruth is leaving for a holiday on Friday. Last
week Max promised to take her out for a dinner but hasn’t kept a word. Will
he do it this week, say, on Tuesday or Thursday? 9. Will you soon fi nish
making the report? I have to start off at 4 p.m. if I don’t want to be late.
10. I’m late for an interview. Will you be able to change a fl at tire in 10
minutes? 11. A rebranding course starts on October 25. Will Chris be able
to return from his business trip and join it? 12. I think four days is enough
to strike the fi rm’s balance sheet. I’d like to have it ready on Friday. Will the
accountant manage to get it?
6. Translate the following sentences into English using the Future
Perfect.
1. Из-за снегопада поезд опаздывает на три часа, поэтому он прибудет на станцию не раньше десяти часов вечера. 2. К понедельнику Билл
поправится и приступит к работе. 3. Мы сообщим вам о результатах экзамена, как только они станут известны. 4. Линда уверена, что к осени
они сэкономят достаточно денег, чтобы купить ей новую шубу. 5. Руководитель проекта спрашивает, закончим ли мы обработку данных к среде. 6. Фирма может предложить вам место в отделе маркетинга после
того, как вы закончите университет. 7. К ноябрю цены на сельскохозяйственные товары снизятся на 15%. 8. Через месяц мы закончим курсы
переподготовки и к августу уже начнем работать по новой специальности. 9. Мы не можем начать обсуждение договора через полчаса,
в 11.00, как запланировано. Наши партнеры позвонили, что попали
в пробку, поэтому они к этому часу еще не приедут.
7. Test yourself. Choose between the Future Simple, the Present Simple,
the Future Progressive and the Future Perfect to complete each
sentence.
1. My parents ... (arrive) soon to collect me from school after the tennis
match. 2. By this time next month I ... (fi n i s h ) all my exams. 3. “Do you
think you ... (mark) most of the homework essays by nine o’clock?” the
headmistress asked. 4. By September 1, 2015 Jennifer ... (work) as a teacher
for ten years. 5. “The lesson ... (start) in about ten minutes, so don’t
152
go away!” our teacher said. 6. I hope you ... (forget) all this by tomorrow.
7. These examination candidates ... (write) for over two hours before they
are allowed to leave the room! 8. What ... you ... (do) this time next
Monday? – I ... (go) on holiday to Ireland. 9. He ... (work) for ten days before
he receives his pay. 10. The builders ... (fi n i s h ) most of the work by Saturday.
11. By 2016 the factories of our corporation ... (produce) all the goods
we need. 12. Sociologists say that in fi ve years the Japanese ... (enjoy)
a better standard of living than at any time in the country’s history.
13. In twelve months’ time the average income of the population ... (rise)
by 5%, while infl ation ... (not rise) at all.
MIXED BAG ON THE ACTIVE VOICE
1. Complete the following sentences putting in there is / are in the
appropriate tense form.
1. I used to enjoy cycling when I was younger, but ... not so many cars
then. 2. Why ... a dustbin in the living room? 3. When I got home ... a letter
from Charlie on the doormat. 4. Quick! Phone for an ambulance! ...
an accident! 5. ... two policemen at the back door. They say they want to see
you. 6. Do you think ... a teachers’ strike next week? 7. How many general
elections ... since the war? 8. If food is properly distributed ... enough for
everybody. 9. ... some news about the situation in Syria. 10. ... some radical
changes in methods of management since the 1950s. 11. ... no meeting with
the British Council representatives next Monday. 12. Usually ... fi ve directors
in the senior management committee. 13. A new nuclear power station
is being built in the region. ... a steady demand for highly qualifi ed labour
here. 14. In partnership ... two or more people, businesses or industries that
work together as partners. 15. When psychologists and other researchers fi rst
studied leadership they wanted to fi nd out if … specifi c traits that made
leaders different from other people.
2. Join the beginnings and ends together to make sensible sentences.
Beginnings Ends
When it started raining,
Unless you start now,
Although I loved her,
After I’d fi nished the housework,
Before you start your new job,
If you have time,
As soon as I got up,
you won’t arrive before dark.
I switched on the radio.
I took an aspirin.
I decided not to see her again.
I went to the pub.
I closed the windows.
you won’t believe how big it is.
153
Because I had a headache,
Until you’ve seen it yourself,
you ought to have a holiday.
write and tell me how you are.
3. Read the following news items from the Barston Gazette, a local
newspaper. Then complete the articles putting the verbs in brackets into
the appropriate tense form. Occasionally there is more than one possible
answer.
1. Schoolboy Saved from River
Local schoolboy Brian Walker (a) ... (recover) in hospital after falling
into the River Bar. Mr. Paul Bates, who (b) ... (take) his dog for a walk at the
time (c) ... (jump) into the water and (d) ... (pull) the boy to safety. Brian
(e) ... (play) on the river bank when the accident (f) ... (happen).
