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The shell and tube heat exchanger has four times the efficiency of the
раза выше эффективности пластинчатого теплообменника.
half as much as
в полтора раза больше
twice as much as
в два раза больше
three times as long as
в три раза длиннее
four times as high as
в четыре раза выше
ten times as much as
в десять раз больше
half the size
в два раза меньше по размеру
half the weight
в два раза меньше по весу
half the height
в два раза меньше по высоте
half the mass
в два раза меньше по массе
less than 50%
меньше чем 50%
greater than 50%
больше чем 50%
less by half
меньше вполовину
less by one
на единицу меньше
greater by three
больше на три единицы
to increase / to rise by two
увеличить на два
to decrease / to reduce by 50%
уменьшить на 50%
a twofold increase
увеличение в два раза
a fourfold decrease
уменьшение в четыре раза
a threefold reduction
уменьшение в три раза
The proposed unit has half the size of the floor space.
Пример:
plate heat exchanger.
Эффективность кожухотрубчатого теплообменника в четыре
Следующие выражения часто встречаются в научнотехнических статьях при количественном сравнении параметров
различных объектов.
Примеры:
Размер предложенной установки в два раза меньше площади пола.
The A segment is three times as long as the B segment.
Длина сегмента А в три раза больше длины сегмента В.
71
The product yield of the new process unit is half as much as the yiel d of
the old one.
образцов в два раза.
Производительность новой технологической установки в полтора
раза больше производительности старого оборудования.
The accuracy of this measuring method is greater than 35%.
Точность этого измерительного метода выше 35%.
The experimental value is less by three than the predicted re sul t.
Экспериментальное значение меньше расчетной величины на три
единицы.
This proposal will allow us to increase the process efficiency by 50%.
Это предложение позволит нам увеличить КПД процесса на 50%.
A threefold increase in distance resulted in a tenfold decrease in
radiation intensity.
Увеличение расстояние в три раза привело к уменьшению
интенсивности излучения в десять раз.
The graph presents an approximately twofold reduction of the
molecular activity of samples.
На графике показано уменьшение молекулярной активности
72
Практические упражнения
to fall spectacularly
падать быстро
a spectacular fall
быстрое падение
to rise dramatically
to increase substantially
to fall significantly
to drop suddenly
to decrease sharply
to go up steadily
to go down consistently
to decline gradually
to ascend modestly
to descend slightly
to fall marginally
1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на устойчивые
словосочетания «прилагательное + существительное»
1. There is a rapid increase in temperature by 50 ºC.
2. There was a slow drop in pressure from 1000 Pa to 2500 Pa.
3. The graph shows a slow, steady fall in dynamic viscosity of liquid
aluminum.
4. The diagram presents a gradual rise in density of the petroleum
fractions inside the distillation column.
5. We observe a continuous drop in temperature to 150 ºC.
2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на устойчивые
словосочетания «глагол + наречие»
1. Temperature increases gradually up to 160 ºC.
2. Internal pressure dropped continuously over the process time.
3. Kinematic viscosity rose erratically and then remained constant.
4. Sulfur concentration in crude oil went down slowly and steadily from
60 to 20%.
5. Density of liquid fell sharply in the temperature range of 100-200 ºC.
3. Преобразуйте и переведите устойчивые словосочетания
«глагол + наречие» в словосочетания «прилагательное +
существительное» (см. прил. 7)
73
4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на предлоги of, by,
Динамическая вязкость, Па сек
Dynamic viscosity, Pa s
Площадь, см
2
Масса, кг
Длина, м
Скорость м/сек
Плотность, кг/м
3
Температура, °C
Поверхностное натяжение, Дж/м
2
Давление, Па
Теплопроводность, Вт/м К
Электросопротивление, Ом м
Кинетическая вязкость, м
2
/сек
Ток, А
Теплоемкость, Дж/моль К
Studied devices have been fabricated with Ti/Au multilayer as metal
Figure 1(b) shows the photocurrent curves of the devices with
different thickness of the Ti layers under 1.5 sun illumination. It can be
the PCE is only 6.3% with
observed, with the FF, Voc and short circuit current (Jsc) elevated to
~51%, 0.89 V and 23.64 mA/cm2, respectively. When the Ti film
at, from, to
1. The process temperature plummeted from 150 to 50 ºC.
2. We observed a continuous drop in flow rate by 2 m
3. The line decreased by 5 mm and bottomed at 10 mm.
4. Pressure rocketed and peaked at 10
5
Pa.
