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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка = Practical English Grammar. Учебное пособие
.pdf
bring us two chocolate ... ? (ice / ices) 5. She doesn’t like the vase. The ...
is not transparent. Where have I put my ... ? I can’t read a thing. (glass /
glasses) 6. Three ... , please. I like strong ... . (coffee / coffees) 7. We had
a lot of interesting ... during our holiday. You need ... for this job.
(experience / experiences) 8. Sorry I’m late. I had ... with the car this
morning. There are always no … with his studies. (trouble / troubles) 9. But
commodity ... are less satisfactory as media of exchange and stores of value.
This ... belongs to the boss. (money / moneys) 10. Can you tell me how many
thousands of ... are produced at the plant every day? Our college was built
of ... . (brick / bricks) 11. He’s 75 but he is in possession of all his ... . The ...
of our University consists of highly qualifi ed specialists. (faculty / faculties)
12. After spending most of his life travelling round the world, he is now
writing a book about his ... . A manager should have ... in solving such
problems. (experience / experiences)
11. Complete the following sentences with nouns ending in -s. Remember
that some of them can be both singular and plural.
Example:
This plant is a very rare ... . This plant is a very rare species.
1. She can’t see very well. She needs ... . 2. The bicycle and the car are ...
of transport. 3. Footballers don’t wear trousers when they play. They
wear ... . 4. Be careful! The ... to the offi ce is steep. 5. I know he’s very
clever but … are not the only thing in life. 6. The ... are out of fashion.
7. Kate is going to write a ... of articles for her local paper. 8. If you want
to buy some new ..., the shop I would recommend is Harrison’s. 9. Our
employees planted different ... of trees. The action was part of their
company’s practice of social responsibility. 10. Put the suitcase on the ... so I
can see how much it weighs. The excess luggage should be paid. 11. He reads
the Financial Times to get the ... about the exchange rates. 12. The ...
produced by Sony are always of excellent quality. 13. The ... of our
corporation is situated in Brussels. 14. My ... are not high but at least they
are regular.
Prompts: scales, glasses, clothes, brains, series, means, trousers,
shorts, news, goods, species, stairs, headquarters, earnings.
12. Choose the appropriate form of the verb, singular or plural.
1. Fortunately the news ... (wasn’t / weren’t) as bad as we had expected.
2. England ... (has / have) won all their football matches this season. 3. I’m
going to take a taxi. Six miles ... (is / are) too far for me to walk. 4. The
china ... (was / were) good, of a delicate pattern. 5. Two years ... (isn’t /
aren’t) long enough to get the necessary experience in the branch. 6. Cheap
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clothes ... (is / are) usually on sale. 7. When ... (was / were) this patent
licensed? 8. The baggage ... (contain / contains) apparatus and appliances.
9. The police ... (want / wants) to interview the chief executive offi cer about
the bribe. 10. The money ... (was / were) so scarce that it could fairly be said
not to exist at all. 11. The means for a business start-up ... (was / were) easily
found. 12. The steelworks ... (was / were) his country, his home, his reason
for being. 13. The goods you ordered ... (hasn’t / haven’t) arrived yet.
14. Fifty dollars ... (is / are) a lot of money to lose.
13. Fill in is or are in the sentences of the following story.
You know, old Ben, who sits outside the bus station every day and begs
for money? Well, he must be a rich man. His clothes ... torn and dirty, his
hair … never washed, his glasses … broken, but his earnings ... more than
enough to buy new clothes. Someone told me he takes $50 a day in summer.
People ... generous, aren’t they? Now $50 … not much to live on, but
he never spends any of it. His savings … hidden away somewhere. He’s
been begging there in the same place for twenty years, which ... a very long
time. And it’s against law. But obviously the police ... quite happy about it.
14. Translate the following sentences into English. Mind the use
of singular and plural nouns.
