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Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка = Practical English Grammar. Учебное пособие
.pdf
1. Lucy promised to eat out with me tonight but she couldn’t as she’s
doing extra work. 2. We expected the plane to land half an hour ago but
it didn’t. 3. I know for sure the beginning of the lecture is 10.15. It’s 10.30
now but the lecture hasn’t started yet. 4. The deadline is tomorrow, and
I haven’t fi nished my course paper. 5. Bob agreed to make a report at the
conference but he fell ill. 6. She gave a word to talk to the dean but she
hasn’t done it yet. 7. Some serious diseases have not been done away with
in developing countries. 8. In making a report at the conference he should
have mentioned his fellow-researchers investigating the problem but
he didn’t. 9. The ship was expected to arrive at the port last night but we are
still waiting. 10. Bob planned to go on business to Spain last week but he fell
ill. 11. This subject has not been included in the timetable though they
planned to do it. 12. The assistant promised to study the statistical data
on the problem by Thursday but he didn’t manage to do it in time.
3. Paraphrase the following sentences to express a planned action. Use
be to in its appropriate form.
Example:
Who did you ask to meet
you at the station?
Who is to meet you at the
station?
1. I’m waiting for Bill. He promised to come and help me. 2. Celina and
Mike agreed to marry in September. 3. Hurry up, otherwise we’ll be late for the
train leaving in 15 minutes. 4. Tell me what to do if the guests come early.
5. I explained the reason to them to stay at home last night. They agreed. 6. The
Browns are planning to spend their holiday on Majorca. If nothing wrong
happens, they’ll be there in July. 7. We decided to buy a new home cinema
before Christmas came but we failed as we hadn’t saved enough money. 8. The
children were too small to play in the street, they were allowed to play in the
garden. 9. Max is informed that he will have the Graduate Management
Admission Test on 19 September. 10. He is planning to have an MBA degree
exam next month. 11. Betsy was promised to get some extra money for her
work. 12. Do you remember that the bank manager fi xed an appointment for
you last Friday? 13. The shareholders’ meeting is planned next week. 14. The
chairman is the person to address the shareholders’ meeting.
4. Ask questions to which the following statements are the answers.
Begin with a given interrogative word (words).
Example:
The plane is to land at
When is the plane to land?
3 p.m. (When ...?)
1. Larry was to be back in two days. (When ...?) 2. I’m afraid you are
to go there alone. (How ...?) 3. We were to make a long tour around Cypris
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last summer. (What tour ...?) 4. They are to hold a meeting in room
344. (Where ...?) 5. Our country was to have been represented at the
conference. (What ... at?) 6. They are to discuss the present state of affairs.
(What ...?) 7. Carol was to have got some extra money for her work.
(Who ...?) 8. Our specialists are to come back home on Wednesday.
(When ...?) 9. The chairman was to have addressed the meeting. (Who ...?)
10. The receiving party is to arrange a press conference. (What ...?)
11. We were to meet the solicitor in his offi ce. (Where ...?) 12. They are
to set up a tentative programme for visitors. (What ...?). 13. Don’t forget,
you are to mention the subject of expense claims at the next meeting. (What
subject ...? Where ...?) 14. The marketing manager is to consider all the
possibilities before we decide which market to enter. (Who …? What ...?)
5. Express strict prohibition in the past.
Example:
“You are not to watch TV
all the afternoon, children,” they said.
The children were told they
were not to watch TV all the
afternoon.
1. Jamie’s father said, “You must not go out again.” 2. Kate knew that she
couldn’t bring her dog into the friends’ house. 3. Diana exclaimed, “You’re
getting on my nerves, children! Stop making noise!” 4. They said, “You
mustn’t be late.” 5. The time was dangerous and the group leader didn’t
allow us to leave the camp before 7 o’clock. 6. “Joe,” Alice exclaimed, “do
not touch an exhibit! It’s here not to be broken.” 7. Andrew was wasting his
time playing football when he ought to be studying for his examinations.
That’s why his father prohibited him to play football. 8. The producer was
furious, “You must not think of anything but your acting!” 9. She wanted
desperately to help Jim but he could hardly stand the idea of anybody helping
him. 10. “I remember your predecessor,” the secretary said. “While he was
working, nobody, even the Minister, could bother him.”
6. Paraphrase the following to speak about somebody’s necessity as a
result of orders or instructions.
Example:
He promised to come tonight. He is to come tonight.
1. The headmaster asked Nick to arrange a meeting. 2. “The dean wants
you to participate in the annual students’ conference,” said the monitor.
