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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка = Practical English Grammar. Учебное пособие
.pdf
1. Hedgehogs are easily trained, aren’t they? 2. Short-sighted people can
see well at long distance. 3. South plants can easily survive in the northern
regions with severe frosts. 4. I believe that David Copperfi eld, an illusionist,
can fl y. 5. The Germans and the Chinese understand each other well, don’t
they? 6. I strongly believe that any brave person can go down the Niagara
Downfalls. 7. Students can travel any time they want to. 8. I don’t think in a
few years computers can think better than we do. 9. In 2020 people can land
on Mars. 10. I think one can smoke in the offi ce where only males work.
11. A person who doesn’t like to work with numbers can become a good
accountant. 12. A person who has to travel a lot, likes the thought of changing
trains and planes, especially at night.
8. This time you have to decide how to say what you want to say.
Example:
You have to carry some
heavy boxes. Ask some-
Could you give me a hand
with these boxes?
one to help you.
1. You’re on a plane. The passenger next to you has fi nished reading his
newspaper. Now you want to have a look at it. What would you say?
2. A friend has just come to see you in your fl at. Offer him something
to drink. 3. You’re in the post offi ce. You want four stamps for the USA.
What do you say? 4. You are Nick’s landlady. Your lounge is rather small,
and your sister is coming round this evening. What do you ask him? 5. You
want this person to speak more slowly, because you fi nd it diffi cult
to understand him or her. What do you ask him / her? 6. You can’t open the
door. It seems to be jammed. Ask someone to help you. 7. You’re in a car
with a friend, who is driving. He’s going to park the car but there is a
No Parking sign. You see the sign and say: ... . 8. You’re sitting on a crowded
bus. There is an old lady standing. Offer her your seat. 9. You can’t use the
printer because some paper is jammed. Ask your colleague for help. 10. You
need some money to buy the thing you have been dreaming of for three
years. Ask someone sharing the offi ce with you to lend $230. 11. You are
a boss. You hear your secretary talking with her boyfriend on the offi ce
phone. The boy lives in Australia. What do you say to her? 12. You want
to see the head of the department to discuss your promotion. Ask his / her
secretary to connect you with the head.
9. Work in pairs. Express doubt or uncertainty and give arguments
to support your feeling as shown in the example.
Example:
He didn’t come to my
birthday party. (forget)
He can’t / couldn’t have forgotten about it! He always remembers his friends’ dates.
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1. What he told everybody about Nick isn’t true. (tell a lie) 2. He was late
for classes again today. (oversleep) 3. She went to the night club without her
parents’ permission. (do it) 4. Max has presented a report to the class today.
(fi n i s h i t / yesterday) 5. The boys went out to play football in the morning.
It’s 4 p.m. but they are not home yet. (play football) 5. He looked up at
me when I called him but passed by. (pretend / not to recognise) 6. He thought
my words offensive and left. (let smb. / go) 7. I haven’t seen the man since
I lent him money. (trust) 8. It’s 10 p.m. already but there is light in the
executive manager’s offi ce. (work) 9. Your subordinate left the offi ce an hour
before the closing time. (do it) 10. The plant’s output is increasing. (install
new equipment) 11. The company is not able to pay the bank loan back.
(become a bankrupt) 12. David complains that his fi rm is doing worse by
reducing its target market. (lose a nose for business)
10. Discuss with your peer what you can and what you can’t do: a)
on board a plane (train); b) in the hall of residence; c) at the University;
d) in the concert (pop music, opera).
Example:
Can you walk in the
plane when it’s taking off
or landing?
No, you can’t walk in the
plane when it’s taking off or
landing.
11. Translate the following sentences into English using can or its
equivalent in different meanings.
1. Я не могу понять, что он говорит. 2. У вас столько покупок, что
вы не сможете отнести их все сразу. Не могу ли я вам помочь? 3. Говорят, что хотя Серена Уильямс и была не в форме, она сумела победить
на Уимблдонском турнире в 2012 году. 4. Не может быть, чтобы он все
еще работал! 5. Вам нельзя находиться в помещении, где хранятся секретные файлы и бумаги, если у вас нет разрешения. 6. Когда Феликсу
было десять лет, он уже мог составлять сложные компьютерные программы. 7. Ситуация такова, что я не могу ни с кем, кроме тебя, посоветоваться. Что же делать? – Ты бы мог позвонить своему адвокату. Почему ты этого до сих пор не сделал? 8. Несмотря на пессимистические
прогнозы, что республиканцы потеряют большинство в Сенате, им удалось сохранить его. 9. Полагаю, мы можем начать наше заседание.