3
/s.
5. The curve reached its minimum of 1000 m/s.
5. Переведите и запишите в сокращенном виде размерности
следующих параметров (см. прил. 6)
6. Прочитайте и переведите описание графика из научных статей
Рисунок 1
cathode, as shown in Fig. 1(a).
found that in the device with Au cathode,
poor fill factor (FF, ~ 43%) and small open circuit voltage (Voc, 0.65 V).
After the insertion of Ti layer (5 nm), an obvious PCE enhancement is
74
thickness raises to 10 nm, the highest PCE approaching 13% is achieved
with the Jsc up to 24.38 mA/cm2. It demonstrates that the Ti/Au
illumination.
device
устройство
layer
слой
cathode
катод
photocurrent
фототок
thickness
толщина
sun illumination
солнечное облучение
circuit voltage
напряжение цепи
enhancement
увеличение
to elevate
подниматься, увеличиваться
multilayer can effectively improve the device performance.
Figure: a) Schematic dra wing showi ng the vert ical stru cture of t he studied
devices; (b) J-V of the devices under 1.5 sun illumination with Au and
Ti/Au cathodes, and with different Ti film thickness of 5, 10 and 20 nm; (c)
Energy level diagram of the discussed solar cell which shows the charge
separatio n proce ss. The p osition s of the e nergy levels a re prese nted in Fig.
(d–g) Histogram s of short-circuit c urrent density, open-circuit voltage, fill
factor and power conversion efficiency of 24 cells for the devices with
Ti(10 nm)/Au and Au cathode, respectively. (h) J-V curves with different
scanning direction at a sweeping rate of 0.05 V/s under AM 1.5 G one sun
http://www.nature.com/articles/srep39132
Мини-словарь
75
circuit current
ток цепи
respectively
соответственно
performance
эксплуатационные качества
solar cell
фотоэлемент
charge
заряд
current density
плотность тока
power conversion
преобразование электроэнергии
sweeping rate
скорость свипирования
The figure illustrates comparisons between the predictions of the
ical model and the DIC results in terms of the austenitic
As expected, both figures show that the analytical results are
always between the lower (r Amin) and upper (r Amax) limits
redistribution occurring at different angles as a consequence of stress
between analytical model and DIC results: (a) T = 293 K and (b) T = 333 K.
Рисунок 2
analyt
radius r. In particular, the evolution of r as a function of the applied
load P, is compared with the two bounds (r – Amin and r – Amax )
obtained from DIC at the at the testing temperature T = 293 K
(Fig. 5a) and at T = 333 K (Fig. 5b).
obtained from DIC. In fact, the analytical model is based on the θ = 0
assumption and does not consider the complex multia xial stress-strain
induced transformations.
Figure. Comparison of the normalized austenitic radius vs load (r A/a vs P),
http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-016-0024-1
Мини-словарь
76
prediction
расчет по модели
in terms of
относительно
austenitic
аустенитный
radius
радиус
in particular
в частности
load
нагрузка
to compare with
сравнивать с
bound
связь
limit
предел
assumption
допущение
multiaxial
многоосевой
stress-strain
деформация-напряжение
redistribution
перераспределение
consequence
последовательность
to induce
вызывать
vs (versus)
против (в зависимости от)
Figure 1a shows the progression of temperature capabilities of TBCs
inlet temperatures. TBCs,
typically made of ZrO2 partially stabilized by ~7 wt% Y2O3, have
ably well. They have sufficient porosity and
microstructural defects to reduce their thermal conductivity and make
them compliant in accommodating thermal strain. Most importantly,
7YSZ falls in a narrow composition range where the ferroelastic
mechanism is active, making 7YSZ TBCs mechanically
TBCs face severe limitations as the demands on
TBC temperature capability continue to rise. First, 7YSZ TBCs begin to
ance due
to sintering. Second, although 7YSZ TBCs have low thermal
conductivity, there is a need for TBCs with even lower thermal
scatterers at high temperatures. Third, at a
ted by the
engine from the atmosphere melt and deposited on the TBC surface.