2. Cottage Destroyed by Fire
Police (a) ... (think) that children accidentally (b) ... (start) the fi re that
(c) ... (burn) down an empty cottage in Wooden Lane last Sunday.
Neighbours (d) ... (call) the fi re brigade, but, by the time they (e) ... (arrive),
the roof (f) ... (fall) in. The workmen (g) ... (now / demolish) the remains
of the cottage.
3. Lorries Anger Residents
Residents of Beechwood Avenue (a) ... (protest) to the council about the
number of lorries using the road. “They (b) ... (drive) down our road to avoid
going through the High Street” (c) ... (complain) one resident. “But they
(d) ... (make) so much noise that I (e) ... (not be able) to sleep for weeks. And
they (f) ... (always/break) the speed limit! One day there (g) ... (be) a serious
accident, if the council (h) ... (not stop) them”.
4. Fred Dies at 101
Barston’s oldest inhabitant, Fred Whyte (a) ... (die) at the age of 101. Fred
(b) ... (live) in Barston since 1944 and (c) ... (teach) at the local primary
school until he (d) ... (retire) in 1973. His funeral (e) ... (take) place next
Friday.
5. Give Generously on Saturday!
Next Saturday, Friends of Barston Hospital (a) ... (collect) money in the
High Street to buy more equipment for the hospital. “We (b) ... (hope) that
by the end of the day we (c) ... (raise)
154
at least £800,” (d) ... (say) the
organizer. “We (e) ... (need) a new incubator for premature babies and this
money (f) ... (help) us buy one”. At the moment the Friends (g) ... (look) for
volunteers to help on Saturday.
6. Novelist to Open Library
The popular novelist Barbara Bartlett (a) ... (open) the new extension
to Barston library next Wednesday afternoon. Miss Bartlett, who (b) ...
(write) more than twenty best-selling novels (c) ... (sign) copies of her latest
book from 3 to 4 o’clock.
4. Read the following story about а man who found a leak in his bathroom.
Then complete the story by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct
form. The fi rst one has been done for you.
Richard Barnes (1) had just come (just / come) home from work when
he (2) ... (fi n d ) a leak in the bathroom. Water (3) ... (drip) from the ceiling for
some time, and there (4) ... (be) a large pool of water on the fl oor. As soon
as he (5) ... (see) the leak, he (6) ... (call) the plumber. The plumber’s wife
(7) ... (answer). “I’m afraid he (8) ... (go) out an hour ago and he (9) ... (not
come) back yet. I (10) ... (tell) him to phone you when he (11) ... (come) in.
I (12) ... (not expect) he (13) ... (be) long”.
Richard (14) ... (hang) up and (15) ... (sit) down to wait. Two hours later
the phone (16) ... (ring).
“This is the plumber. I (17) ... (believe) you (18) ... (call) earlier”.
“Where on earth (19) ... (you / be)?” (20) ... (demand) Richard angrily. “I
(21) ... (wait) for two hours! What (22) ... (you / do) all this time?”
“I’m terribly sorry, sir”, the plumber (23) ... (answer) nervously. “I
(24) ... (have) a breakdown while I (25) ... (
drive) along the motorway.
I (26) ... (only just / get). I (27) ... (not even have) my dinner yet. My wife
(28) ... (get) it now”.
“Well, I’m sorry about your breakdown”, (29) ... (say) Richard in a more
friendly voice. “But (30) ... (you / repair) my leak tonight or not?”
“(31) ... (not worry), sir”, (32) ... (reply) the plumber. “I (33) ... (have)
my dinner and then I (34) ... (come) straight round”. Richard (35) ... (put)
down the receiver and (36) ... (go) back into the bathroom. The water (37) ...
(still / drip) slowly into the bowl he (38) ... (put) under the leak. He (39) ...
(empty) the bowl again and then (40) ... (sit) down to wait. Two hours later
he (41) ... (pick) up the receiver again. Just as he (42) ... (dial) the number,
the doorbell (43) ... (ring).
“I’m terribly sorry, sir”, (44) ... (say) a small, dark-haired man
apologetically. “I (45) ... (think) I (46) ... (have) to get a new car!”
155
THE PASSIVE VOICE
1. The passive voice is used in English more than in many other
languages. It tends to be used in preference to the active voice when:
a) you want to stress the action itself rather than the doer of it:
The road is being repaired (by the workmen).
b) the doer of the action is unknown or indefi nite:
Suggestions have been made to change the law.
c) the doer of the action is obvious and for that reason does not need to be
named:
The work will be done in three days.
d) the speaker wishes to make a statement sound impersonal or less direct
for reasons of tact, diplomacy, discretion etc. as the passive makes it less
clear who the actual doer is:
It has been decided to close your account.
e) in offi cial notices, instructions, prohibitions to make them sound
impersonal and thus more polite:
This cannot be done so.
f) in phrases such as “It is said that ...”, “It can’t be denied that ...” which
normally appear with the adverbs usually, generally, widely, often,
sometimes, always, rightly, wrongly.