1. Я доставил три пиццы, как Вы заказывали. – Спасибо. Поднимайтесь в офис, но будьте осторожны – лестница крутая. 2. Остап Бендер
любил повторять, что автомобиль – это не роскошь, а средство передвижения. 3. Какие великолепные серьги у тебя! Они, наверно, бриллиантовые? 4. Лосось любит чистую воду. Когда-то он водился в реках
Беларуси. Сегодня этот вид рыб исчез, потому что среда его обитания
подверглась загрязнению. 5. Знает ли полиция об украденных деньгах? – Конечно, знает. Полицейские уже спрашивали начальника отдела
о том, как деньги исчезли из сейфа. 6. Я люблю делать покупки в этом
супермаркете: продавцы всегда приветливы, а их советы всегда полезны. 7. Борис Акунин – очень популярный автор. Все его книги сразу
становятся бестселлерами. 8. Средство для решения этой производственной проблемы нашлось очень быстро. 9. Я работаю на тракторном заводе и очень люблю свою работу. Завод стал мне вторым домом.
10. Статистика показывает, что 50% компаний становятся банкротами
в первый год своего существования. 11. Наш университет готовит специалистов для различных отраслей национальной экономики – экономистов, менеджеров, бухгалтеров, маркетологов и др. Выпускники
вуза, получив опыт практической работы на предприятии, начинают
быстро продвигаться по карьерной лестнице. 12. Какие новости, Де-
12
нис? – Куратор не очень доволен моими успехами по экономической
теории и математике. Он посоветовал уделять больше времени изучению этих предметов. А как же моя атлетика? Двадцать четыре часа
в сутки – не так уж много времени, чтобы все успеть сделать. 13. Правительство этой страны очень нестабильно. За последние десять лет
страна испытала ряд политических кризисов, а экономические проблемы идут одна за другой. 14. Акционеры компании недовольны решением совета директоров внедрять принципы корпоративной социальной
ответственности. По их мнению, основной целью бизнеса является
прибыль и финансовые дивиденды. По этой причине они считают, что
топ-менеджеры, практикующие социальную ответственность, воруют
деньги у собственников.
15. Make up a list of things that are in fashion this season. Ask your
partner for advice to choose the clothes you will look cool at the coming
party.
16. Work in groups of three. Imagine you were speaking with your
parents about your fi rst days at the University. You like studies there
and the parents, who graduated from the same University, want to know
more about the subjects, teachers, methods of teaching, etc. Use as many
nouns in the singular and plural as possible.
THE POSSESSIVE CASE
To show possession both the of-phrase and the possessive case ’s can
be used.
1. Nouns usually form possessives by adding ’s. After a singular noun ’s
is used, after a plural noun (which ends in -s) only the apostrophe (’) is used.
If a plural noun does not end in -s, we use ’s:
the manager’s offi ce Mr. Brown’s savings the boss’s offi ce
the managers’ offi ce the Browns’ savings the women’s ideas
The apostrophe ’s can be used with a word-combination after the last
noun:
Mr. and Mrs. White’s house
Bill and Jane’s accommodation
The ’s-form can be used without a following noun if the noun is used
already:
Tom’s offi ce is smaller than Ann’s. (= Ann’s offi ce)
2. The ’s-form is obligatory with
a) proper nouns: Mr. Evans’s diary
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b) names of shops: baker’s (shop) but: bakery
c) names of places where people live: at my granny’s (house)
d) time words (today, tomorrow, Friday, etc.):
Have you still got last Sunday’s newspaper?
e) periods of time; mind that with plurals only the apostrophe (’) is used:
Jack has got a week’s leave.
I need two hours’ training a day.
3. Normally the apostrophe ’s is used when the fi rst noun is a person
or an animal:
the director’s offi ce the horse’s tail
Otherwise (with things) the of-phrase is normally used:
the beginning of the crisis the start of the presentation
Sometimes ’s can be used when the fi rst noun is a thing, but it is safer and
more common to use the of-phrase:
the crisis’s impact / the impact of the crisis
4. Both the ’s-form and the of-phrase can be used:
a) when the fi rst noun is an organization (= a group of people):
the government’s bill / the bill of the government
b) with places:
Britain’s economy / economy of Britain
the world’s coal resources / the coal resources of the world
c) with nouns denoting parts of the entity, or units of machines and
mechanisms:
the company’s department / the department of the company
the plane’s engines / the engines of the
d) with nouns of special interest to human activity:
science’s infl uence / infl uence of science
plane
EXERCISES
1. Join two nouns to express possession. Mind different ways of doing it.
Example:
1. the camera / Kate; 2. the computer / my friend; 3. the newspaper /
yesterday; 4. glasses / the colleague; 5. the car / Don and Jane; 6. the
birthday / my peer; 7. the result / the interview; 8) a credit card / John;
9. a new manager / the company; 10. the savings / the Watsons; 11. the oil
resources / Saudi Arabia; 12. the headquarters / the corporation;13. the
turnover / the BP; 14. the name / the partner I saw you with yesterday;
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the door / the room
car / Ann
the door of the room
Ann’s car
15. the cost / the delivery; 16. salary / a month; 17. the needs / the customers;
18. the economic policy / the government.
2. Join the sentences using the possessive case.
Example:
Jake works in the offi ce on
the tenth fl oor. It is very
Jake’s offi ce on the tenth fl oor
is very large.
large.
1. My parents live on a farm. It’s near the Canadian border. 2. Phil has
a sports car. It can do 180 kph. 3. Mr. Brown uses a computer. It saves him
a lot of time. 4. Alice has made a report on personnel training. It’s very good.
5. The hotel has got a new receptionist. She’s very helpful. 6. Jake has got
a new job. It seems to be very interesting. 7. In winter our shops sell tomatoes
exported from Spain. They are not very tasty. 8. I went on a business trip
to Boston. I stayed there a week. 9. The deputy manager made an analysis
on the changes in the company. It was highly approved of. 10. Britain
produces wool. It is of high quality. 11. The chief executive offi cer has got
rich experience in the branch. It helps him to make the right decision.
12. The company developed its own web-site. It helps the management
to inform the staff. 13. The annual meeting is tomorrow. It is important for
the shareholders because the results of the corporate activities will
be discussed. 14. The management has made a new offer. It’s too low,
so we’re going to strike.
3. Choose the singular or plural nouns from the box and fi ll in the blanks
using the possessive forms. The fi rst sentence has been done for you.
holiday climate environment headquarters problems
property earnings home jobs reserves decision
desire complaint voice revenue expectations
1. A man’s home is his castle. 2. The men ... are hard. 3. A fortnight ...
is over. 4. The country... is different. 5. This cottage is not mine. It is
my brother ... . 6. The earth ... is in danger. 7. The personnel ... should
be solved. 8. It was only Jane ... to change the job. 9. The staff didn’t approve
of the management ... to cut wages. 10. The boss ... is heard in the distance
if he is irritated.11. My sister ... are regular and high. 12. The customer ...
was satisfi ed. 13. The company ... are situated in London. 14. Venezuela ...
of oil are the largest in the world. 15. Volkswagen ... is around US$ 409,000
million. 16. The African nations ... for a better standard of living have
increased.
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4. Change each sentence using ’s with the words given in bold.
Example:
The newspapers today
are full of news about the
political crisis in Ukraine.
Today’s newspapers are full
of news about the political
crisis in Ukraine.
1. The meeting tomorrow has been cancelled. 2. The storm last week
caused a lot of damage to the grain. 3. The only factory in the town has been
closed down. 4. He is still thinking of the Financial Times to come next
morning. 5. Tourism is the main industry in the region. 6. A number of best
employees will be awarded at the party this evening. 7. Crime is the product
of social order in a country. 8. The car companies in Japan are doing very
well. 9. Most enterprises in the region fell under the impact of the economic
crisis. 10. The relations between the banks and industry in Germany have
not always been conducive to success in export markets. 11. Exports from
Britain to the United States have fallen recently. 12. The oil riches in certain
Arab states are known to all.
5. Using the information given, make sentences with nouns denoting
periods of time and distance.
