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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка = Practical English Grammar. Учебное пособие
.pdf
I am (= I’m)
he / she / it is (= he’s, etc.) + driving
we / they / you are (= we’re, etc.)
As the Present Progressive is used for a temporary situation, the words
now, right now, just now, at the moment, today, this week (month, season,
etc.), these days, etc. can be considered the indicators of the tense:
The population of the world is growing these days.
2. The Present Progressive is used when you talk about something that
is happening at the time of speaking or around the time of speaking:
Please don’t make much noise. I am studying.
Have you heard about Nick? He is building his own house.
3. The Present Progressive is used when you talk about constant tendency,
changing situations or when the object is acquiring (or losing) a quality
by degrees:
The population of the world is rising very fast.
It is getting more and more diffi cult to get a job nowadays.
4. The Present Progressive is also used when you talk about what you
have already arranged to do or about a planned action that will happen very
soon (about nearest future):
What are you doing tonight?
Tom is coming tomorrow.
5. It is also possible to use be going to (do) to express the speaker’s
intention:
What are you going
to do tonight?
EXERCISES
1. You have to decide if the verbs in bold type are right or wrong. Give
the correct form of those that are wrong.
Example:
1. Look! Somebody is climbing up that tree over there. 2. Are you
believing in God? 3. I’m usually going to work by car. 4. Can you hear
those people? What do they talk about? 5. What is your father doing? –
He’s a teacher, but he does not work now. 6. The United Kingdom goes
by European time. 7. I’m thinking it would be a good idea to change the
method. 8. Look! That man tries to open the door of our car! 9. I don’t
The Moon goes round the
Earth.
Please, don’t make noise. I
stu dy.
– Right. The Moon goes
round the Earth.
– Wrong. I’m stu dying.
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know Eddy’s e-mail address. 10. The government is worried because the
number of people without jobs is increasing. 11. The fi rm is employing
only the very best graduates. 12. More than 85% of all small businesses fail
because of poor strategy.
2. Put each verb into the present progressive tense form.
1. The world ... (change). Things never stay the same. 2. Norman comes
from Liverpool, but he ... (study) electronics in London. 3. The population
of the world ... (rise) very fast. 4. Do you remember Mr. Cracker? He ...
(come) to negotiate the contract today. 5. These days Japanese economy ...
(recover) after a long recession. 6. The cost of living ... (increase). Every
year things are dearer. 7. The company’s fi nancial state is already very bad
and it ... (get) worse. 8. ВАТ ... (sell) the British retail chain, International
Stores, for $430 million. 9. The number of people without jobs ... (fall) at the
moment. 10. Ted Turner’s cable-TV company ... (think) of buying ESPN,
America’s largest cable channel. 11. Our company ... (plan) to set up an
overseas plant in Europe, which will manufacture micro-chips. 12. This
book is in great demand. It … (sell) like hot cakes. 13. At the moment our
chairman ... (present) a proposal for a profi t-sharing scheme. 14. The
Japanese manufacturing giant, Toshiba, ... (do) extremely well in Great
Britain.
3. A naughty client is telephoning your secretary to complain again.
Knowing this the secretary is trying to postpone an unpleasant meeting.
Look at the diary below and complete the dialogue between Mrs. Green
and the secretary. Mind the use of articles.
June 2015
15 Monday meet Board of Directors 2 p.m.
16 Tuesday attend production line in Salsberry 10 a.m.
17 Wednesday business lunch with Mr. Atkinson 1 p.m.
18 Thursday deliver lecture at local college 2 p.m.
19 Friday visit Motor Show in Leeds 10.30 a.m.
Secretary: Rhodes and Baker Company. Richard Matthew’s offi ce.
M r s. G r e e n: Good morning. It’s Mrs. Green again. I’d like to meet
with Mr. Matthew to let him know something about his employees.
Secretary: Sorry, but Mr. Matthew is very busy this week.
92
M r s. G r e e n: Can he see me in the afternoon today?
Secretary: I’m afraid he can’t. Mr. Matthew is having a meeting with
the Board of Directors.
M r s. G r e e n: What about Tuesday morning then?
Secretary: Sorry but ...
M r s. G r e e n: Is Mr. Matthew free on Wednesday, say at 12.30?
Secretary: I’m afraid he’s not ...
