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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка = Practical English Grammar. Учебное пособие
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Births Name Deaths Name
1863 Henry Ford John Keynes
Einstein, Stalin 1947 Henry Ford
1883 1953 Stalin
1889 Chaplin Einstein
Ray Kroc 1963
1909 Peter Drucker 1977 Chaplin
1912 Milton Friedman 1984 Ray Kroc, Indira Gandhi
1915 2005 Peter Drucker
1917 Jonh Kennedy, Indira
Milton Friedman
Gandhi
Margaret Tatcher 2009
1954 Hugo Chavez 2011 Steve Jobs
Steve Jobs 2013
13. Practise the dates aloud. Your peer should write them down in either
British or American way.
Example:
I was born on the fi rst of
May, nineteen ninety.
01.05.1990 (GB)
05/01/1990 (USA)
14. Work in pairs. Answer the following questions about your daily
routine.
1. When do you hear the alarm clock ringing? 2. If you don’t get
up immediately after you’ve heard the bell, when do you get up? 3. Do you
spend your time on doing morning exercises? If you don’t, at what time are
you ready for breakfast? 4. When do you leave for the University? 5. You’ve
been 20 minutes late this morning. When did you leave home? When did
you reach the University? 6. It’s bad manners to enter the classroom
20 minutes late after the teacher’s coming. Do you remember when your
classes begin? 7. At what time does the long break begin? How long is it?
8. When do you have lunch (a snack) when you’re at the University?
9. At what time are your classes over? 10. How long do you stay at the
University after classes? 11. When do you arrive home? 12. At what time
81
do you have dinner? 13. When do you start doing your homework? 14. When
do you go to bed?
15. Translate the following story into English. Mind the use of numerals.
На удивление, Джон Морган-старший оказался еще не очень старым
человеком. Он родился на рубеже XIX–XX вв., 50–55 лет назад, в Техасе. Своим рождением он осчастливил городок Сент-Луис, который расположен в 37 милях от столицы штата. В то время население СентЛуиса составляло не более 4500 человек. В городке имелось два банка,
но число их клиентов не превышало одной трети населения.
Сент-Луис начал быстро развиваться только в 20-е гг. нашего столетия, когда недалеко от города нашли нефть. Вот тогда Джон Морган
и сколотил свой первый капитал в 3 тыс. долларов. А начинал он простым клерком в нефтяной компании, получая 7,5 долларов в неделю.
Джон экономил на всем: питался дешевыми десятицентовыми обедами, ни гроша не тратил на транспорт и ходил пешком, не угощал друзей выпивкой. Однако два раза в месяц он позволял себе потратить
доллар-другой на синематограф. Сейчас Джон Морган-старший весьма уважаемый гражданин штата. Его собственность оценивается
в 25 млрд долларов. Вот у такого богача мне посчастливилось работать
секретарем.
16. Read the following facts about music and musicians recorded in the
Guiness Book of Records. Discuss the information with your classmates
and ask them to enlarge the list of records. Mind that each piece
of information should contain a number.
1. Musical instruments 25,000 years old have been found in Hungary.
The longest musical instrument in the world is a Swiss alphorn which
measures over 13 metres from end to end.
2. The biggest guitar in the world stands 2.6 metres tall and weighs 36
kilograms.
3. Some violins made by Antonio Stradivari (1644–1737) are worth over
1 million pounds.
4. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote his three symphonies in 42 days.
The American composer John Cage has written a piece of “music” which
consists of 4 minutes and 33 seconds of total silence.
5. The most frequently sung English song is “Happy Birthday to you”.
6. Between 1962 and 1978, Paul McCartney wrote 43 songs that sold
a million or more records.
82
THE VERB
THE ACTIVE VOICE
THE PRESENT SIMPLE
1. The Present Simple is used to talk about things in general. It is used
to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something
is true in general:
The moon goes round the earth.
I usually make plans for the weekends.
