Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Практическая грамматика английского языка = Practical English Grammar. Учебное пособие
.pdf
climbers were fast asleep in their tents. 13. Ann has been working hard
recently to save her small business from bankruptcy.
2. Mind the place of an adverb in a sentence. Sometimes more than one
position is possible.
1. This method is regarded as effi cient. (highly) 2. Have you been
to Italy? (ever) 3. Wait for me. (outside) 4. Jamie is working at the course
paper. (still) 5. They help old Mrs. Huckster do the shopping. (generally)
6. Drink this and you will feel better. (soon) 7. Don’t tell me the end of the
fi lm! I haven’t seen it! (yet) 8. She answered the teacher’s question so quickly
that we could follow her. (hardly) 9. Like to have a look at the paper? – No,
thanks. I’ve seen it. (already) 10. I’ve fi nished the work. (quite) 11. Excuse
me, is there a garage? (nearby) 12. Ah, there it is! I’ve been looking for it.
(everywhere) 13. Thanks for waiting. I’ve fi nished the urgent assignment
and can have a talk with you. (already) 14. Ted likes his job. (very much)
3. Choose two words (one from each box) to complete each sentence.
slightly
bitterly
happily
seriously
absolutely
totally
badly
fully
extremely
unusually
completely
reasonably
cheap
quiet
ill
sorry
insured
married
planned
changed
destroyed
damaged
enormous
disappointed
1. The children are normally very lively but they’re ... today. 2. Sally’s
father is ... in hospital. 3. When I returned home after 15 years, everything
had ... . 4. Alice and Stan have been ... for eight years. 5. I thought the
restaurant would be expensive but it was ... . 6. The building was ... in the
fi re. The fi re destroyed our cottage but luckily we were ... . 7. What a big
house! It’s ... . 8. I’m ... about losing your iPad. I’ll buy another one. 9. A lot
of things went wrong during our stay because it was ... . 10. It wasn’t
a serious accident for Frank. Luckily, he didn’t have a scratch and his car
was only ... . 11. I was ... that I didn’t get the job.
4. Insert either so or such in the following sentences. Mind the article
where necessary.
1. The wind was ... strong, it was diffi cult to walk. 2. Come on! Don’t
walk ... slowly! 3. The food at the hotel was very bad. I’ve never eaten ...
awful food. 4. I was surprised that Nelly looked ... well after her recent
illness. 5. They have got ... a lot of money, they don’t know what to do with
it. 6. Gillian behaved ... freely at the corporate party that his peers didn’t
recognize him. 7. Why did she ask me ... stupid questions? 8. Everything
51
is ... expensive these days, isn’t it? 9. I haven’t seen him ... long that I’ve
forgotten what he looks like. 10. Simon passed the exam easily but he was ...
embarrassed when he came last in the class, with 20%. 11. We didn’t expect
to have ... many problems. 12. The World of Tanks is ... exciting computer
game! 13. She replied with ... trembling voice that everyone in the offi ce
noticed her state. 14. The company’s success was ... evident that even
competitors couldn’t deny it.
5. Write a new sentence with the same meaning to use such instead of so.
Example:
The game was so exciting that I couldn’t stop
It was such an exciting game
that I couldn’t stop playing.
playing.
1. The manner he made a report on the issue was so convincing that
we couldn’t but agree with him. 2. The cruise round Europe was so well
organized that we enjoyed every minute. 3. Carrer Petritxol is one of the
narrowest streets in Barselona. It is so narrow that it’s impossible for two
cars to pass each other. 4. His feet are so big that he has diffi culty in fi nding
shoes to fi t him. 5. The house was so old that there was no use to repair it.
6. The accident was so serious that nobody remained alive. 7. Dick is so
economical that he doesn’t go to work by bus and prefers walking. 8. John
asked the supervisor about his pay cut. His question was so unexpected that
the supervisor didn’t know what to answer. 9. John repeated the question
waiting for a defi nite answer. The situation became so awkward that
everyone in the offi ce looked down. 10. The main result of the marketing
research was so surprising that we decided to conduct a new one. 11. The
company’s distribution network is so effi cient that they have no problems
with sales. 12. The infl ation rate is so high these days that wages don’t keep
pace with it.