Рисунок 3
and the dramatic rise in the allowable gas-
worked remark
toughening
robust. However, 7YSZ
lose their phase stability above ~1,300 °C and their strain toler
conductivities and photonTBC surface temperature above ~1,200°C, silicates inges
77
Figure
: Interplay between temperature capabilities of engine materials, gas
based superalloy (grey), TBC (green, rough
turbine engine materials,
and maximum allowable gas temperatures with cooling (red, rough
temperatures and engine performance. a, The progression and projection of
temperature capabilities of Niestimates) and CMC (blue, rough estimates) gas-
estimates). b, The specific core power of a gas-turbine engine as a function o f
gas-inlet temperature.
http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v15/n8/full/nmat4687.html
78
Мини-словарь
partially
частично
allowable
допустимый
porosity
пористость, проницаемость
thermal conductivity
теплопроводность
compliant
эластичный
thermal strain
термическая деформация
narrow
узкий
ferroelastic
ферроэластический
toughening mechanism
механизм термического упрочнения
robust
прочный
sintering
спекание, обжиг
silicate
силикат
to ingest
засасывать
to deposit
осаждаться
The figure presents the conductivity, absorption, energy-loss function
is metallic with no band gap, Fig. (a) presents the photoconductivity
Obviously, MoAlB should be more conductive when the incident photon
reflectivity of MoAlB starts from about 0.9, increases to
violet region, then decreases drastically to reach the
tivity in the
because of its metallic nature and rises sharply with the highest peak
Рисунок 4
and reflectivity for incident photon energies up to 45 eV. Since MoAlB
starting with zero photon energy. The optical conductivity σ shows a
sharp increase to reach the maximum value of ~11.50 in the energy range
from 4.3 to 5.0 eV in the ultraviolet region and then decreases to the
minimum, then increases to reach the second peak from 37.2 to 37.9 eV.
energy ranges from 4.3 eV to 5.0 eV.
Figure (b) presented the reflectivity spectra as a f unction of photon
energy. The
reach the maximum value of about 0.95 at the photon energy of about
19 eV in the ultraminimum. This indicates that MoAlB possesses high reflec
energy range up to ~19 eV, and the reflectivity decreases to a very low
value (high transparency) for short wavelengths.
Figure (c) presents the absorpti on spectrum of the title compound.
It is noted that the absorption spectrum begins at zero photon energy
79
of 3.63409 × 105 cm
−1
at 9.4 eV. The absorption spectrum decreases
sharply from 12.6 eV to 23 eV and rises from 33.0 eV to 38.1 eV with
ss spectrum of MoAlB. The highest
peak of the energy loss function appears at a particular incident light
of the material. The
from a metallic to a dielectric response if the incident light has a
istinct maxima in the range from 0 to
Figure: Optical p rope rt ie s o f MoA lB.
the second peak of 2.93112 × 105 cm
−1
at 38.1 eV. So the frequency
area of 0–23.0 eV is the strongest absorption zone for MoAlB.
Figure (d) shows the energy lo
frequency known as the plasma frequency ωp36
plasma frequency of MoAlB is 20.4 eV and corresponds to the rapid
decrease of reflectivity in Fig. (b). This shows that MoAlB will change
frequency greater than 20.4 eV. It is noted that the energy loss
spectrum does not exhibit any d
20 eV because of the larger ε
.
2
http://www.nature.com/articles/srep39790
80
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