Example:
My house is very near
here. It takes us only fi ve
So it’s only fi ve minutes’
walk far from here.
minutes to get it. (walk)
1. I went to sleep at 3 o’clock this morning and woke up an hour later at 6
o’clock. (sleep) 2. If I leave the house at 8 o’clock and drive to work
in London, I arrive at about 8.30 a.m. (drive) 3. He delayed upstairs for
an instant and then he went down to the police car awaiting him. (delay)
4. That morning he had already done good work. It had taken him three
hours. (work). 5. The delegation arrived in Stockholm on the 5th and left
on the 8th. (visit) 6. Carol is leaving on holiday on the 13th. She has to come
back to work on the 27th. (holiday) 7. I fl ew from Heathrow to Paris. The
plane took off at 9 a.m. and landed at 10 a.m. (fl ight) 8. We began the talks
with the partner at 10 o’clock in the morning and fi nished them at the
midday. (talks) 9. Rex started his MBA courses at Harvard two years ago.
Now he is about to leave. (study) 10. The Coca-Cola Company was set up in
1902. It has been in business for more than a century. (history
) 11. The
auditing inspection in our company started on Monday. It’s Thursday but the
inspectors are still working. (auditing)
6. Fill in the blanks using the given nouns: bar, blade, loaf, block, glass,
lump, piece, pile, slice. Use the word combinations in sentences of your
own.
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l. a ... of chocolate; 2. a ... of bread; 3. a ... of soap; 4. a ... of grass; 5. a ...
of sugar; 6. a ... of water; 7. a ... of ice; 8. a ... of cake; 9. a ... of rubbish.
7. Translate the following sentences into English. Mind the use of the
possessive case.
1. Мама попросила меня купить две бутылки минеральной воды, коробку конфет, плитку шоколада и батон. Я отправился в торговый центр
«Арена Сити», который находится недалеко от моего дома – в пяти минутах ходьбы. 2. Ты не знаешь, как зовут девушку, которая сейчас разговаривает с Дэном? – Это Оливия, младшая дочь мистера Джонсона,
владельца компании, на которой женился Роберт, помощник моего босса. Свадьба Оливии и Роберта была одной из самых дорогих. 3. Родительский дом милее всего на свете. 4. Какой великолепный коттедж!
Он твой, Ник? – Нет, не мой, хотя я в нем живу. Это собственность моего двоюродного брата. 5. В прошлом году экспорт Польши в европейские страны увеличился, не так ли? 6. На торжественном приеме,
устроенном по поводу основания корпорации, присутствовали и жены
топ-менеджеров. 7. Мой босс был в недельной командировке. 8. Компания «Вольво» была основана в 1927 году. За свою почти столетнюю
историю она превратилась из маленькой региональной фирмы в одного
из крупнейших в мире производителей автобусов, грузовых и легковых
автомобилей. 9. Большинство населения страны поддерживает экономическую политику правительства. 10. Во время переговоров субподрядчик вдруг обвинил директора по персоналу нашей компании в неэтичном поведении. Наступило минутное молчание; все почувствовали
себя неловко. 11. Природа Беларуси уникальна, поэтому экологический
туризм в республике должен стать перспективным бизнесом . 12. В условиях экономического кризиса многие предприятия стали сокращать
издержки. Наше предприятие оказалось в их числе. Однако сотрудники
не одобрили решение руководства снизить им заработную плату.
8. Test yourself. Choose the correct form (a, b or c) to complete the
sentences.
1. Five-star hotels provide customers with restaurants, beauty parlours, ... etc.
a) barber b) barber’s c) barbers’
2. Could you take these books to the ... offi ce, please?
a) Dean b) Dean’s c) Deans’
3. I’m borrowing ... car while they’re away.
a) Kate and Phil b) Kate’s and Phil’s c) Kate and Phil’s
17
4. You can’t sit here. That is the ... place.
a) director b) director’s c) directors’
5. The cottage you are admiring is not mine. It is my … property.
a) aunt Emily b) aunt’s Emily c) aunt Emily’s
6. “At ... hotel” is a novel by Agatha Christie.