6. Complete the following sentences using enough with one of these
words: clean, low, self-confi dent, experience, warm, chairs, attentive, money, qualifi cations, disappointing, room, food.
Example:
Mary doesn’t go to
She is not old enough.
school. She is not ... .
1. My Fiat Panda is only a small car. There isn’t ... for all of you. 2. Are
you ... ? Or shall I switch on the heating? 3. There weren’t ... for everyone
to sit down. 4. The water was not ... to swim in. 5. There is not ... to feed the
company of twelve. 6. Do you think I’ve got ... to apply for the job? 7. The
audience wasn’t ... when listening to his report. 8. The shelves should be …
52
to reach the convenience goods customers buy every day. 9. He didn’t get
the job because he didn’t have ... . 10. He was ... to make a decision.
11. We would like to buy a Mercedes but we haven’t got ... . 12. The drop
of the shares in the company was ... to start fearing about the profi ts.
7. Complete the following advertisements using the comparative degree
of the adverbs. The fi rst one has been done for you.
1. Headache? You want fast relief. Panadol works faster than any other
tablet. 2. I never slept very well until I drank Nightcap. Now I sleep ... than
ever before. 3. If you think your washing powder gets your clothes
thoroughly clean, then you haven’t tried Ariel. Ariel will clean them ... .
4. So your batteries last a long time, do they? Try Energizer batteries. They
last even ... . 5. Do you wish your photocopier were quicker, more effi cient?
Then change to Canon. Canon copies ... and ... than most other copiers.
6. Money doesn’t go very far nowadays, does it? So, shop at Poundstretcher
where your money goes ... .
8. Complete the following sentences using as ... as with adverbs.
Example:
Kate works reasonably hard
but she used to work much
She doesn’t work as hard
as she used to.
harder. She doesn’t ...
1. Debbie hoped to do in her exams well but she failed. She didn’t ... .
2. Sorry, I’m late. You know I can’t walk fast but I got here ... . 3. You know
a lot about Audi cars but I know more. You don’t ... . 4. I still smoke but
I used to smoke a lot more. I don’t ... . 5. I was tired and wanted to sleep long
and well this night. But my roommates arranged a party with music.
I didn’t ... . 6. I can run fast but you can run faster. I hear you’ve won the
Cup. I can’t ... . 7. Very soon I need a lot of money for a business start-up.
Could you borrow me ...? 8. A year ago we put more emphasis on marketing.
Now the emphasis is low and we’re suffering losses. We should return to last
year’s policy ... .
9. Combine two sentences to make one using too or enough.
Example:
I can’t wear this coat in winter. It’s not warm enough.
This coat is not warm eno ugh
(for me) to wear in winter.
1. We couldn’t eat the curry. It was too spicy. 2. Don’t stand on that
ladder. It’s not strong enough. 3. Nobody could move the wardrobe, because
it was too heavy. 4. You can’t sleep in this bed. It’s too narrow. 5. Nick
couldn’t collect all the people from the airport. His car isn’t big enough.
53
6. We couldn’t hear what the speaker was saying. We were too far away
from the place he was standing. 7. Farm workers can’t pay their bills. Their
earnings are too low. 8. We have studied the charity practice in the region.
The obtained data are informative enough. 9. I can’t understand why the
company’s shares have risen. The rise is too unexplainable. 10. The manager
was tactful enough. He didn’t notice the freshman’s embarrassment.
11. George wants to be appointed deputy manager. His qualifi cation is high
enough. 12. I can’t believe him to sell the company’s information to the
competitor. His reputation is too high.
10. Answer the questions using the adjectives in brackets with the
adverbs too or enough.
Example:
Does Harry work? (lazy)
No, he’s too lazy to work.
1. Why don’t you drink the coffee? (hot) 2. I don’t want to miss the 11.15
train. Shall I leave for the station at 11 sharp? (late) 3. Why didn’t your
friend get the job of a sales manager? (experienced) 4. Why can’t Doris
phone me now? (busy) 5. Bill is your co-founder. Why doesn’t he make
a decision about the business? (self-confi dent) 6. Why didn’t he collect all
the people from the airport? He went there by car. (small) 7. Would you like
to be a politician? (nice) 8. Why does everybody discuss the results of the
exit poll? (unexpected) 9. Why don’t the management believe the data?