К сожалению, у нас мало времени, и мы сможем рассмотреть только
один вопрос: стоимость товаров нашего предприятия. Мистер Кейнс,
что вы можете сказать по данному вопросу? – Последний квартал был
довольно сложным. Мы бы могли получить больше прибыли по сравнению с прошлым годом, но наши товары перестали пользоваться
172
спросом. Могу я высказать свои предположения, почему это произошло, господин председатель?
MAY, MIGHT AND BE ALLOWED (PERMITTED) TO
1. The modal verb may is normally used to ask permission or to give
permission to do something:
– May I smoke here?
– Yes, you may.
You may use the offi ce phone if you wish.
To express permission the equivalent be allowed (permitted) to can also
be used:
Are we allowed to use a dictionary?
2. In its negative form the modal verb may is used to express prohibition:
– May I smoke here?
– No, you may not.
To express prohibition mustn’t and don’t can also be used. Mustn’t
is used to express strong prohibition. Mustn’t means that it is not the person
who prohibits the action but there are facts, rules or circumstances
prohibiting it. Compare:
– Mummy, may I have more ice cream?
– No, you may not.
– But Mummy ...
– No, you mustn’t. You may have a sore throat.
Don’t is less strict than may not, it is rather asking somebody not to do
something than prohibiting something, which is expressed by may not:
– I’d like some ice cream.
– No, don’t, you may catch a cold.
3. May and might are used to say that something is possible. Here
supposition implying doubt is often expressed. There is no important
difference between may and might but might makes the supposition more
uncertain. You can say:
He may be at home now. (= He might be at home now.)
To say what was possible in the past,
perfect infi nitive:
– I can’t fi nd my bag anywhere.
– You might have left it in the shop. (= perhaps you left it)
May and might can also be used with the indefi nite or progressive
infi nitive to talk about possible happenings or possible actions in the future:
I might be watching the rugby match on TV at 9. (= perhaps I’ll
be watching)
may / might are used with the
173
4. The expression may / might as well is used to say that you should
do something but only because there is no reason not to do it and because
there is nothing better to do:
We may (might) as well go to the cinema. We’ve nothing else to do.
5. Mind that only might with the perfect infi nitive is used to express
reproach:
You might have warned him about the danger!
EXERCISES
1. Comment on the use of the verb may in the following proverbs. Give
their equivalents in the language of your own.
1. A cat may look at a king. 2. The remedy may be worse than the disease.
3. A fair face may hide a foul heart. 4. A fool may give a wise man counsel.
5. Men / friends may meet, but mountains never (greet). 6. Gather ye roses
while ye may. 7. Oaks may fall when reeds stand the storm. 8. Never put off
till tomorrow what may be done today. 9. Nothing is so bad but it might have
been worse. 10. He may / might just as well be hung for a sheep as for
a lamb. 11. Hares may pull dead lions by the beard. 12. Between the cup and
the lip a morsel may slip.
2. Paraphrase the following notices to give or refuse permission.
Example:
1. Walk your dogs here. 2. Don’t swim in the pond. 3. Private. Keep out.
4. Don’t use the offi ce phones for private calls. 5. Keep silence.
6. No alcoholic drinks under 21. 7. No parking here. 8. Don’t take
photographs. 9. Visitors welcome 24 hours a day. 10. For sale. Come and
have a look. 11. Parking for staff only. 12. Club members use tennis courts
free on Saturday.
3. Change the following sentences using may.
Example:
1. The children are allowed to go to the river as the weather is fi ne. 2. Are
little children allowed to play with matches? 3. Will you permit them
to attend your lectures? 4. Do you permit us to take these books home and
keep them for a week? 5. Will you allow Andrew to play the computer after
174
No smoking.
Room for smokers.
Do you allow me to leave
earlier?
You may not smoke here.
You may smoke here.
May I leave earlier?
doing his homework? 6. Do you allow me to use your phone? I’ve lost mine.