M r s. G r e e n: OK, Thursday afternoon would be good for me.
Secretary: But it wouldn’t be good for Mr. Matthew ...
M r s. G r e e n: How about Friday morning then?
Secretary: Sorry but ... He can meet you only next week, Mrs.
Green.
4. Ask questions by putting in the subject and a present progressive
verb.
Example:
What ... (your sister / do)
this evening?
What is your sister doing
this evening?
1. ... (The world population / increase) steadily? 2. What parts of the
world ... (the population / grow) fastest? 3. Where ... (the Southampton /
cruise) now? 4. What courses ... (Hannah’s children / do)? 5. Where ... (your
karate class / meet) these days? 6. What time ... (Malcolm / arrive)
tomorrow? 7. How ... (Toshi ba / do) these days in Britain? 8. What ... (he /
look forward) to improve? 9. When ... (the naughty customer / come) to see
the shop manager? 10. How ... (iPhone 5 / sell)? 11. What business ... (Walt
Disney / put into) a lot of money at the moment? 12. Who ... (the head
manager / negotiate) the contract with?
5. This is Mr. Brown’s story about the family’s plans for the coming
Sunday. Say that it’s somebody’s habit to do it.
Example:
We’re going for a picnic
on Sunday. (every Sunday
We go for a picnic every
)
Sunday.
1. We’re leaving early in the morning. (usually) 2. The children are
coming with us. (always) 3. I’m taking my fi shing-rod. (sometimes)
4. My wife’s cooking a chicken now. (every weekend) 5. Tim’s bringing
some beer. (generally) 6. He isn’t driving the car. (usually) 7. We are
swimming in the river. (when the weather is fi ne) 8. We aren’t staying out
late. (often) 9. We’re coming back before 5 p.m. (usually) 10. My parents-in-
law are coming to dine with us. (every Sunday)
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6. Open the brackets putting the verbs into a suitable tense form.
1. Hurry up! The bus ... (come). I ... (not want) to miss it. 2. George says
he is 85 years old but I ... (not believe) him. 3. We usually ... (grow)
vegetables in our garden but this year we ... (not grow) any. 4. The river
Nile ... (fl o w ) into the Mediterranean. 5. The river ... (fl o w ) very fast today –
much faster than usual. 6. Can you drive? – No, but I ... (learn). My father ...
(teach) me. 7. George, is it true that you ... (get) married next week? 8. I ...
(catch) the train to London this evening. It ... (leave) at eight o’clock. 9. Ann,
we ... (go) to town. You ... (come) with us? 10. Ron is in Chicago now. He ...
(stay) at the Hilton hotel. He usually ... (stay) at this hotel when he’s
in Chicago. 11. We … (think) to break into new markets. 12. Profi ts are
down this year for the multinational BIG Co. and the fi gures show the
company ... (do) worse. 13. Our manager ... (work out) a new market strategy
now but I think he … (underestimate) the impact of the global fi nancial
crisis. 14. This month C&A ... (make) a special effort to sell fashionable
clothes for young people. 15. You can’t see the chief executive now. She ...
(chair) the directors’ meeting.
7. Translate the following sentences into English using the Present
Progressive.
1. В нашем отеле нет свободных номеров, потому что у нас сейчас
проходит международная конференция по проблемам инвестиций.
2. Я не поеду отдыхать в следующем месяце в Испанию, так как у меня
мало денег. 3. Завтра утром Питер летит в командировку в Бостон.
4. Начальник отдела не может принять вас сейчас – у него в кабинете
некий мистер Грин. 5. Неужели компания «Джонсон и Джонсон» собирается купить «Лекфарм», убыточный завод медицинских препаратов?
6. Из-за кризиса наше предприятие работает все хуже и хуже; доходы
падают. 7. Завтра к нам приходят с проверкой ревизоры. 8. Что это
за бизнес, в который вы вкладываете столько денег? – Это производство продуктов детского питания, которые мы планируем продавать
в фирменных магазинах. Кроме того, мы собираемся заняться благотворительностью.
8. Complete the following conversation putting the verbs in brackets
into an appropriate tense form. Make up a dialogue by analogy.
Brian and Steve meet in a restaurant.
B r i a n: Hello, Steve. I haven’t seen you for ages. What ... (you / do)
these days?