(disputable) 10. Is the head offi cer going to retire? (old) 11. Why does
everybody listen to him and believe his every word? (reliable)12. Did you
hear what the business partner was saying? (far) 13. Why has your company
increased the employees’ pay? (prosperous) 14.Why did they choose your
idea for a project start-up? (perspective).
11. Write sentences with the ... the ... . Choose a half-sentence from box
A to go with a half-sentence from box B.
Example:
The longer he waited, the more impatient he became.
A B
The earlier we leave
The longer he waited
The more I got to know him
The more you practise your German
The more you learn
The harder you work
the faster you’ll learn.
the more you forget.
the sooner we’ll arrive.
the less I liked him.
the more impatient he became.
the better you pass the exams.
54
12. Use the following notes and a suitable adverb from the box to
complete the magazine article below. When there is more than one possibility, try to use as many different adverbs as possible. The fi rst
sentence has been done for you.
always continually ever frequently generally hardly
ever never occasionally often usually rarely sometimes
Robert Williams
1) interested in acting ever since he was a child;
2) gets a part in the theatre now and then;
3) is out of work sixty per cent of the time;
4) helps in a friend’s restaurant most of the time;
5) is worried about money all the time;
6) parents help him fi nancially now and then;
7) sees them only every two or three years;
8) gets depressed from time to time;
9) defi nitely wouldn’t consider doing anything else.
Life can be diffi cult for a young actor, as I found out when I visited
Robert Williams at his home in Durham since he was a child. Robert (1) has
always been interested in acting. If he’s lucky, he (2) ... but he (3) ... .
To pay the rent he (4) ... but he (5) ... . His (6) ... but as they live in New
Zealand, he (7) ... . He admits that he (8) ... but says he (9) ... .
13. Complete the following in an appropriate way. The adverbs should be
used in the comparative degree. There is often more than one acceptable
answer.
Example:
Sorry, I don’t understand
what you are saying. Could
you...?
Could you say it again more
slowly? Could you speak less
quickly?
1. If you want to pass this exam, Freddie, you’ll have to ... . 2. I can’t
understand what’s happened to the team. They’ve been playing pretty badly
all season and last night they ... than usual. 3. Daniel was going to take the
train leaving at 5 a.m. So he had to get up ... . 4. You know I don’t like
smoking very much. It’s too smoky in the room. Can’t you ...? 5. Kids,
I know you’re enjoying yourselves, but I’ve got a terrible headache. Please
can you ... ? 6. Sue, there’s a police car following us. Hadn’t you better ...?
7. If you don’t hurry up, I’ll miss my bus. Can’t you ... ? 8. Your work isn’t
very good. I’m sure you can do ... than this. 9. I’m sorry, but this is a very
55
bad line, and I can’t hear you. Could you ...? 10. Usually the procedures for
making insurance are clearly defi ned but I don’t understand these ones.
Could you defi ne them ... ? 11. The assignment is very urgent. Could you
work ... to fi nish it as quickly as possible?
14. Reply the following questions using a bit, a little, far, a lot, much.
Example:
Do you play tennis better
than your brother?
No, he plays tennis much
better.
1. Do you know English better than Russian? 2. I’m sorry, I don’t
understand. Could you say it again more slowly? 3. Can you type better
than write shorthand? 4. I’m simply dying. Can you walk more slowly?
5. Do you enter the classroom earlier than the lecturer does? 6. Do you
work later than usual getting ready for an exam? 7. Do you get up earlier
than usual on the day you are having an exam? 8. Can you work harder than
your teachers expect from you? 9. Do you work more enthusiastically
if you expect the dean to praise you? 10. Do you act more sensibly if you
know the possible consequences? 11. Can you drive faster than the police
car following us?
15. Use the comparative or superlative degree of the adverbs.
1. Bill’s eyebrows rose ... (high) than ever. 2. Driving ... (slowly) now,
she arrived between four and fi ve. 3. She was the one who was being hurt ...
