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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка = Practical English Grammar. Учебное пособие
.pdf
economic stability only under Liberal leadership. What about the
Conservatives? 6. The Conservatives will be introducing privatisation. What
about the Labour Party? 7. They won’t be talking about infl ation. What
about prosperity? 8. They’ll be promising higher salaries. What about higher
prices? 9. The Scottish Nationalists will be urging the citizens of Scotland
to vote for their complete independence from England. What about the
Scottish parliament at Westminster? 10. They won’t be talking sense. What
about nonsense?
4. Answer the following questions to let your partner know what you
or other people will be doing.
Example:
Are you going to bed
early? (write a report)
No, I’m not, because I’ll be
writing a report.
1. Are you going to watch the David Cup match tomorrow evening?
(work) 2. Are you coming to the party tonight? (prepare for the seminar)
3. Is he playing squash with us tomorrow? (sit an exam) 4. Are you going
to stay in July at your granny’s in the countryside? (raft along mountainous
rivers) 5. Are they going to visit us next week? (stay with their parents
in Scotland) 6. Is your friend going to start work immediately? (have
a holiday fi rst) 7. Are you going to catch the 8 o’clock train? (catch the 8.17
o’clock train) 8. Is your peer going to listen to your report at the conference?
(stay at the hotel) 9. Is Alan going to join us for lunch? (have lunch with
a business partner) 10. Are you going home earlier tomorrow? (work out the
project on the company’s further development) 11. Is your boss going to stay
at the offi ce after lunch? (chair the meeting of the company’s directors in the
Atrium) 12. Are the German businessmen going home on Friday? (stay
overnight in Minsk, go home on Saturday)
5. You misheard your partner who’s talking about his plans. Using
a given interrogative word (words), ask him / her a question to get the
necessary information.
Example:
This time next week
I shall be swimming in the
Where will you be swimming
next week?
Black Sea. (Where ...?)
1. At the beginning of September I’ll be starting my college course.
(When ...?) 2. On June 30th I’ll be taking my French exam for the third
time! (What ...?) 3. I’ll be having a few days’ holiday in Germany. (How
long ...?) 4. This time next month I’ll be sitting on the beach admiring the
sea. (Where ...?) 5. I’ll be moving for the capital in some time next month.
121
(When ...?) 6. In a year from now I’ll be settling down in the States.
(Where ...?) 7. I’ll be getting to the place by car. (How ...?) 8. In a fortnight’s
time I’ll be attending an interview for a job. (What ...?) 9. I’ll be working
on the housing project for many years to come. (How long ...?) 10. So now
I’ll be working in Rome for a few months. (Where ...?) 11. At the end of the
next month I’ll be collecting my fi rst wage packet. (What packet ...?).
12. My peers and I’ll be developing a new product. (Who ...?) 13. I think
the current crisis will be lasting the whole year round. (What ...? How
long ...?)
6. Complete the following sentences putting the verb in the appropriate
tenses. Mind object clauses and clauses of time and condition.
1. I wonder if she .... (stay) with her parents the whole holidays. 2. After
you ... (fi n i s h ) the fi rst year, things ... (get) easier and easier. 3. He … (work)
in the garden till it … (get) dark. 4. We … (wait) as long as required until
you ... (come) 5. She doesn’t know whether she ... (work) on the project
so long. 6. If nothing wrong ... (happen), the company’s fi nancial state ...
(improve) next year. 7. No one knows if the voters ... (support) the candidate
during the whole campaign. 8. We … (make) an experiment as long as we ...
(get) positive results. 9. At this time in a year I … (work) as a chief
accountant for the Ford Motor if the existing chief accountant ... (retire).
10. If the company ... (get) the order to produce spare units for Sony, it …
(work) at full swing for a year. 11. If speakers ... (not keep) time, the
shareholders’ meeting ... (last) till night. 12. After the enterprise
completely ... (change) the equipment, its output ... (increase) for the next
few years.
7. Talk to your partner about similar things. Mind the use of the Future
Progressive.
1. – What will you be doing at this time on Sunday?
– I think I’ll be playing hockey with my friends. And you?
– I’ll probably be skiing in the park.
2. – At this time tomorrow I’ll be fl ying home. What will you be doing,
Kate?
– I’ll be packing my luggage and looking forward to my seven days
at home.