2. In passive sentences the auxiliary verb to be in the appropriate tense
form is used with the past participle of the meaningful verb. The table below
shows how the active form of the verb can be changed into the passive:
Tense Active Passive
Present Simple The divers use special
equ ipment.
Present
Progressive
Past Simple They made a fi lm of the
Past Progressive The workmen were
Present Perfect Somebody has stolen my
Future Simple They will open the hotel
Be going to Are you going to fi nish
Engineers are raising the
ship.
trip.
re pair ing the road.
car.
next year.
the job tonight?
Special equipment is used
(by the divers).
The ship is being raised
by engineers.
A fi lm of the trip was
made.
The road was being
re pai red by the workmen.
My car has been stolen.
The hotel will be opened
next year.
Is the job going to be
fi nished tonight?
156
In a passive sentence, if you want to say who did or what caused the
action, use by; if you want to say how the action was done, use with:
This house was built by my grandfather.
The letter was written with a pencil.
3. Sometimes get is used instead of be in the passive, if you want to say
that something happens to someone or something. Often the action is not
planned; it happens by chance:
There was a fi ght at the party but nobody got hurt.
The dog got run over by a car.
4. Some verbs such as offer, ask, tell, give, send, teach, pay, etc. can have
two objects, so it is possible to make two different passive sentences:
Active Passive
They didn’t offer Ann the job. Ann wasn’t offered the job.
The job wasn’t offered to Ann.
5. When a prepositional object of the active sentence is used as the
subject of the passive sentence, the preposition is placed directly after the
main verb:
Active Passive
Nobody lives in the house.
We sent for the doctor.
In this case the translation starts with the preposition:
The house is not lived in.
The doctor has already been
sent for.
6. The following verbs and verbal phraseological units are particularly
often used in the passive:
a) verbs with prepositions: account for; act on (upon); agree on (upon);
approve of; arrive at; deal with; depend on (upon); hear of (about); insist
on (upon); laugh at; listen to; look after; look for; refer to; rely on (upon);
speak of (about); send for; touch upon, etc.:
His article is often referred to.
b) verbal phraseological units: catch hold of; do away with; lose sight of;
make application of; make use of; pay attention to; put an end to; take
advantage of; take care of; take notice of; make fun of, etc.:
Soon he was lost sight of.
The house is not lived in.
The doctor was sent for.
В этом доме никто не живет.
За доктором уже послали.
EXERCISES
1. Replace the active form of the verb in each sentence with its equivalent
passive form making the necessary changes.
157
Example:
We made a sugges ti on
to improve the pro ject.
A suggestion to improve the
project was made.
1. Skin-divers don’t wear heavy breathing apparatus. 2. Navy engineers
will raise the wreck tomorrow. 3. Is the TV crew making a fi lm of the
elections? 4. Underwater cameras have located the site of the sunken
treasure. 5. Coastguards received the lost yachtsman’s SOS signal
at midnight. 6. Last year they were building a new ring road round the city.
7. Somebody has accused John of stealing the money. 8. The bill includes
service. 9. Some governments put pressure on foreign companies to make
donations for political purposes. 10. The Department of Electronics has
recently objected to special concessions given to IBM. 11. Many countries
will allow foreign investment on a joint-venture basis. 12. They made
a decision to reduce export orders. 13. In earlier times, people regarded
multinationals as heroes, but now they view them with suspicion. 14. Fred
Fiedler, professor of Psychology and Management at the University
of Washington, made an important analysis of leadership. He identifi ed two
basic leadership styles: task-motivated and relationship-motivated ones.
15. The chairman is unable to attend the meeting so he has delegated his
voting powers to the secretary.
2. This is a genuine news report, published in June 1986. Fill in the gaps
with verbs in the appropriate passive forms.
In Denmark, 24 people ... (trap) hanging upside down when a roller
coaster car made an unscheduled stop. The passengers ... (leave) 60 feet
in the air for twenty minutes before they ... (rescue) by fi remen with ladders.
An offi cial for the fairground, at Aalborg in western Denmark, said the riders
fi rmly ... (lock) in and ... (not be) in danger. “They ... (give) their money
back,” the offi cial said.
3. Here are some of the notices in the fun palace and safari park. Fill
in the gaps with verbs in the passive.
1. Visitors ... (allow) into the house and grounds between 9.00 and
5.30 p.m. 2. Tennis-rackets can ... (borrow) on request. 3. A bell ... (ring)
fi fteen minutes before closing time. 4. Visitors ... (request) not to feed the
animals. 5. People ... (advise) not to leave their cars while touring the
safari park. 6. Dogs ... (not allow) in the safari park. 7. You ... (ask) not
to touch the furniture. 8. Dogs must ... (keep) on a lead. 9. The staff ...