3. Do you remember what your homework was? 4. Hew was the only
employee in the offi ce when Mr. Wood came, so he was asked to show the
visitor around. 5. Dave hadn’t fi nished his work in Bonn by the time fi xed
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but the President asked him to come back to Liverpool. 6. I hope you’ve
already been told about your new duty. – Yes, Sir. To register all the papers
coming from the security department. 7. The business partners are coming
in a week. Jane was told to set up a programme of their stay. 8. The head
offi cer has invited me to advise to make a report on the latest developments
in our fi eld. Of course, I’ll follow his advice – his advice always sounds like
an order ... 9. Many developing countries allow new investment on a jointventure basis only. They insist on local entrepreneurs, or state agencies,
to participate in the ownership and even management of foreign enterprise.
7. Translate the following sentences into English using be to.
1. Что вам задавали на сегодня? – Мы должны были повторить модальные глаголы, чтобы писать тест. 2. Он должен стать музыкантом.
Так решила его мать. 3. Что это вы сегодня не в духе, парни? – Понимаешь, мы договорились вчера с девушками сходить в оперу, а они предпочли Psy с его Gangnam Style. 4. Сколько раз мне суждено пройти через это? 5. В этом году моему другу предстоит сдавать экзамен на бакалавра. 6. Кто должен отвечать за то, что произошло? 7. Никто не должен был беспокоить босса, когда он работал. 8. Что я должен сказать
представителю фирмы, когда он позвонит? 9. Ник уже собирался идти
домой, но начальник сказал, что он должен выполнить для него срочное задание. 10. По контракту фирма должна была перевести деньги
на наш счет еще в марте. Сейчас середина мая, денег нет, а фирма на
грани банкротства. Что нам делать? 11. Этот аспект управления мне
предстояло изучить намного позже.
8. Test yourself. Choose between must, needn’t, have to, be to and insert
the appropriate modal verb according to its meaning given in brackets.
1. Ask Phil, he … (supposition bordering on assurance) know the
answer. 2. I warned you that you ... (prohibition) tell her anything. You ...
(lack of necessity) have been so sincere with her! 3. You ... (urgent request)
take a taxi if you intend to catch the next train. 4. She is very upset. The
news ...(supposition bordering on assurance) be bad. 5. The shareholders’
meeting ... (a planned action) start at 10 sharp tomorrow. 6. I … (lack
of necessity) go to the bank yesterday as I had enough money on me.
7. Students ... (prohibition) talk at the lectures, they ... (duty) listen
to attentively 8. As the payment wasn’t made in due course they ...
(circumstantial necessity) to break the order. 9. The supervisor says that
we … (necessity as a result of orders) report any leakage. 10. I don’t deny
it’s my duty and I … (duty) fi nish it a few days ago. 11. Since the new boss
took us over we … (circumstantial necessity) change our working methods.
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12. The money was sent a week ago. It … (supposition bordering
on assurance) have been received already. 13. All the payments ...
(obligation) be made before the goods are dispatched. 14. Investors ... (strict
prohibition) put all their capital into one fund. 15. The talks ... (a planned
action) take place on Wednesday. The chief said that I … (necessity as a
result of orders) meet our partners at the airport.
WILL AND WOULD
1. The modal verb will is used to show willingness, intention or volition
to do something:
I will give you a hand with the luggage.
A polite way of saying what you want or what you want to do is I would
like (= I’d like):
I’d like to try on this jacket, please.
The negative form won’t or wouldn’t is used to show persistence
or resistance to do something:
I won’t take this medicine, Mum!
2. Will is also used in questions to request something. To make a request
very polite would is normally used:
Will you post this letter for me?
Woul d you pass me the salt, please?
3. Will is used to express determination or to give an order:
You will do what you are told!
4. The expression would you like is also used for offering and inviting:
Would you like a cup of coffee?
5. Sometimes will is used to threaten or promise something:
One day I’ll kill you!
I promise I won’t shout at you again.
6. Would is also used to express a repeated action in the past. Apart from
used to which is a colloquial way to express a repeated action in the past,
would is more preferable in the literary style:
He would spend hours lying still.
EXERCISES
1. Comment on the use of will and would in the following sentences. Pick
up the proverbs and translate the sentences into your own language.