(deeply). 4. Moreover, he was ... (well) educated than the others. 5. Then
he dismissed the thought as unworthy, and yielded himself ... (freely) to the
music. 6. All the class has learned quite a lot, but Alfred has defi nitely
learned ... (much), which is not surprising, as he’s always worked ... ( hard).
7. I know she thought about it ... (carefully) before making a decision and
taking everything into consideration, she acted ... (sensibly). 8. Well, out
of all the different machines to choose from, this model works ...
(effi ciently), produces the best copies and costs ... (little) to run. 9. The
Head Manager argued ... (persuasively) of all the speakers. 10. Look, the
man has written back to you ... (apologetically), explaining that there was
a mistake, so, under the circumstances, I think you are behaving ...
(unreasonably). 11. Robert followed her mental process ... (clearly) now,
and her soul was no ... (long) the sealed wonder it had been. 12. I’m pleased
to say all ideas developed by your team were received ... (favourably), but
Nick’s idea was received ... (enthusiastically), so that’s the one we’ve
chosen.
56
16. Choose suitable adverbs to complete the following letter of reference.
Try to use as many different adverbs as possible. The fi rst sentence has
been done for you.
To Whom It May Concern
Miss Evans has worked for this company for fi ve years and has always
been an extremely reliable and cooperative employee. She is ... well
organised and does her work ... and ... . She types ... and writes shorthand ... .
In addition, she speaks French ... and can understand Russian ... ... . Future
employers will fi nd that she always arrives ... and works ... ... .
We wish her every success in her future career.
David Martin
David Martin,
Managing Director
17. Translate the following sentences into English using various adverbs.
1. Чем больше я узнаю его, тем больше его уважаю. 2. Гарри был достаточно тактичен, чтобы не заметить смущение своего старого друга.
Он так сильно изменился, что Гарри едва узнал его. 3. Мальчик очень
устал: он уже не мог идти так быстро, как его товарищи, поэтому очень
скоро отстал. 4. Не могу понять, что произошло с командой. Весь сезон
они играли очень плохо, а вчера умудрились сыграть еще хуже, чем
обычно. 5. Начальник нашего отдела еще не так стар, чтобы уходить
в отставку. 6. Если вы думаете, что ваш стиральный порошок тщательно отстирывает вещи, вы никогда не пробовали Тайд. Тайд отстирывает
намного лучше (тщательнее). 7. Машина Билла достаточно большая,
чтобы отвезти сразу всю нашу компанию из восьми человек . 8. Ник
всегда действует быстро в критических ситуациях. Однако в последний
раз он прореагировал так быстро, как никогда раньше. 9. Улочка была
такая узкая, что по ней едва могли разъехаться два автомобиля. 10. Почему руководство не верит данным, полученным в ходе опроса сотрудников? – Сейчас кризис и едва ли политика руководства по снижению
издержек, в том числе зарплаты, получила одобрение персонала. Руководство считает эти данные весьма сомнительными. 11. Их идеи были
приняты самым лучшим образом. 12. Вчера у него было много работы
в клинике; он устал и решил пойти спать немного пораньше. Но ему
не пришлось отдыхать так долго, как он надеялся: в пять часов утра его
вызвали к больному. 13. Из всех машин, которые производит наше
предприятие, эта модель работает наиболее эффективно, а ее обслуживание требует наименьших затрат. 14. Мисс Уилсон работает в нашей
компании уже десять лет. Это очень надежный сотрудник. Она исполняет свои обязанности самым тщательным образом.
57
18. Test yourself. Read the following interview with a sportsman. Then
choose suitable adverbs to complete the discussion. There is often more
than one acceptable answer. The fi rst sentence has been done for you.
Interviewer: My fi rst guest this evening is the young British cyclist
Ken Barclay. Ken has (1) just been chosen to ride in next year’s Tour
de France. Congratula tions, Ken. How do you feel about it?
К e n: Thanks. Well, of course, I’m (2) ... pleased. I (3) ... expected to be
selected.
I n t e r v i e w e r: Which will be the most diffi cult part of the race for
you?