(not permit) to accept tips. 10. Lunch ... (serve) in the caféteria from 11.00
to 2.30.
158
4. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the fi rst,
using by or with only where necessary.
Example:
The Browns built the
ho u se. The house ... .
The house was built by the
Browns.
1. Ice on the road almost certainly caused the accident. The accident ... .
2. They never object to his suggestions. His suggestions ... . 3. They have
lent a car for the weekend. A car ... . 4. Lloyd Webber, a well-known
composer, is writing the music for our fi lm. The music ... . 5. Jack hasn’t got
his car at the moment. The garage is repairing it. His car ... . 6. The secretary
brought the papers to the manager to sign. The papers ... . 7. The police have
arrested a 39-year-old mother of three for shoplifting. A 39-year-old
mother ... . 8. I think they should have offered Jim the job. I think Jim ... .
9. They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview. You ... . 10. The
supermarket manager was afraid that someone had injected poison into some
of the food. The supermarket manager was afraid that some of ... . 11. They
promised us higher wages. We ... . Higher wages ... . 12. The colleagues
gave Mr. Green a present when he retired. Mr. Green ... . 13. Employees earn
annual leave credits for vacation at a rate specifi ed in their compensation
plan. Annual leave credits for vacation ... .14. A good manager never draws
a conclusion on unreliable information. A conclusion ... .
5. Use the following sentences in the interrogative and negative forms.
1. Ted was stung by a bee while he was sitting in the garden. 2. When they
returned, the door had been locked. 3. Luggage tags are attached to the ticket.
4. A full explanation was promised to them. 5. They’ve been completely
booked out recently. 6. A lot of trucks and lorries were produced at the plant
last year. 7. The customer is being served at the moment. 8. Rita has been
offered a good job in a Comet shop. 9. The answer will be given to them in a
week. 10. Jim knew about the change of plans. He had been told.
11. Leadership is needed at all levels of an organization. 12. The men were
paid $2,800 to do the job. 13. Their failure has been attributed to the current
fi nancial crisis. 14. A method for measuring a person’s leadership style was
offered by Fred Fiedler. 15. She was given two hours to make a decision.
6. Refer the following sentences to the future.
Example:
Don is always invited to
their parties.
Don will be invited to their
parties.
1. The little boy was overjoyed with his presents. 2. The bridge over the
river is going to be fi nished soon. 3. This artist’s pictures are much sought
159
after. 4. This survey on demographic changes in Asia was often referred
to some time ago. 5. He’s offered a new job. 6. Such kind of problems
is heatedly discussed in our department. 7. Depressions are brought about
by this news. 8. This opinion is not shared by most of my colleagues. 9. The
plans are being scrapped. 10. A lot of Japanese cars have been imported into
Europe this year. 11. Complaints are sent to the head offi ce. 12. This problem
has been solved by joint efforts. 13. In fact, Jack has been suggested two
offers of promotion this year. 14. In the old days it was not considered ladyworthy for a woman to smoke in public, if at all.
7. Read the following news items and write different questions to each
of them.
1. Missing schoolgirl Sheila Patterson, aged eleven, has been found alive
and well in Leicester. Sheila, who disappeared two days ago, said she had
left home to join a circus. Her parents are travelling to Leicester tonight.
Meanwhile, Sheila is being looked after at Leicester police station.
2. Four people were taken to hospital after a fi re at their home
in Tottenham early this morning. They were sent home after treatment for
minor burns. Police believe the fi re was started deliberately.
3. Disc jocker Paul Asherton has been banned from driving for two years.
The court was told that it was the third time Asherton had been stopped for
speeding in six months. Asherton admitted driving at more than 115 mph.
4. Two men are being questioned at Marylebone police station tonight
in connection with last week’s armed robbery in Luton, in which £ 425,000
was stolen from a security van. Another man has already been arrested for
the crime.
5. Lorry-driver Albert Whittaker had a lucky escape this afternoon when
a concrete block, which was being loaded on to his lorry, fell off and landed
inches from his feet. Mr. Whittaker is being treated for shock.
8. Answer the following questions using the words in brackets.
Example:
When should the book be
returned? (in two days)
It should be returned in two
days.
1. What is a man known by? (the company he keeps) 2. You’re going
to do the work. But how will it be done? (joint efforts) 3. How many lessons
a day were given to the students at the beginning of the term? (three lessons)
4. Why are children forbidden to play on the carriageway? (accident) 5. Who
was President John F. Kennedy shot by? (Lee Harvey Oswald) 6. How many
times was the building of Shakespeare’s Royal Theatre rebuilt? (twice)
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