2. The Present Simple is formed with the help of the base form without
the particle to. In the third person singular the verb requires the ending -s:
I work in a shop. Nick also works here.
The auxiliary verb do / does is used to make questions and negative
sentences:
Do you speak French?
Ann doesn’t like working at night.
3. As the Present Simple is used for a permanent situation or to say how
often you do things, such words as always, usually, as a rule, every day
(week, month, year), sometimes, often, once (twice) a week, etc. can be con-
sidered the indicators of the tense:
As a rule, I go to work at 8 a.m.
Sam always argues with his mother.
4. The Present Simple is also used to denote a future action when you are
talking about timetables, programmes, etc. (for public transport, cinemas):
What time does the train leave?
The basketball match starts at 7 o’clock.
But: The Present Simple is not normally used for personal arrangements
where the Present Progressive is safer: When are we meeting tomorrow?
5. Some verbs are used only in simple tenses. Here is a list of verbs that
are not normally used in continuous tenses (but there are exceptions
want
need
prefer
guess
have (when the meaning is “possess”)
think (when the meaning is “believe” to express opinion)
I don’t quite understand what you mean.
What do you think Ted will do? (= What do you believe he will do?)
like
love
hate
dislike
belong
see
hear
smell
realize
know
believe
taste
forget
look
mean
seem
):
remember
suppose
understand
mind
83
EXERCISES
1. Write descriptions for the following jobs.
Example:
1. a bus driver; 2. a dentist; 3. an economist; 4. a surgeon; 5. a journalist;
6. an actor or actress; 7. a salesperson; 8. a veterinarian; 9. a broadcaster;
10. a software engineer; 11. a DJ; 12. a hotel manager; 13. a sociologist;
14. a pharmacist; 15. a fi tness trainer / instructor.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.
Example:
1. Britain ... (have) very strict laws about bringing animals into the
country, but every year many people ... (try) to import animals illegally.
2. The swimming pool ... (open) at 9.00 and ... (close) at 18.30 every day.
3. I have a car but I ... (not use) it very often. 4. Water ... (boil) at 100 degrees.
5. Where ... (your father / come) from? – He ... (come) from Wales. 6. Rice ...
(not grow) in Europe. 7. What ... (you / do)? – I’m an electrical engineer.
8. The fi rm ... (produce) about 500 sport cars a year. 9. Nearly all farmers
in this country ... (care) about plant and wild animal conservation. 10. If you
need money, why ... (you / not get) a job? 11. I ... (not know) anybody who ...
(enjoy) fi lling in the income declaration form. 12. Before asking a bank
manager for money, it … (be) wise to show him a business plan. 13. How
many people ... (your company / employ)? 14. Wages ... (not / keep) pace
with the rising cost of living.
a pianist A pianist is a person who
plays the piano.
I ... (play) the piano, but
I ... (not play) very well.
I play the piano, but I don’t
play very well.
3. Say that the person you are asked about doesn’t do it because he / she
prefers doing another thing.
Example:
1. Jack tries to go round every city he visits. And Daniel? 2. The
Hilton hotels maintain reputation for fi ne food and good services. And
two star hotels? 3. Businessmen travel much. And teachers? 4. At the
airport the visitor walks through the green door if he has nothing
84
I borrow books from the
library. And Pam?
Pam doesn’t borrow books
from the library. She prefers
e-books and borrows them
from the Internet.
to declare. And the visitor who has goods to declare? 5. Unaccompanied
luggage arrives separately. And hand luggage? 6. Bob usually reads
magazines on board a plane. And Mary? 7. He often losses his tempo
when someone makes a silly mistake. And you? 8. Pete works hard
to become a good specialist on marketing. And Walter? 9. Pete tries
to avoid discussion if he already knows his partner’s viewpoint. And
Walter? 10. I’m in business with my father. We operate a fast-food
restaurant. And you? 11. I feel confi dent stepping out and making
decisions for others. And you? 12. Businessmen generally like the feeling
of independence. And salespeople? 13. I’m a kind of person who always
works harder when confronted by a challenging assignment. And you?