7. Allow me to do things the way I want them to do. 8. Will you allow me to
leave work earlier today? 9. Do you allow me to start doing this job right
now? 10. Will you allow me to invite the peers to our discussion? 11. Do you
allow me to express my point of view on the issue? 12. Do you permit me to
stay at the board of directors’ sitting?
4. Give permission as shown in the example.
Example:
May I take your book?
Yes, you may. (Do, please.
You are welcome.)
1. May I ask you a personal question? 2. May I borrow your car? 3. May
I smoke here? 4. May I see you off? 5. May I call you back? 6. May I leave
my personal effects here? 7. May I borrow books from your private library?
8. May I see the e-mail? 9. May I stay in the offi ce later? 10. May I join your
group? 11. May I leave the offi ce a bit earlier today? 12. May I go back
to work?
5. Say that somebody is (not) allowed or permitted to do it.
Example:
You may unpack your
things.
You are allowed (permitted)
to do it.
1. Emma is not well today, so she may leave work early. 2. In the Zoo
visitors can’t feed the animals. 3. Students may stay in halls of residence for
some days after they pass summer exams, but they can’t stay there longer
than a week. 4. In many countries smoking is forbidden in public places.
5. Applicants having the TOEFL score exceeding 600 may choose
a university to study. 6. Visitors may get their money back if they are badly
served here. 7. Nobody can smoke in the offi ce. 8. May I change my holiday
from next week to the week after? 9. The staff can’t use the offi ce phone for
personal calls. 10. For safety reasons nobody may carry dangerous articles
such as fl ammable liquids, explosives, poisons, etc. in passenger’s baggage.
11. Economy class passengers may have 20 kg of luggage free of charge,
fi rst class passengers – 30 kg. 12. People having no identity card can’t move
freely around the department area where secret fi les and things are kept.
6. Express supposition to say what is possible.
Example:
It looks like rain. Yes, it may / might rain.
1. Bob is likely to come by the last train. 2. Do you know if she is telling
the truth? 3. I don’t really know who that girl is. Perhaps she is John’s new
175
girlfriend. 4. Do you know if they’re married? 5. The Wilsons are probably
at home now. 6. Do you know if Jamie has got a car? 7. I don’t know where
Dick is, but perhaps he’s in the garage. 8. I can’t guess what’s in this parcel.
Perhaps it’s a bomb. 9. Perhaps he is chatting on-line with his friends.
10. Do you know if Jack is in his offi ce now? 11. They believe that George
is in Bern now. 12. I can’t remember where I left the iPad, but possibly it’s
in the offi ce. 13. I think they are recovering after the crisis.
7. Say what was possible in the past as shown in the example.
Example:
I can’t fi nd Ann any whe re.
I wonder where she is.
She may / might have gone
shopping.
(go shopping)
1. Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house
at the time. (go to bed early; not hear the bell) 2. How do you think the fi re
started? (drop a cigarette) 3. I can’t fi nd my phone anywhere. (lose)
4. George didn’t come to the reception. (not be invited; not know about it)
5. Why didn’t he say hello when he passed us in the street? (be day-
dreaming) 6. I wonder why she didn’t lend you money. I’m sure she has
some. (have not enough) 7. I wonder why Ann didn’t put off the receiver
in the morning. I phoned her several times. (be off for a half of the day)
8. How do you think he made a road casualty? (break the Safety Code)
9. I wonder how the company got more profi ts last year. (increase its exports
to India) 10. I hear Sherman and Brothers has developed the Indian market.
(enter into partnership with local investors) 11. The fi rm’s representative
gives a word that his fi rm was producing original cola. (learn the formula
of its concentrate) 12. Despite recession, the company did very well last
quarter. I wonder how they managed. (make 25% of the work force
redundant; increase labour productivity)
8. Say that you should do something but only because there is no reason
not to do it and because there is nothing better to do.
Example:
Shall we have dinner now? We may / might as well have
dinner.
1. They would like to leave on Saturday but the planes are full until
Sunday. 2. I prefer planes to trains but I can’t afford to take a plane. 3. The
television has fi nished now, and it’s just about our bedtime. 4. I prefer the
expensive fl at to the cheap one but someone has taken the expensive one.