a) Bertram b) Bertram’s c) Bertrams’
7. Have you seen the ... keys anywhere?
a) car b) car’s c) cars’
8. He got his ... salary and looked very proud.
a) fi rst month b) fi rst month’s c) fi rst months’
9. That’s Mrs Davies, the ... wife, isn’t she?
a) top-manager b) top-manager’s c) top-managers’
10. Nobody can deny that ... jobs are hard.
a) men b) men’s c) mens’
11. I strongly believe that it’s a … duty to keep house.
a) woman b) woman’s c) womans’
12. The management of our company always keep an eye on the ...
concerns.
a) employee b) employee’s c) employees’
13. The executive manager is making a report at the ... meeting.
a) shareholder b) shareholder’s c) shareholders’
14. Certain ... oil riches are known to all.
a) Arab states b) Arab states’ c) Arab states’s
THE ARTICLE
There are three articles in English: the indefi nite article a/an, the defi nite
article the and zero article when the noun is used without any article.
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Normally the indefi nite article a/an is used with singular countable
nouns.
1. The indefi nite article a/an is used
a) with the noun mentioned for the fi rst time:
18
For lunch I had a sandwich and an apple.
b) in sentences beginning with there is, it is, this is:
There is a newspaper on the table.
c) with the noun used in the general sense; so the article has the
meaning of “every”:
A good dog deserves a good bone.
d) to state that the object denoted by the noun belongs to a certain class:
Tom is a very experienced worker.
To eat out tonight is a good idea.
2. The indefi nite article preserves its old original meaning of one with
nouns denoting time, weight, measure and with numerals hundred, thousand,
million:
A week or two passed.
My new car cost a thousand pounds.
The butter is three dollars a kilo.
3. A/an is used with singular countable nouns in exclamatory sentences
and after such, quite and rather:
What a lovely day today!
It’s such an interesting idea, isn’t it?
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
The defi nite article the is used with uncountable nouns and singular
or plural countable nouns.
With countable and uncountable nouns
1. The defi nite article is used with the noun mentioned for the second
time. Compare:
For lunch I had a sandwich and an apple. The sandwich wasn’t very nice.
2. The defi nite article is used when it is clear in the situation which
person or thing you mean. For example, in a room you talk about the light /
the fl oor / the ceiling / the door, etc.:
Can you close the door, please? (= the door of this room)
3. The defi nite article is used when there’s an attribute to point out
a particular object:
This is the house that Jack built,
And this is the mouse that lives in the house that Jack built.
4. The defi nite article is also used with nouns denoting unique things (the
moon, the sun, the heaven, etc.):
The sun was bright.
19
5. The defi nite article is used with nouns in the generic sense when the
speaker talks about a type of plant, animal, or a type of machine, invention
or musical instrument:
The bicycle is an excellent means of transport.
My favourite fl ower is the tulip.
Can your daughter play the piano?
6. The defi nite article is also used with nouns in word-groups the fi rst
component of which is some, many, most, none, and the second one is a
noun with the preposition of:
Most of the novels by G. Durrel are devoted to animals.
7. The defi nite article is used with nouns modifi ed by the pronoun same
or by next, wrong, right, very, etc.:
What is the next question, please?
But: I’ll do it next week.
8. The defi nite article is used with nouns modifi ed by adjectives in the
superlative degree:
The Dnieper is the longest river in Belarus.
9. The defi nite article can be used with following adjectives (without
a noun): the blind, the dead, the deaf, the disabled, the injured, the old, the
poor, the rich, the sick, the unemployed, the young. Their meaning is always
plural:
Do you think the rich should pay more taxes?
10. The defi nite article is used with some nationality adjectives to denote
“the people of that country”:
The French
are famous for their food.
With proper nouns
1. The defi nite article is used with proper nouns when they denote the
whole family:
The Browns lived in this house 10 years ago.
2. The defi nite article is also used with names of persons that are modifi ed
by a particularizing attribute:
He was again the Elvis Presley everybody knew.
3. The defi nite article is used with the following geographical names:
a) names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes (without the word lake) and
canals: the Atlantic (Ocean), the Red Sea, the Nile, the Panama Canal;
b) mountain ranges which usually have plural names: the Rockies, the
Alps;
c) island groups which usually have plural names: the British Isles, the
Canaries;
d) regions and provinces: the Far East, the Crimea, the Caucasus;
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