14. It is risky to tell the truth to someone higher up in the organization’s
hierarchy – they may not like what they hear and hold it against you.
That’s why employees often “fi lter” information. And you?
15. A marketing manager is an infl uential person in a company that sells
consumer goods. And a personnel manager?
4. Read the following sentences and correct them. The English is correct
but the information is wrong. Write two correct sentences each time.
Example:
The sun goes round the
earth.
The sun doesn’t go round the
earth. The earth goes round
the sun.
1. Bamboo grows 5 metres in 24 hours. 2. The River Amazon fl ows into
the Pacifi c Ocean. 3. The sun rises in the west. 4. New York is the capital
of the United States. 5. Carpenters make things from metal. 6. People save
money in shops. 7. Philips Records is an American fi rm. 8. The Coca-Cola
Company produces wines. 9. Building companies provide insurance
services. 10. Merchandising companies perform services. 11. Robbins Inc.
employs around 300,000 people. It’s a small company. 12. The British
company Boots manufactures Ariel, a universal detergent.
5. Write the “reply questions” to express surprise.
Example:
I’m George Temple.
He likes jogging.––
Oh, are you really?
Oh, does he really?
1. She runs fi ve miles a day. 2. The grass needs cutting. 3. I know Peter
Lewis. 4. The car looks pretty good. 5. Neville speaks Greek. 6. Housewives
fl y a lot. 7. Our fl ight to Tokyo is quick. 8. My friend usually drives very
carefully. 9. There is a customs check at the border. 10. I’m off to Canada
85
tomorrow. 11. He’s a sales manager. 12. Jake earns enough money to pay his
bills. 13. I work for BCJ Electrical Components. 14. The company motivates
its active employees and increases their salaries. 15. When put under
pressure Mr. Collins keeps cool.
6. Ask general questions to these statements to express doubt or disbelief.
Mind the adverb really.
Example:
It never rains in Lima. Does it really never rain in
Lima?
1. It’s very stuffy and cold in the room. 2. It follows from your story
that Lilly is a liar. 3. The working day of a bank clerk begins at 7 a.m.
4. It usually takes me half an hour to approach the ranch by car. 5. It is
necessary to mention that the Eifel Tower is a must for all visitors of Paris.
6. The United Kingdom goes by the continental time. 7. A lot of eating
places at Covent Garden in London cater for all tastes at various prices.
8. Five star hotels treat their guests to “Swedish Board” which gives you
a quick and delicious meal. 9. We offer highly sophisticated, reliable and
easy to run equipment. 10. This project is a top priority. 11. The fi scal year
of Japanese companies ends on 31 March. 12. We offer competitive
salaries and fringe benefi ts to the staff. 13. The government want
to increase taxes.
7. Use the following sentences to write special questions. Begin your
question with the word(s) in brackets.
Example:
I like scuba diving. (What?)
What do you like?
1. The car breaks down once a week. (How often?) 2. The train for Bern
leaves at 9.37. (When?) 3. Sometimes people do stupid things. (Why?)
4. Tom works for a bank. (Where?) 5. They have dinner in the evening.
(What time / usually?) 6. I need the missing suitcase badly. (How?) 7. People
who go on business prefer to travel by air. (Who? How?) 8. He is a logical
person, with good powers of reasoning. (What kind?) 9. Bob prefers reading
the Financial Times to the Observer. (Which newspaper?) 10. I usually
go shopping to Marks and Spencer. (Where to?) 11. It takes the accountant
a fortnight to make up the company’s balance sheet. (How much time?)
12. These papers usually lie on the manager’s desk. (Where?) 13. Harsh
living conditions often embitter people most. (What?) 14. The United
Kingdom goes by the continental time. (Which time?)