1. Would you like to come to the cinema with us tomorrow evening?
2. I won’t go back to him. I won’t let him have the children. 3. I’d like some
194
information about the hotel, please. 4. When he was in low spirits,
he wouldn’t move for hours at a time. 5. I will ask you, Madam, to watch
over your friend. 6. Would you drop me near the station? 7. None are so blind
as those who will not see. 8. If it goes on, one day I’ll do something wrong
and then ... 9. He that will thrive must rise at fi ve. 10. What will be will be.
11. Would you mind helping me to do this work? 12. This week’s top twenty,
with disc jockey Mike Reid, is the programme you won’t miss. 13. The
longest day will have an end. 14. As you sow, so will you reap.
2. Paraphrase the sentences using will to express intention, willingness
or persistence, resistance.
Example:
I can do this work for you
I will do this work for you.
willingly.
1. Can you do me a favour, John? – Yes, willingly. 2. I don’t want to go
till you listen to me. 3. “I wanted to have a talk with you ... Won’t you sit
down?” – “No, I have no desire to sit down,” he answered aggressively.
4. Keith doesn’t want to see a doctor, or take any advice. He doesn’t want
to see anyone. 5. I’ve told you again and again that I don’t want to be
interfered with when I’m playing patience. 6. I’ve proved to you that I love
you more than anybody else loves you and still you don’t want to leave that
man and go with me. 7. Only don’t talk to me about divorce, for I simply
don’t want to hear of it. 8. You must be tired; do you want to have a rest?
9. “I’m not lying,” I said. “If you don’t want to believe what I say why
do you keep asking me?” 10. I’ll give ten thousand pounds to my younger
son Christopher to be paid to him on the day of his marriage to Sarah, if she
wants to marry him. 11. I ask for your advice; and I’m waiting for it. I have
no desire to have all the responsibility thrown on my shoulders. 12. I don’t
want to wait for an answer. Can’t you give me a decision on the spot?
3. Change the following sentences to express (polite) request.
Example:
Give me this book, please. Will you give me this book? /
Would you mind giving me
this book?
1. Carry these heavy boxes upstairs, please. 2. Turn the music down,
Roy. 3. Bert, stay for lunch with us. 4. Give me a light, please. 5. David,
do some work in the garden. 6. Mrs. Gates, I’m leaving for a week. Keep
an eye on my things. 7. Walter, pass the messages to the boss, please. 8. Book
me a seat in the pit stalls at the Albert Hall. 9. Lend me your Lexus for
tonight, please. 10. Pay this into my current account. 11. Put the name of the
payee, Madam. 12. Show me your cheque card, Sir.
195
4. Work in pairs. Respond to the following using Would you like ....
Example:
You’re going to see a
well-known fi lm. You think
Would you like to come to
the cinema with me tonight?
Jo would enjoy it. Invite
him.
1. You’re sitting on a crowded bus. There’s an old lady standing. Offer
her your seat. 2. The lady sitting next to you wants to light her cigarette but
she hasn’t got any lighter. Offer her your lighter. 3. There is a concert by the
Backstreet Boys on tonight and you’re going with some friends. You believe
Kate is very fond of the group. Invite her. 4. Dave has missed the last bus
to his place. You have a car with you. Offer him your help. 5. You’re having
a picnic on Saturday. Invite the people you’d like to see. 6. Pete likes Mary,
but he’s very shy to invite her for lunch himself. Pete asks you to help him.
Invite Mary for Pete. 7. John has been working day and night for the whole
week; he must be tired. Offer him to have a day’s rest. Invite him to go to the
country. 8. A business partner has just come to see you in your offi ce. Offer
him/her something to drink. 9. You’re a shop assistant. For half an hour
you’ve been watching a lady trying on several tops but hesitating which one
to decide on. Offer her a blue Shetland pullover.
5. Using will complete the sentences below to express threat or promise.
Example:
If you don’t behave, I ... . If you don’t behave, I will
punish you!
1. If you fi nish the fi rst year with good marks, I ... ; if you fi nish the fi rst
year with bad marks, I ... . 2. Whenever you leave, I promise I ... . 3. If you
keep on answering this way, I ... . 4. If you don’t buy me a car, I ... . 5. When
the missing luggage arrives, we ... . 6. I ... till you listen to me. 7. You don’t
like me swearing? I promise I ... ever again! 8. I’m sick and tired
of vegetarian food! One day I ... . 9. When I have more news of the event,
I ... . 10. Sorry for being rude to you. I promise never again I ... . 11. If you
do this job for me, I ... . 12. If the fi rm’s representative telephones, I ... .
6. Paraphrase the following sentences to show a repeated action in the
past using would.