5. A friend has invited you to a party. You are not very keen to go but there
isn’t anything else to do. 6. You are in a café with a friend. You’ve fi nished
176
your drinks. You’re not in a hurry, so you think you should both have another
drink. 7. Mary won’t go to the dance with Tom but Ann will. 8. Someone has
given you a free ticket for a concert of Marilyn Manson. You’re not very
keen on the concert, but you think you should go because you have a free
ticket. 9. You have no ideas of how to spend the night. There’s a fi lm on TV.
It sounds interesting. 10. You’ve missed the bus and have to wait an hour for
the next bus, so you think you should walk.
9. Read the situation and write what you would say using the modal
verb may.
l. You overslept, missed the right bus, late for the lecture. What do you
ask the lecturer fi rst? 2. You’ve acquainted with a very charming girl. Sure,
you want to meet her again. What do you ask her? 3. You need a pen to put
down Mary’s telephone number but your pen doesn’t write. Sam sitting
nearby is writing something. What do you ask him? 4. You’re on a train. The
fellow-traveller next to you has fi nished reading the magazine. Now you
want to have a look at it. What do you say? 5. You want to help an elderly
woman to cross the street. What do you say? 6. You are at an interview. You
want to smoke a cigarette. What do you ask fi rst? 7. You want to dance with
Celia, John’s wife. What do you ask John? Celia? 8. You have much work
to do. But since morning you’ve been suffering from a terrible headache.
What do you ask your boss?
10. Agree or disagree with a politician’s statements about possible future
actions.
Example:
I think the Green party
will win the elections.
Yes, they may win the elections.
1. I think there’ll be another war in the Middle East soon. 2. But perhaps
the government doesn’t want a war. 3. It’s possible that they’ll be forced
to fi ght though. 4. But I don’t think the enemies are ready for war yet.
5. So perhaps it’s better for us to attack now. 6. But I’m not sure we’ll win
if we do fi ght. 7. If we talk perhaps we’ll be able to fi nd a solution.
8. Probably more peace talks are the best idea after all.
11. Work in pairs. Prohibit somebody to do it giving a reason for it.
Example:
May I take your knife? No, you may not. / No, you
mustn’t. You may cut your
fi ngers.
1. May I use the e-dictionary to translate the text? 2. May I stay away
from the classes today? 3. It’s too hot. May I have something icy to drink,
177
Mom? 4. May I feed the bear in the cage? 5. May I borrow your car tonight?
6. May I smoke at the interview? 7. May I keep your iPad till Tuesday?
8. May I take the Friday off before my leave starts? 9. May I use the secret
fi les kept here to write a newspaper article? 10. May I change my holiday
from November to July? 11. May I ask the celebrity a personal question
in public? 12. I have an opposite viewpoint on the company’s strategy. May
I apply to the CEO directly?
12. Work in pairs. Change the following formal askings for permission
into neutral ones using the modal verb may.
Example:
Do you mind my opening
May I open the window?
the window?
1. Do you mind my keeping the book over the weekend? 2. Do you mind
if I copy the timetable? 3. Do you mind if I join your group? 4. Do you mind
my parking here? 5. Do you mind if I give you a lift after the party?
6. Do you mind my sitting here? 7. Do you mind if I operate the fax machine?
8. Do you mind my asking a question how this corporation really works?
9. Do you mind my using your phone? 10. Do you mind if I go to the bank
immediately? 11. Do you mind my taking the Friday off before my holiday
begins? 12. Do you mind if I have a talk with the boss tomorrow? 13. Do you
mind if I apply to the CEO directly?
13. Talk about your or other people’s future plans. But you are not sure
what is going to happen. Use may or might.
Example:
Where are you going for
your holiday? (Italy)
I haven’t made up my mind
yet but I may / might go to
Italy.
1. Where are they going to hang that picture? (in the dining-room)
2. What is Clara doing this weekend? (go to Miami) 3. What car is Hew
going to buy? (a Mercedes) 4. What is Jill going to do when she leaves
school? (go to university) 5. Do you think there’ll be any elections this year?
(to the city council) 6. When are the experts going to examine the project?
(next week) 7. What are the plans of Epson computer company for the
coming year? (set up a number of subsidiaries in Eastern Europe) 8. What
are possible steps of the new government to make the economy stable?
(attract foreign investments in key sectors) 9. A new director is furious with
his employees for turning up late each morning. What is he going to do with
them? (have a serious talk to warn; dismiss them) 10. How are some
developing countries going to gain greater control over their industry? (insist
on joint ventures with foreign companies)
178
14. Express reproach giving possible reasons. You may use prompts
given below.