86
8. Here is a set of semidetached houses in Endcliffe Road and two lists
with information about the people living in them. You should practise
all types of questions to get the information about the inhabitants and
fi ll in the blanks. Work in pairs.
Example:
Who lives in house 14?
Is he / she married?
What is his / her hobby?
What does he / she like to drink?
etc.
Number of the house 12 14 16 18 20
Name
Marital status
Pets
Drinks
Books
List 1 List 2
1. Mr. Mayer lives at 18.
2. Miss Barclay likes her Siberian
cats very much.
3. Mr. Baker prefers whisky and
soda to all drinks of the world.
4. Mrs. Evans’s pets are a tortoise
and a rabbit.
5. Every night Mr. Russel goes to
a pub to drink a pint of lager.
6. Mr. Mayer is a researcher at
Oxford. He studies Shakespeare’s
chronicles.
7. Mrs. Evans and her husband
live at 12.
8. Mr. Baker and his wife live next
door to Mr. Mayer.
9. Mr. Russel’s hobby is to read
detective stories.
10. Miss Barclay likes to read love
stories before going to bed.
11. Mr. Mayer likes his parrots
and canaries.
1. Mrs. Evans likes to read comics.
2. Mr. Russel lost his wife 2 years
ago in an accident. He’s not married
yet.
3. Mr. Mayer is a bachelor.
4. Miss Barclay lives next door to
Mr. Russel.
5. Mr. Baker likes wild animals. His
pet is a raccoon.
6. Mr. Russel’s neighbours are Miss
Barclay and Mrs. Evans.
7. Miss Barclay has never been
married though she is 41 already.
8. Mr. Baker reads fi ction stories
in the evening.
9. Mrs. Evans likes dry red wine.
10. Mr. Mayer likes to drink cocktails.
11. Miss Barclay prefers orange juice to all drinks.
12. Mr. Russel likes his spaniel very
much.
87
9. Study the timetable of Inter-City trains for a few minutes. Imagine
you worked in the Information Offi ce at Bournemouth. Advise people
to get from Bournemouth to their destinations in good time.
Bournemouth → Southampton → London
Mondays to Fridays
Bournemouth
Lymington
Town
dd ddd ddaaa
11.40 11.19M 11.39M 12.10 → → → → → 13.20
12.00 12.06 12.21 12.40 12.48 13.01 13.19 13.38 14.45 14.04
12.40 12.19M 12.39M 13.10 → → → → → 14.20
13.00 13.06 13.21 13.40 13.48 14.01 14.19 14.38 15.45 15.04
13.40 13.19M 13.39M 14.10 → → → → → 15.20
14.00 14.06 14.21 14.40 14.48 15.01 15.19 15.38 16.45 16.04
14.40 14.19M 14.39M 15.10 → → → →
16.00 16.06 16.21 16.40 16.48 17.01 17.19 17.38
16.40 16.19M 16.39M 17.10 → → → → → 18.23
17.00 17.06 17.21 17.40x17.48
Brockenhurst
Southampton
Southampton
Airport
Winchester
18.01
1822W
W Change at Basingstoke
M Change at Southampton
a Arrival time
d Departure time
x Restaurant Car all or part of journey
Connections cannot be guaranteed.
1836W
Basingstoke
18.19
19.01
Woking
Heathrow
16.28→17.02
18.45
17.23
18.45
18.38
19.45 19.04
19.24
Airport
16.20
17.32
18.04
18.14
19.53
Waterloo
Example:
88
I’m meeting my sister
in Southampton at 12.30.
I think the train you need
lea ves Bournemouth at 11.40.
It arrives at Southampton at
12.10, so you’ve got enough
time to fi nd the platform.
1. I’m fl ying from Southampton to le Touquet and then on to Paris.
Check-in time is 13.40. 2. My fl ight leaves from Heathrow at 18.45. 3. I want
a train to Winchester that’ll get me there in time for the football match. The
match starts at 18.30. 4. I have to get to Basingstoke by 6 p.m. 5. I want
a fast train to London that’ll get me there in time for the theatre. The
performance begins at 7 p.m. 6. I’ve got a meeting in London at 2.20. The
offi ce is about half an hour from Waterloo by tube.