Example:
Gwen was very fond of
music. She could listen to
Gwen would listen to music
for hours.
it for hours.
1. When Phil was a student, his habit was playing tennis once a week.
2. I remember George’s habit to sit and keep silent the whole evening.
196
3. When we shared a room together, we often stayed up talking late into the
night. 4. That cinema is nearly always empty now. I remember a few years
ago there were crowds of people there every night. 5. When I was a teenager,
I often spent the whole evening listening to music. 6. Nick was good
company. Every time he came, he liked to entertain everybody with amusing
stories. 7. Whenever Sam was angry, he preferred to walk out of the room.
8. When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather
was fi ne, we used to get up early and go for a swim. 9. The big entrance
lounge of the hotel was a favourite place for the elderly ladies. Miss Marple
always remembered them sitting at tables and eyeing the newcomers.
10. Jane had a rich imagination. I think she couldn’t live a day without
inventing a story and saying it was true. 11. When Martha was younger, she
was working day and night to feed the family. Time and again I saw her
coming home very tired.
7. Complete the following sentences with would or used to. Sometimes
both forms are possible.
1. They ... be happy together but now they’re not. 2. When I was
at school, I … never do my weekend homework until Sunday evening.
3. During my last year at the University I … go to the library to start work
at 9 o’clock in the morning. 4. He … go for a run every day. 5. He … have
a lot of free time before he started working there. 6. I remember in childhood
when there was a lot of snow we … go skiing almost every day. 7. We don’t
know what has happened with her. She doesn’t study as hard as she ... .
8. He … work overtime before he retired. 9. She ... help everybody who was
in need. 10. Mr. Doyle is a nice person. I remember he … get on well with
all his colleagues when he worked for our company.
8. Translate these sentences into English using will or would.
1. Я охотно помогу тебе, если ты объяснишь, как это делать. 2. Мистер Котлер с удовольствием примет ваше приглашение. 3. Чему быть –
того не миновать. 4. Когда-то в детстве Лиза часами слушала отца, зачарованная его рассказами о путешествии в Африку. 5. Мой друг ни за
что не останется здесь, если его словам не верят! 6. Извини, пожалуйста. Я больше никогда не буду плохо вести себя. 7. Купите мне, пожалуйста, два билета в ложу оперного театра на субботний спектакль.
8. Ты сделаешь то, что тебе говорят! 9. Будьте добры подписать чек,
мадам. 10. Долгий перелет из Торонто наверняка утомил вас, мистер
Кендал. Не желаете что-нибудь выпить, а потом отдохнуть? 11. Ты же
не станешь отрицать, что контракт не был подписан по твоей вине,
не так ли? 12. Я обязательно получу степень магистра по управлению
197
бизнесом, как бы трудно это не было! 13. Стивен Райт, скромный служащий из Сити, был человеком привычки. Он всегда вставал в 7.25, завтракал в 8.05. На завтрак у него были, как всегда, два яйца всмятку,
тост с джемом и большая чашка чаю. Ровно в 8.45 Стивен уходил на работу.
SHALL
1. The modal verb shall is used to promise, warn or threaten. In this case,
it is used in all the persons (singular and plural):
You shall read this letter yourself.
She shall have a scandal if she behaves like that.
2. Shall is also used to offer or suggest something:
Shall I help you?
Shall we wait a bit?
3. Shall is normally used to ask for instructions:
Shall I read the text?
4. Shall can also be used to express determination:
As you sow, so shall you reap.
EXERCISES
1. Comment on the use of shall in the following proverbs and sayings.
Give their equivalents in your own language. Use them in situations
of your own.
1. Man shall not live by bread alone. 2. He who does not work neither
shall he eat. (He that will not work shall not eat.) 3. At the game’s end
we shall see who gains. 4. As a man lives, so shall he die. 5. They that take
the sword shall perish with the sword. 6. He that is born to be hanged shall
never be drowned. 7. He who touches pitch shall be defi led. 8. He who says
what he likes shall hear what he does not like.
2. Make offers for the following situations. Begin the offer with Shall
we …? or Shall I…?.
1. Your granny has written a post card that she wants to post at once.
You’re going out. So you say ... 2. You and your friend are walking in the
park. You feel like eating something. So you suggest ... 3. You are going out.