Example:
Visit one’s friend / be ill You might have visited your
friend last week as he was ill.
Prompts: avoid the accident / be careful; be frank / be friends; carry
a trunk for Brenda / be heavy; be more polite to customers / not lose the job;
tell one’s arguments / come to a joint conclusion; not pay penalty / be fair;
consult with the experts / sign a contract; supply commodities in time / not
lose money.
15. Translate the following sentences into English using the modal may
(might) or its equivalents.
1. Никогда не откладывай на завтра то, что можно сделать сегодня.
2. На эту неделю прогноз погоды не очень хороший: возможны дожди
и грозы. 3. Все, о чем говорит этот человек, возможно, и правда, но это
случилось очень давно. 4. Что-то скучно. Давай сходим в кино. – Можно пойти и в кино. Все равно делать нечего. 5. На рабочем месте курить
запрещено. 6. Пассажирам бизнес-класса разрешено провозить 30
кг багажа бесплатно. 7. Ты бы лучше прислушался к мнению экспертов, прежде чем подписывать такой убыточный контракт! 8. Разрешите
посмотреть вашу декларацию о доходах. 9. Вы не будете возражать,
если я прямо сейчас свяжусь со страховым агентом? 10. У Брайана богатый практический опыт работы в данной области, так что он, возможно, получит это место. 11. Я, возможно, останусь после работы в офисе, чтобы поработать с документами. 12. Ты слышал, что компания
«Шерринг» завоевала польский рынок? – Возможно, она заключила
партнерские соглашения с местными инвесторами. 13. Чтобы уменьшить влияние экономического кризиса на наше предприятие, мы, возможно, пойдем на сокращение 10% рабочих и части управленческого
персонала.
16. Test yourself. Insert the appropriate modal verb or its equivalent
according to the meanings given in brackets.
1. I was so unhappy that I … (lack of ability) think of anything else. 2. …
(Polite request) pass me the salt, please? 3. You ... (prohibition) feed the
animals at the Zoo. 4. … (Offer) I give you a hand with the luggage?
5. You ... (reproach) have been more careful! 6. They ... (lack of ability /
possibility in one particular situation) take off as the fog was very thick.
7. You ... (prohibition according to existing law) leave things here. 8. How
did they manage to do well last month? – They ... (supposition about the
179
past) have increased productivity. 9. … (Surprise) he be still working out the
business plan? 10. Do you think the situation ... (supposition implying doubt)
change? 11. Nothing is so bad but it … (supposition about the past) have
been worse. 12. … (Request) do me a favour, Mike? 13. … (asking for
permission) I get down to discussion right now, sir? – Sure, you ... (giving
permission). 14. He … (ability / possibility) fi nish the project in time.
15. He … (doubt / uncertainty) have made such a mistake in calculations!
MUST
1. The modal verb must is used to express strong obligation or duty.
In this meaning must expresses the authority of the speaker:
You must attend classes every day.
The past form of must is had to which refers to a past obligation:
Sorry, I’m late, I had to wait for the bus.
2. Must is also used to express necessity. With must the speaker gives
his own feelings, saying what he thinks is necessary:
Oh, it’s later than I thought. I must go now.
Must is very rare in the question form. When it is used, it is normally
in the fi rst person (singular or plural):
Must we go to the party?
The lack of necessity is expressed by the modal verb need in its negative
form:
– Must I do it at once?
– No, you needn’t.
With the indefi nite infi nitive needn’t shows that there is no necessity
to do it; with the perfect infi nitive it shows that there was no necessity to do
it but somebody did it. Compare:
You needn’t pay all at once.
You needn’t have paid all at once. (But you paid.)
3. Must is used to prohibit something. In the meaning of prohibition
must is used in negative sentences only and it means that it is necessary that
somebody does not do something:
The baby is asleep. You mustn’t shout. (= It is necessary that you don’t
shout.)
4. The modal verb must is also used to express emphatic advice or urgent
request:
You mustn’t take things seriously!
You must
5. Must is also used to express supposition bordering on assurance:
I feel I must be wrong.
It’s 7 p.m. She must be at home now.
talk to Tom. He is in trouble.
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