10. Read the following text, and then write two or three paragraphs
about how you spend your day.
I am a commercial artist. Many people imagine that artists live a lazy
life. Perhaps some do. However, my family gets very bad-tempered if there
is no food, and I fi nd I have to work quite hard to pay the bills. So I do not
simply sleep all morning, stagger out of bed at midday, and go off to the pub
for a liquid breakfast. Here is how I spend my day.
I get up at about eight o’clock. I wash, dress and have breakfast. I look
through the mail, hoping to fi nd cheques and commissions. They are never
enough of either.
When breakfast is over I drive to my studio and spend the morning
working. Working, for me, means trying to think of new design ideas, and
then working the ideas out in detail when I have found them. This goes
on till about twelve-thirty or one o’clock; then I have a quick sandwich
lunch, and after that it’s back to work.
During the afternoon I often have meetings with clients. These tend to be
diffi cult, because many of my clients have strong views about art (although
very few of them know what they are talking about). By the time fi ve-thirty
comes round I’m more than ready to stop. I close up the studio, drive home
and begin to relax.
11. You are planning to make an exchange with a British student and
have been asked to provide details of yourself (age, sex, appearance)
as well as a brief description of your favourite leisure activities. Write
two paragraphs about yourself, as in the model below.
My name is Jonathan Prichard. I’m 20, quite tall, with fair hair and blue
eyes. I live in a suburb of Birmingham with my parents and younger
sister in a semidetached house.
I’m interested in photography, bird-watching and classical music. I enjoy
going to concerts and I play tennis and squash. At the moment I’m
studying law at the local college.
89
12. Translate the following sentences into English. Mind the verbs in the
Present Simple.
1. Кто эта новая девушка в нашей компании? – Это Марта Нельсон.
Говорят, она из Калифорнии. – Неужели? Я ведь тоже из Калифорнии.
Из какого она города? – К сожалению, не знаю, но зато знаю, чем Марта занимается. Она изучает финансы в нашем университете.
2. Мне нужно быть завтра в Лондоне на научной конференции в 2
часа пополудни. Когда прямой рейс из Минска? – Прямой рейс в 14.25.
Я советую вам лететь в Вену рейсом, который отправляется в 8.05.
В 10.15 из Вены есть самолет на Лондон, и через два часа вы на месте.
Отнимите два часа разницы между австрийским и британским временем. Сколько получится? Да, четверть одиннадцатого. Иными словами,
у вас достаточно времени, чтобы заселиться в гостиницу.
3. Тяжелая промышленность не является ведущей отраслью экономики этой страны. На первом месте здесь находится индустрия услуг.
4. Я не принадлежу ни к одной политической партии, хотя уважаю
политические взгляды тех, кто их выражает.
5. Как производители мы стремимся сохранить и увеличить нашу
долю рынка.
6. Сколько стоит отправить товары в Грецию морем? А сколько времени займет их перевозка по железной дороге?
7. Наша компания выпускает широкий ассортимент продукции, что
помогает ей успешно конкурировать.
8. Многие специалисты считают, что антикризисное управление актуально только тогда, когда у компании плохое финансовое положение.
9. Цель данного сайта – содействие широкому кругу исследований,
поэтому он предлагает доступ к уникальному набору данных.
10. Всемирный банк предоставляет техническую помощь развивающимся странам. Каждые десять лет он выделяет им 12 млрд долларов.
11. Мне нравится моя работа и моя зарплата, но как председатель
совета директоров я не желаю поддерживать акционеров, которые хотят лишь быстрой прибыли и не думают о долгосрочной перспективе
компании.
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
1. The Present Progressive is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb
to be in the appropriate present simple form and the present participle of the
meaningful verb:
90
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