It looks like rain but you’re not sure whether to take an umbrella. So you
say ... 4. The family is in the sitting room. It’s very hot but the windows are
closed. 5. You meet your friend. You want to go somewhere. So you
198
suggest ... 6. The weather is fi ne. You want to have a ride to the country with
your friend. So you say ... 7. There’s a concert in the club tonight and you’d
like to go. Make suggestions to your boyfriend / girlfriend ... 8. Your
colleague wants to know how to operate a Xerox photocopier. Make your
offer. 9. After the reception you see your colleague has no car. You arrived
there in your BMW. Make your offer. 10. You see your colleague is nervous,
as he can’t fi nish the assignment in time for some reasons. You want to help
him. 11. You meet your peer who is to arrange a charity action for the
disabled in the region. The action is tomorrow but he still has lots of things
to do. So you say ...
3. Work in pairs. Reply to the following to express promise, warning or
threat.
Example:
You haven’t told me what
Nick’s message is about.
You shall read his message
yourself.
(re ad this message yourself)
1. I can’t stand the heat! It’s intolerable! (give icy water to drink) 2. That
guy has injured my knee-cap! (punish) 3. I’m telephoning to get the news
about my missing son. (tell / as soon as we have the news of him) 4. Laura
is telling lies about your private life. (have a scandal) 5. I’m terribly cold,
and it takes an hour to reach the place. (sit by the fi re there) 6. I’m asking
you again where you have been all night. Answer, quickly! (never learn the
truth / if you keep on asking me in such a tone) 7. I’m sick and tired of your
advice and care! I want to be independent! I want to leave the house! (leave
the house for nowhere) 8. Yes, I’ve killed that fellow! He was always getting
on my nerves making fun of and mocking at me. (answer for it with one’s
life) 9. I won’t do this work! I consider it wasting my time and efforts. (do
it the way I’ll tell you) 10. I’m very tired. I can’t see the end of the project.
(have a rest soon) 11. Why do you keep me waiting here so long? I want
to see the shop manager right now! (see in a minute)
4. Ask for instructions in the way shown in the example.
Example:
I need some fl owers to
Shall I buy any fl owers?
decorate the house for the
party.
1. My grandchildren are coming to see me tomorrow. I need some
chocolates for them. 2. It’s very stuffy in the room. 3. Everybody has been
so busy today that nobody has taken the dog for a walk. Poor thing! 4. Waiter.
The meat is too spicy! I simply can’t eat it! 5. Cameron’s Avatar is on at the
199
cinema next Friday. I’d like to go. 6. I have no news about your missing pet
yet, Mrs. Hailey. 7. You know, I can’t stand modern hotels! Are we staying
in this block of concrete and glass for a week? 8. You know perfectly well
that I like peace and calm. But this hotel is overcrowded with noisy tourists!
9. I’m exhausted and can’t drive a car. But I’m to be in Bristol for
an interview in an hour. 10. Miss Adams, a very important person, is visiting
us at four o’clock. 11. You know, Gladys, the assistant is very busy with
arranging tomorrow’s meeting, he is simply up to his eyes in work.
5. Translate these sentences into English using shall.
1. Разрешите вам помочь? 2. Сынок, это лето ты проведешь у бабушки в деревне. Обещаю, что в следующем году ты поедешь с друзьями к морю. 3. Нет, мы пока не нашли ваш багаж. Да, мы сразу же сообщим вам, как только найдем его. 4. Ты сделаешь так, как тебе говорят!
5. Мне надоела твоя забота обо мне! Ты мне и шагу не даешь ступить
без твоей опеки. Я сегодня же перееду жить в гостиницу! – Никуда
ты отсюда не уедешь! Попробуй только! 6. Цыплят по осени считают.
7. Мэри, сегодня у меня очень важная встреча в конце рабочего дня. –
Что я должна сделать, босс? Сварить кофе? А затем позвонить вашей
жене и сказать, что вы задерживаетесь? 8. У меня столько дел последнее время! Я работаю даже по субботам, чтобы завершить проект. –
Скоро отпуск, тогда и отдохнешь.
SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
1. Modal verbs should and ought to are used when you want to advise
somebody to do something because you think it is a good idea to do or the
right thing to do:
Mike should stop smoking.
You ought to see a doctor.
Shouldn’t and ought not to are used when you want to say that it is not
a good thing to do:
Bob shouldn’t drive really. He is too tired.
You ought not to drive so fast.
Should and ought to are not as strong as must. Compare:
He should stop smoking. (= It would be a good idea.)
He must stop smoking. (= It is necessary that he stops.)
2. Should and ought to are often used when you ask for or give
an opinion about something. In this case I think / I don’t think / Do you
think ...? should be used:
I don’t think you should work so hard.
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