К e n: Well, I’m not very good at climbing. I ride (4) ... on fl at roads. So,
I don’t expect to do (5) ... in the mountains.
I n t e r v i e w e r: You must have to do a lot of training, don’t you?
К e n: Yes, of course. I train (6) ... for about fi ve or six hours. But (7) ...
I’ve been training ever (8) ... than that. But I’m still not as good as I should
be. You see, it’s a very long race. You have to ride (9) ... than in most other
races, and there are (10) ... any rest days, maybe only one or two. So, it’s
(11) ... tiring, too. You’ve got to be (12) ... fi t.
I n t e r v i e w e r: It’s a dangerous sport, too, isn’t it?
К e n: Oh, yes, (13) ... . You have to ride so (14) ... to each other that it’s
(15) ... easy to fall. (16) ... the worst accident I’ve (17) ... had was breaking
a fi nger, but some riders have been (18) ... injured. Some have even been
killed.
I n t e r v i e w e r: Well, Ken, the very best of luck in the Tour, and let’s
hope you fi nish the race (19) ... .
Prompts: extremely, very, well, regularly, harder, hardly, longer,
quite, close, luckily, ever, seriously, best, safely, badly, fortunately, farther,
severely. more, recently, lately, daily, fastest, successfully.
THE PRONOUN
Words that stand instead of nouns are called pronouns. They are classifi ed
as personal, possessive, refl exive, demonstrative, indefi nite, relative and
others. Each group of pronouns has its own characteristic features.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1. Personal pronouns have gender and number. Pronouns like he, she,
you that refer to only one person are singular, those like we, they that refer
58
to more than one person are plural. Pronouns that stand for males are
masculine gender, those for females are feminine gender, and those for
things are neuter gender:
Boy, king, father – he girl, woman, mother – she
book, house, table – it
Normally words used for animals are neuter gender but sometimes
we think of them as masculine or feminine:
My dog is called Jessie. She is very nice.
Mind that in English some things can also be of masculine or of feminine
gender:
boat, locomotion, reed – she swallow – he
2. In English, nouns always have the same form whether they are in the
subject or in the object, but pronouns are different. With most of them there
is one form for the subject (the nominative case) and another form for the
object (the objective case). Compare:
Singular Plural
Person Nominative Objective Nominative Objective
st
1
nd
2
rd
3
Imeweus
you you you you
he, she, it him, her, it they them
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
1. Possessive pronouns are formed from the corresponding personal
pronouns to show possession of the object to a person:
I – my we – our
you – your you – your
he – his; she – her; it – its they – their
2. Normally they are used with nouns as attributes:
My parents are economists.
He has fi nished his work.
The absolute form of the possessive pronouns is used when possessive
pronouns are used without nouns:
my – mine our – ours
your – yours your – yours
his – his; her – hers; its – its their – theirs
Compare the following sentences where the possessive pronouns are
used differently:
59
This is my book. This book is mine.
John is our friend. John is an old friend of ours.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
1. Refl exive pronouns can be singular myself, yourself, himself, herself,
itself and plural ourselves, yourselves, themselves. We use a refl exive
pronoun when the subject and the object are the same:
Raymond cut himself when he was shaving.
2. We do not normally use myself, etc. after feel, relax, concentrate,
wash, dress, shave:
He got up, shaved, washed and dressed. (not shaved himself, etc.)
3. A refl exive pronoun can be used with the preposition by to mean
alone:
Learner drivers are not allowed to drive by themselves.
4. It is possible to use a refl exive pronoun to emphasize that the person
himself does or did something:
I’m not going to do it for you. Yo u can do it yourself.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Demonstrative pronouns are limited in number: singular this, that, plural
these, those and such and same. They may be used as the subject, attribute
and object:
Everybody knows this already.
These papers are for you.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
1. Relative pronouns who (whom), whose, what, which, how, where
are used when you form a question and as conjunctions with the subordinate
clauses:
What books do you like to read?
Isn’t he the man whose photo was in the paper?
2. The pronoun who is used in a relative clause instead of he / she / they.
Mind that for things you should use that instead of it / they:
This is John, who has the room next to ours.
Where are the fi les that were in the safe?
60
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]