– I suppose we shall all be thinking about our home coming all the
way there.
– And of course, we shall be feeling too excited to be tired after our
journey.
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8. Translate the following sentences into English using the Future Progressive or Future Simple.
1. Что вы будете делать в субботу утром? 2. Мы приедем в пятницу
в 6 часов. – Хорошо, я буду ждать вас. 3. Кем ты станешь, когда вырастешь? – Модельером. 4. Боюсь, завтра опять весь день будет идти снег.
5. Интересно, останется ли он на лето в городе? 6. Когда мы приедем
в Прагу, они будут встречать нас на вокзале. 7. После того как я сдам
экзамены, я поеду на Майорку и буду целый месяц наслаждаться отдыхом у моря. 8. Они будут обсуждать проблему до тех пор, пока не поймут причин ее возникновения. 9. В понедельник я буду встречаться
с менеджером по продажам и надеюсь, что он предоставит необходимую информацию. 10. Что ты будешь делать в это время через год? –
В июне я оканчиваю университет и надеюсь, что в это время через год
буду работать маркетологом. 11. Могу ли я встретиться с господином
Брауном в среду в 10 часов утра? – К сожалению, нет, так как в это время господин Браун будет лететь в Канаду в командировку. – Можно
ли встретиться с ним завтра после обеда? – К сожалению, c 2 до 4 часов
господин Браун будет проводить совещание с сотрудниками отдела.
Если вас устраивает время 4.30, я запишу вас.
9. Use the verbs below as the Future Progressive or Future Simple.
1. It’s getting dark, the street lights ... (go on) in a few minutes. 2. They ...
(stay) in Brighton all weekend. 3. What you ... (do) when you ... (grow
up)? – I … (be) a pilot. 4. What Sue ... (do) for the rest of the year? She ...
(go back) to the old school? 5. I … (not / be able) to lend you a car
tomorrow – I need it myself. 6. They ... (come) round for dinner tomorrow
evening. I … (show) them the photos then. 7. He … (fi n i s h ) work in time
if you ... (help) him. 8. I wonder if you ... (know) the results in some days.
9. In a few years’ time we all ... (live) in houses heated by solar energy.
10. I don’t think he … (not / meet) Carry in London as it’s a big city, besides
they ... (stay) in different hotels. 11. There ... (be) a meeting in our offi ce
on Wednesday. You ... (attend) it? 12. Wages have gone up, so I suppose
prices ... (go up), too. 13. There’s going to be a bus strike. Everyone ... (walk)
to work next week. 14. I … (ask) her about it again when she ... (visit) our
offi ce next week. 15. I’d like to know if you ... (get) a well paid job under
the current crisis.
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THE PRESENT PERFECT
1. The Present Perfect is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb have
in the appropriate present simple form and the past participle of the
meaningful verb:
I / you / we / they have
he / she / it has
The Present Perfect is often used with adverbs ever, never, before,
already, yet, seldom, recently, always, often, just, etc.:
Have you ever been to China?
I haven’t fi nished the work yet.
2. The Present Perfect is used when there is some result connected with
the present:
I’ve lost my key. (= I haven’t got it now.)
Oh dear, I’ve forgotten her name. (= I can’t remember it now.)
Hey! You’ve been in a fi ght. (When you see someone with a black eye.)
3. The Present Perfect is often used to give new information or to
announce a recent happening:
Do you know about Alan? He’s gone to France.
After you’ve learnt the news the Past Simple should be used in the
statement or question that follows:
– Do you know about Alan? He’s gone to France.
– Really? When did he go there?
4. The Present Perfect is also used for a past action where the time is not
stated:
I have visited the Tower of London.
After the action has been presented the Past Simple should be used in the
statement or question that follows:
I’ve seen that fi lm. I saw it when I was in New York.
5. The Present Perfect is used for actions that happened in the recent past
if the period of time mentioned is still going on. In this case the adverbial
expressions this morning, this evening, today, this week, this term, etc. are
often used:
Have you been busy today? (It is still the same day.)
6. The Present Perfect is also used for a state that began in the past, lasted
for some time and is still going on. It mostly concerns the verbs that are not
normally used in the progressive tenses. Both for and since are used to say
how long something has lasted. The preposition for is used when a period
of time (three years) is meant and since is used to indicate the beginning
of the period (last summer, etc.):
I’ve known the Wilsons for three years. (= I still know them.)