94
S t e v e: I ... (train) to be a shop manager.
B r i a n: Really? ... (you / enjoy) it?
S t e v e: Yes, it’s quite interesting. How about you?
B r i a n: Well, I ... (not work) at the moment, but I’m very busy. I ...
(build) a house.
S t e v e: Really? ... (you / do) it alone?
B r i a n: No, some friends of mine ... (help) me.
9. You are a guest at the reception arranged by the fi rm you have close
business contacts with. Ask your neighbour to indicate people doing
some actions at the reception.
Example:
the administrator /
instruct the servants
– Which one is the administrator?
– The administrator is the man
who is instructing the servants.
1. The President / deliver a speech. 2. The Vice President / sit next to the
President. 3. The General Manager / drink champagne. 4. The Production
Manager / talk to the blond girl in red. 5. R&D Supervisor / tell a funny story
to his colleagues. 6. The Group Head’s wife / wear diamonds in her hair-do.
7. The Home Sales Manager / make compliments to the President’s wife.
8. The President’s wife / ask questions about the group’s activities. 9. The
Information Services Manager / listen to the elderly lady in black. 10. The
Personnel Manager / try to talk to the General Manager. 11. The Product
Line Manager / eat a strawberry pie. 12. The Accounting Supervisor /
calculate the costs of the reception.
10. Two people are talking. Choose the appropriate tense of the verb:
the Present Simple or the Present Progressive. Make up a dialogue by
analogy.
1. Hello, Alex. What ... these days?
a) do you do b) are you doing
2. Well, just now I ... to classes in computer programming and German,
believe it or not.
a) go b) am going
3. In my business most people ... at least two languages.
a) speak b) are speaking
4. And everybody ... computers the whole time.
a) uses b) is using
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5. You know our factory ... central heating systems.
a) produces b) is producing
6. Well, we ... a new type of boiler that is 30% more effi cient.
a) just develop b) are just developing
7. I ... to Switzerland next week for discussions with Head Offi ce about
prices.
a) fl y b) am fl ying
8. It’s diffi cult. Costs of raw materials ... steadily higher.
a) get b) are getting
9. And of course labour ... more than anything else.
a) always costs b) is always costing
11. Translate the following sentences into English using the Present
Progressive or the Present Simple.
1. Сейчас у меня каникулы, и я подрабатываю в магазине продав-
цом. Я считаю, что этот опыт помогает мне лучше понимать требования и психологию покупателей.
2. Да, меня зовут Блэк, но я не тот Блэк, которого вы ищете.
Он здесь больше не работает.
3. В этом году наша компания работает успешнее, чем в прошлом
году, поэтому прибыль постоянно растет.
4. Привет, Алекс! Как дела (do)? – Дела идут очень хорошо. Зна-
ешь, я сейчас занимаюсь на курсах немецкого языка и программирования. При приеме на работу руководство совместного предприятия, где
я работаю, отдает предпочтение тем, кто владеет иностранным языком. Ну а компьютер в работе использует практически каждый сотрудник. – А что производит ваше предприятие? – Мы выпускаем телевизоры. Некоторые детали к ним поставляет немецкая сторона. К сожалению, у нас сейчас проблема сборки блока дистанционного управления, поэтому на следующей неделе я лечу в Германию, чтобы обсудить
этот вопрос с немецкими партнерами.
5. Где босс? – Он сейчас обсуждает условия и сроки поставки но-
вой партии гаджетов. – Но сегодня четверг. В этот день он принимает
посетителей. Вот и сейчас его дожидается назойливая покупательница. Кстати, как продается новый айфон? – Он пользуется большим
спросом несмотря на высокую цену. Можно сказать, что он продается
как горячие пирожки.
12. Test yourself. Complete the following dialogues putting the verbs
in brackets into the present progressive or present simple form. Decide
the correct position of the adverb in the sentence.
96
1. – What (a) ... you ... (make), Pamela? It (b) ... (smell) really nice.
– Well, I (c) ... (try) a recipe my mother-in-law gave me. It (d) ...
(sound) really easy. You (e) ... (cut) up the meat and vegetables and then you
(f) ... (just / add) a few herbs. When she (g) ... (make) it, it (h) ... (taste)
really delicious. But I’m not sure about this. It (i) ... (not look) quite right.