He’s ha d that car since last summer. (= He still has it.)
+
worked
thought
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EXERCISES
1. You are writing an e-letter to a friend and giving news about the
people you both know. Use the given words to make up sentences and
put the verb into the Present Perfect tense form.
Example:
Dear Marion,
Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you. 1. Monica
and Bill / decide / get married. 2. Chris / go / Italy for good. 3. Brian /
become / Actor of the Year. 4. Sydney / buy / a new Toyota. 5. Phil /
pass / his driving test. 6. Suzanne / have / a baby. 7. Paul / graduate
from / Oxford. 8. Jill / give up / smoking. 9. Donald / fi n d / a new job.
10. Max / invent / a new gadget. 11. Mike / start / working as a business
analyst. 12. I / set up/ a retail business.
With love,
Dustin
2. Re-fashion the following sentences using the Present Perfect and given
adverbial modifi ers.
Example:
1. We were to a rugby match. (just) 2. She always does a great deal for
him. (again, recently) 3. He is always late. (again) 4. All the passengers
are disembarking the plane. (already) 5. The bank manager is talking to a
client. (already) 6. He works in the company. (all his life) 7. Mr. Wale
is on business in Germany. (recently) 8. I’m fond of routine jobs myself.
(never) 9. The fi rm will be able to export larger proportions of its output
in a year. (already) 10. They are going to introduce a new technology.
(this year) 11. The company is carrying out construction of a mini-dairy
on a turn-key basis. (just) 12. We produce some steel structures to the
particular needs of the clients. (not yet). 13. Infl ationary pressures resulted
in an increase in the cost of living of more than 100%. (this year)
14. Statistics are important barometers of national economies. (since
World Wa r I)
Charles / go / Canada
I was reading a book by
A. Chase. (just)
Charles has gone to Canada.
I’ve just read the book by
A. Chase.
125
3. Respond to the following remarks using the Present Perfect and the
adverbs just or already.
Example:
You must translate the
But I’ve just translated it.
text. (just)
1. Your hand luggage is too heavy. Will you take anything off? 2. Will
you put my name up for the computer class? 3. You need to confi rm your
arrival, as they’ll be meeting you at the airport. 4. She could save some
money every week for her summer holiday. 5. If you look through the
catalogue, you might see something you like. 6. You can’t leave the
restaurant without paying the bill. 7. You are to answer all the questions
in the application form. 8. They promised to put down the fees for the
evening classes. 9. You have to make a written application for the job
offered. 10. Pay cash for these gadgets. You can’t buy them on credit.
11. You’d better think about using alternative sources of energy. 12. Harry
must sort out the club membership applications. 13. The Nelsons would
better raise another loan from the National Westminster Bank. 14. Barbara
should try to phone the project manager to get more information.
4. Explain the reason using the information in brackets and putting the
verb into the Present Perfect tense form.
Example:
He can’t proceed with the
experiment because ...
(he / not fi nd / necessary
He can’t proceed with the
experiment because he hasn’t
found the necessary data.
data)
1. I can’t lend you money because ... (you / not pay back / the money
borrowed a month ago). 2. They can afford spending a month in Spain
because ... (they / save / enough money). 3. I won’t see Jack because ... (he /
not come back / from his business). 4. Nick can’t buy an iPad because ...
(he / not get / enough money). 5. I can’t meet the Chairman because ... (I /
not make / an appointment). 6. I think we can sign the contract now
because ... (we / discuss / the guarantee clause). 7. They can’t get down
to business right now because ... (the head manager / not come). 8. We can’t
start working because ... (the subcontractors / not deliver / spare units).
9. London University can’t set up an MBA programme in Elgava because ...
(its experts / not explore / the possibilities for it). 10. Now we accept the
contract as ... (the partners / specify
/ the terms of supplying raw materials).
11. Coca-Cola can’t expand its subsidiaries in India because ... (the
company / not comply / with the local laws). 12. We always try advertise our
products on television because ... (advertising on commercial TV / become /
the most effective method of test-marketing a household product).
126
5. Work in pairs. Apologize for the things you haven’t done.
Example:
I suppose you’ve packed
the cases for the trip.
I’m very sorry but I haven’t
packed them yet.