2. – What (a) ... you ... (think) of that new girl, Jacqueline?
– Well, frankly, I (b) ... (fi n d ) her terribly annoying. She (c) ... (always /
make) silly remarks and she (d) ... (never / listen) to anything you say.
– I (e) ... (know) what you (f) ... (mean), but I (g) ... (feel) a bit sorry for
her, actually. I (h) ... (think) she (i) ... (try) to hide her shyness by being
funny, but she (j) ... (only / succeed) in getting on everyone’s nerves.
3. – Why (a) ... we ... (wait)?
– John isn’t here yet. I (b) ... (expect) he (c) ... (have) trouble with his
car again.
– Oh! That car (d) ... (always / go) wrong! Well, I (e) ... (not wait) any
longer. I (f) ... (not want) to miss the start of the match. (g) ... you ... (come)
with me, or not?
4. – I (a) ... (see) the price of petrol (b) ... (go) up again.
– Yes, I (c) ... (know). I (d) ... (seriously / consider) selling the car. It’s
so expensive, and we (e) ... (not often use) it.
– What (f) ... your wife ... (think) of that idea?
– She (g) ... (agree) with me. She (h) ... (not like) driving anyway.
5. – How (a) ... you ... (work) this photocopier? I (b) ... (think) I (c) ...
(do) something wrong.
– Yes, you (d) ... (press) the wrong button. That one (e) ... (enlarge) the
copies. You (f) ... (need) to press this one.
– Oh, yes. It (g) ... (work) properly now. Thanks.
6. – Good morning. Is Mr. Granshaw in?
– Yes, he is, but he (a) ... (see) someone at the moment. (b) ... he ...
(expect) you?
– Yes, I (c) ... (have) an appointment with him at 10.30. My name’s
Phillips.
– Ah, yes, Mr. Phillips. I’m afraid we (d) ... (run) a little late this
morning, but I (e) ... (not expect) Mr. Granshaw will be long, if you (f) ...
(not mind) waiting.
97
THE PAST SIMPLE
1. The Past Simple is used to talk about fi nished actions or situations
in the past. To indicate the time in the past the expressions yesterday, last
week (month, year, etc.), two days ago, in 1983, when I was a child, etc. are
normally used:
She studied hard last term.
John lost his key two days ago.
2. Very often the Past Simple ends in -ed when it is a regular verb. But
many important verbs are irregular and their past simple form should
be learnt by heart:
I enjoyed the party very much but I left it at 9.
3. In past simple questions and negatives the auxiliary verb did / didn’t +
the Infi nitive (do / open / snow, etc.) are used:
– Did you go out last night, Mary?
– Yes, I went to the cinema. But I didn’t enjoy the fi lm.
4. If you want to ask about when something happened, you should use
the Past Simple:
When were you born?
What time did they come?
5. The Past Simple is also used for happenings or actions that are not
connected with the present (for example, historical events):
How many symphonies did Beethoven compose?
6. Note that used to + the Infi nitive can be used to express repeated
actions and states in the past that have now ended. In questions and negative
sentences the auxiliary verb did / didn’t is required:
My father used to play tennis every Saturday.
Did he use to play tennis every Saturday?
EXERCISES
1. Complete these sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the
past simple form.
1. The football team ... (play) well last season. 2. The pop singer Lady
Gaga ... (get) to Number One many times in the 2010s. 3. All the crew of the
yacht ... (save) their lives. 4. I remember fi rst travelling by air. The cabin
staff ... (be) very friendly and we ... (enjoy) our trip. 5. The gang ... (get)
away with $50,000 from the bank. 6. Who ... (back) Barack Obama for the
last presidential nomination? 7. The offi ce staff were so fed up that they ...
(walk) out of the building. 8. Two years ago Terry ... (join) a consulting
company. 9. Levi Strauss ... (found) the company more than 140 years ago.
98
10. Last week the company ... (announce) a drop in profi ts. In the second
quarter they ... (fall) by 85%.
2. Read the information about Tom Sander’s jobs he usually does.
Confi rm that he did the same thing last night, two days ago, etc. Mind
the past simple form of the irregular verbs.
Example:
Tom usually gets up at 7. As far as I know, yesterday
he also got up at 7.
1. Tom usually wakes up early. 2. He generally has a sandwich and a cup
of tea for breakfast. 3. Tom usually walks to work. 4. He is never late for
work. 5. Tom is always busy at work. 6. Very often he has lunch in a cafe.
7. Tom usually works late. 8. When Sandra waits for Tom after work, she
gives him a lift home. 9. Tom usually goes out in the evening. 10. He sleeps
very well, as a rule. 11. If the weather is fi ne on Sunday, Tom goes for
a picnic. 12. Normally Tom meets Sandra on Fridays.
3. Say what other people did using the words given in brackets.
Example:
I learnt English at school.
(my sister / French)
I learnt English at school.
And my sister learnt French.
1. I was late for the fl ight last Tuesday. (my brother / his wedding) 2. Last
summer I swam in the Black Sea. (my friend / the Caribbean)
3. My groupmates lived in the hall of residence last year. (I / rent a room)
4. We went to see an interesting movie two days ago. (our neighbours /
a dull play) 5. I used to practise the violin when I was at school. (my brother /
the trumpet) 6. The famous British pianist Solomon gave his fi rst public
concert at the age of eight. (Wolfgang Mozart / at the age of 6) 7. A few years
ago Robert went on a camping holiday in the Alps. (his friends / hiking
in Scotland) 8. Once he had a serious infection of the hip joint. (his younger
brother / measles) 9. In London Paul reserved accommodation at the Regent
Palace Hotel. (his friends / the Tavistock) 10. David gave me all the necessary
information about the services at Heathrow. (the information offi cer / all
fl ights to Warsaw) 11. The South African swimmer Karen Muir broke
a world record when she was 12. (Joy Foster /
be Jamaican table tennis
champion at the age of 8) 12. Oscar Swahn, from Sweden, won a silver
medal for shooting in the 1920 Olympic Games at the age of 72. (boxer
Oscar de la Hoya / $53 million for a single fi ght with Floyd Mayweather Jr.
in 2007)
99
4. Paraphrase the following sentences to show the actions or states that
have ended.
Example:
When we were children,
we often visited the funfair.
When we were children, we
used to visit the funfair.
1. In childhood father told me bedtime stories almost every night. 2. When
a boy I got more exercise than I do now. 3. As a child I drew and painted
pictures. 4. When my daughter was a child, she thought people on television
could see her. 5. On warm days we swam in the river, but it’s too polluted
to do that now. 6. When Janet was a child, she had violin lessons for six
or seven years. Music gave her a lot of pleasure, and she often dreamed
of being a professional musician. But she didn’t have a good enough ear.
7. Robert got to the University by metro when he studied in London. 8. When
a student, Caroline worked in a laboratory every Thursday. 9. We often took
the train into town until the line was closed. 10. A hundred years ago many
people went around on horseback. 11. There was an airfi eld here before the
war; planes fl ew over our heads and we thought how exciting it would be to
zoom through the sky. 12. When I started working 30 years ago, the average
weekly wage was about £60. It is now about £680.
5. Give the reason why somebody didn’t do it.
Example:
Why didn’t you see me
on Tuesday? (be away)
I didn’t see you on Tuesday
because I was away.
1. Why wasn’t Jane interested in the subject? (not under stand it) 2. Why
didn’t you rush? (have enough time to reach the station) 3. Why didn’t you
eat anything? (not be hungry) 4. Why didn’t Tom go to work yesterday? (not
be very well) 5. Why didn’t you keep the promise? (the situation change)
6. Why didn’t you participate in the cycle race when you were on holiday
in the mountains? (not see the notice advertising it) 7. Why didn’t you visit
the Rockefeller Centre in New York? (be short of time) 8. Why didn’t they
come to the party? (be very busy) 9. Why didn’t your secretary pass the
proposal to Mr. Clay? (not ask her) 10. Why didn’t Victoria Azarenko win the
Australian Open? (have trouble with the elbow) 11. Why didn’t you apply for
a job of home sales manager? (get little experience for it) 12. You didn’t like
the job, but why didn’t you change it? (get enough to feed the family) 13. Why
didn’t you accept a promising offer? (mean moving to another area)
6. Make general questions using the verbs in brackets.
Example:
Last summer my family
went on a camping holi-
Did the family enjoy staying
there?
day in France. (enjoy)
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