1. I suppose you’ve managed to talk to him. 2. You have paid a hundred
pounds back you owed Steve, haven’t you? 3. I suppose you’ve sent the
e-mail message to the partner. 4. You’ve booked three seats on a day fl ight
to Toronto, haven’t you? 5. I suppose you’ve let your boss know about the
problem. 6. You’ve come to me to discharge your debts, haven’t you?
7. I suppose you have ordered stationery for the offi ce. 8. I suppose you have
informed the chairman when the business partners will arrive to see him.
9. You’ve replied to the customer’s complaint, haven’t you? 10. I suppose
you’ve already asked for a statement of your current account. 11. You have
anticipated your old rival’s next move, haven’t you? 12. I hope you’ve
persuaded the boss that internal candidates for a job should be preferred
to outsiders.
6. Answer your partner’s questions using yet. Add some additional
information.
Example:
Have you done it? No, I haven’t done it yet, but
I’m going to.
1. Have you ever cheated at your studies? 2. Have you tried Mexican
cuisine? 3. The exhibition is closed tomorrow. Have you visited it? 4. Have
you ever roller-skated? 5. Have you seen Cameron’s Avatar at the cinema?
6. Have you bought the latest iPhone model? 7. Have you tried to work parttime at McDonald’s? 8. Have you ever bought anything through the Internet?
9. Have you ever applied for a bank credit? 10. Have you travelled abroad?
11. Have you been to Japan? Germany? France? 12. Have you ever driven
a Ferrari? 13. Have you ever had trouble with the police? 14. Have you
experienced to carry out an applied sociological research?
7. Express surprise using the negative form of the verb in the Present
Perfect.
Example:
I must do it. Haven’t you done it yet?
1. I’m concerned about Sheila. She always comes back home early, but
it’s about midnight now. 2. You know, Bob is in the city again. I haven’t seen
him for ages. I’m going to phone him. 3. I must reserve us a table in a
restaurant. 4. This photocopier can’t be repaired any more. I must buy
another one. 5. The equipment is completely out-of-date. We need to get
127
some up-to-date equipment. 6. I think we’ll receive the news before noon.
7. Linda should apply for a job in the personnel unit. 8. I must send an e-mail
message to our business partners. 9. I am to provide the CEO with more
information about the stock company before starting negotiations. 10. Jack
is making a report on the company’s auditing. 11. Max applied for a job
a fortnight ago. They are still keeping silence. 12. I should examine the
terms of the treaty. 13. The counterpart must contact me to clear up the
matter very soon, I suppose.
8. Complain to your partner that people have never done these things
for you.
Example:
I’ll be travelling by car.
Bob has lent me his car.
But he has never lent me his
car.
1. Joan has helped me with cleaning my fl at. 2. The Roberts have invited
me to spend the weekend with them. 3. When the meeting was over, it was
late, so Doris gave me a lift home. 4. Oliver has taught me to play golf.
5. Ted showed me the video of his holiday in Spain when I saw him last.
6. It was Nick who met me at the railway station when I arrived yesterday.
7. I’m free in the afternoon because Olivia has done most boring routine jobs
for me. 8. Ray has spent his bonus on entertaining me; he’s bought
me beautiful fl owers, taken me to an exclusive restaurant (a night club, etc.).
9. I’m concerned about Sheila. It’s about midnight now but she hasn’t come
back. 10. It was John who phoned me yesterday when I was cut off at home
by snow-drifts. 11. Daniel has lent me a hundred pounds to buy this gadget.
12. The works manager was discussing the problems of our department with
me all morning long. 13. They have offered me a 50% pay increase.
9. Ask if other people have done things.
Example:
Don has come already. Don has come already, hasn’t he?
1. The stewardess has served lunch already. 2. Ann and her husband have
just returned from their tour around the Mediterranean Sea. 3. You have met
Professor on your way to the University. 4. Alan has bought a new
Volkswagen recently. 5. They have fi nished with the paper. 6. The accident
hasn’t delayed the departure of the train. 7. You have never worked
at anything like this. 8. We’ve booked seats on a night fl ight to New York.
9. My father has worked for the company for twenty years. 10. He has been
very busy today. 11. The boss hasn’t phoned yet. 12. Most countries have
experienced big trade losses in recent years.
128
10. Write questions to which the following statements are the answers.
Begin with a given interrogative word (words).
Example:
The Whites have bought
a new mini-bus recently.
What have the Whites bought
recently?
(What ...?)
1. My friends have already taken a trip to the Alps to enjoy skiing.
(Who ...? Where ... to?) 2. I know Sue has lent you some money.
(What ...?) 3. Isabel is saying that she has broken her engagement
to David. (Who ... to?) 4. Everybody knows that James has done a great
deal for his brother. (How much ...?) 5. My colleagues have recently
been on a tour in Greece. (Where ...?) 6. Mr. Heath has run the company
for nearly 20 years. (How long ...?) 7. Bob has just become a certified
public accountant. (What ...?) 8. We’ve introduced new machinery
to increase the plant’s capacity. (Why ...?) 9. The next day has brought
forth no new information. (What information ...?) 10. Several weeks
have passed after they contacted the company’s head office. (How
long ...?) 11. The extensions have considerably increased the production
capacity. (How ...?) 12. Wages have not kept pace with rising cost
of living. (What with ...?) 13. This week the personnel manager has
pulled a quarter of employees off the job because the cheques were late
cleared. (Why ...?) 14. The measures taken to cut unemployment have
been effective as there is now less than 5% of the population out
of work. (What ...? Why ...?)
11. Work in pairs. Answer your partner’s questions with the Present
Perfect.
1. You’ve just been to the shops. What have you bought? 2. You are 25
minutes late for the lesson. What has happened? 3. What plans have you
made for the summer? Spain again? 4. Which car have your parents
bought recently? 5. The reception is fabulous but it’s a bit overcrowded.
How many guests have they invited? 6. You’re leaving for Vienna tonight.
Who has reserved accommodation for you there? 7. The Director needs
the report badly. Why haven’t you fi nished it yet? 8. I can’t see your
partner from Armway, Inc. at the meeting. Why hasn’t he come? 9. How
often have you been on business in Germany? 10. Mike advised you
to contact your bank manager. Why haven’t you done it? 11. You’ve just
come back home from your studies at Harvard University. What relevant
training courses have you learnt? What kind of people have you met?
12. What technologies have you introduced to increase the enterprise’s
output?
129
12. Complete the following sentences putting in since or for.
1. I’ve lived in this town ... the last six months. 2. Al’s been on holiday ...
three days. 3. ... Christmas, the weather has been quite mild. 4. Bob and Tina
have known each other ... two years. 5. That’s a very old car. I’ve had it ...
ages. 6. They haven’t been all together ... the New Year. 7. Tom’s father has
been a policeman ... twenty years. 8. Nick has stopped working at night ...
he became short-sighted. 9. Statistics have been important barometers
of national economies ... World War I. 10. There’s been a strike of the airport
staff ... two days. 11. Peter has dreamed to run a company developing
PC games ... 2010. Now his dream’s become true. 12. I haven’t seen Sally ...
she was promoted. 13. He has worked in Greece ... three years now. 14. The
standard of living has improved ... that time but the gap between the rich and
the poor continues to grow.
13. Make up a new sentence using the Present Perfect.
Example:
I know Chris. I fi rst met
him two years ago.
I have known Chris for two
years.
1. Carol is ill. She became ill three days ago. 2. Bob and Alice are
married. They got married ten years ago. 3. Jimmy has a beard. He grew
it eight months ago. 4. She lives in Helsinki. She came here seven years ago.
5. The last time it rained was Thursday. Now the weather is fi ne.
6. My brother is very fond of lawn tennis. He started playing it in his
childhood. 7. Fred has a new Lexus. He bought it in February. 8. This
chauffeur is very experienced. The last time he had an accident was when
he was 23. Now the man is 45. 9. Malcolm runs the company. He became its
Managing Director in 2011. 10. We have got close contacts with Coca Cola.
We fi rst established contacts with the company fi ve years ago. 11. Mr.
Downing is an experienced auditor. He came to work for the agency in the
year he graduated from university. 12. There’s a strike of the airport staff
in the US. They went on strike on Tuesday. 13. Max and Sarah put their
money together and set up a joint venture to develop a new computer game
for a British market. It happened fi ve years ago.
14. Interview your partner about his / her student’s life at the University
using the Present Perfect. Mind the use of adverbs and prepositions for
and since.
15. Read the situation and then say which time it has happened.
Example:
He’s late again. He’s alre a dy
been late once this week.
It’s the second time he has
been late this week.
130
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