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The Parliamentary Assembly of the OSCE is a body of
parliamentarians from the OSCE's member states. A forum
for the Security Cooperation meets once a year to discuss
and make decisions regarding military aspects of security in
the OSCE area.
The OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and
Human Rights is the oldest OSCE institution, established
in 1990. It is based in Warsaw, Poland, and is active
throughout the OSCE area in the fields of election
observation, democratic development, human rights,
tolerance, non-discrimination, and the rule of law. To
prevent electoral fraud, the OSCE has observed over 150
elections and referendums since 1995.
The office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of
the Media, established in December 1997, acts as a
watchdog to provide early warning on violations of
freedom of expression in the OSCE member states. The
OSCE representative also assists member states by
advocating and promoting full compliance with the OSCE
principles and commitments regarding freedom of
expression and free media.
Regular OSCE activities and institutions are financed by
contributions made by the OSCE participating States,
according to the scale of distribution.
Questions for discussion:
1. When was the OSCE established?
2. What is the purpose of the OSCE?
3. What was the aim of the talks at Finland Hall in Helsinki
in November 1972?
4. What kind of organisation is the OSCE?
5. What are the high-level decision making bodies of the
OSCE?
6. What is the goal of the oldest OSCE institution?
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7. Where are the headquarters and offices of the OSCE
located?
8. What is the role of the OSCE Secretariat?
9. What is the goal of the office of the OSCE Representative
on Freedom of the Media?
10. How are the OSCE activities and institutions financed?
2. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текста и ответьте на
вопросы.
The Organisation of the United Nations
The United Nations is an international organisation
founded in 1945 after the World War II by 51 countries. Its
aim is to maintain international peace and security, develop
friendly relations among nations, promote social progress,
better living standards and human rights. The United
Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945,
when the Charter was ratified by China, France, the Soviet
Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and a
majority of other signatories.
Five permanent members of the UN were China, France,
the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet
Union. From the 24th of December 1991 the membership of
the Soviet Union passed to the Russian Federation with the
support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth
of Independent States.
The organisation’s permanent Headquarters are near
New York City. The site of the UN Headquarters is owned
by the United Nations. It is an international territory. No
federal, state or local officer or any other official of the
United States, whether administrative, judicial, military or
police representative may enter the UN Headquarters except
with the consent of and under conditions agreed to by the
Secretary-General of the Organisation. The UN has its own
fire fighting and security forces.
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The UN has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese
(Mandarin), English, French, Russian and Spanish.
The five principal organs of the UN are: the General
Assembly, the Security Council, the Secretariat, the
Economic and Social Council and the International Court of
Justice.
1. The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ of
the United Nations. It is composed of representatives of all
member states, each of which has one vote. Decisions on
important questions, such as those on peace and security,
admission of new members and budgetary matters, require
a two-thirds majority. Decisions on other questions are
reached by simple majority.
2. The Security Council has primary responsibility for the
maintenance of international peace and security. The
Council has 15 members: five permanent members of the
UN (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the
United States) and 10 elected by the General Assembly for
two-year terms. All five permanent members have right of
veto. Each Council member has one vote.
3. The Secretariat is the international staff working at the
UN Headquarters in New York and all over the world. It
carries out the diverse day-to-day work of the Organisation.
The head is Secretary-General, who is appointed by the
General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security
Council for a five-year, renewable term. The SecretaryGeneral also acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of
the United Nations. The Secretary-General's duties include
helping resolve international disputes, administering
peacekeeping operations, organising international
conferences, gathering information on the implementation
of Security Council decisions, and consulting with member
governments regarding various initiatives.
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4. The Economic and Social Council is the principal organ
to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN and
specialised agencies and institutions known as the UN
family. Voting is held by simple majority, each member has
one vote.
5. The International Court of Justice whose seat is in The
Hague, the Netherlands, is the principal judicial organ of the
UN. Its purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states.
Questions for discussion:
1. When was the UN founded?
2. What countries are the permanent members of the UN?
3. What are the official languages of the UN?
4. What are the five principal organs of the UN?
5. What are the main responsibilities of the General
Assembly?
6. What are the main responsibilities of the Security
Council?
7. What are the main responsibilities of The Secretariat?
8. What do the duties of the Secretary-General’s include?
9. What are the main responsibilities of the Economic and
Social Council?
10. What are the main responsibilities of the International
Court of Justice?
3. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текста и ответьте на
вопросы.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
One of the well known and powerful international
organisations of the world is NATO. It was formed as a
result of the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed by 12
countries on April 4, 1949, in Washington, D.C. The 12
countries were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France,
Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
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NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the
organisation constitutes a system of collective defence
whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in
response to an attack by any external party. The staff at the
Headquarters is composed of national delegations of
member countries and includes civilian and military offices
and officers or diplomatic missions and diplomats of the
partner countries, as well as the International Staff and
International Military Staff.
NATO has a civilian branch and a military branch. The
civilian branch includes the North Atlantic Council, the
highest authority in NATO.
The Council consists of the heads of government of the
NATO members or their representatives. The meetings of
the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the Secretary
General of NATO. The Secretary General is an international
diplomat who serves as the chief official of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organisation. A European has always been
chosen for this post.
NATO's military branch includes three commands:
Allied Command Atlantic, Allied Command Channel,
and Allied Command Europe. Allied Command Europe
has traditionally functioned as the heart of NATO. In the
military structure of NATO, a U.S. general is always
Сommander-in-Сhief of NATO forces so that the U.S.
troops never come under control of a foreign power.
Official languages are English and French. The body
that sets broad strategic goals for NATO is the
Parliamentary Assembly (NATO-PA) which provides a
link between NATO and the parliaments of its member
nations. The Assembly’s governing body is the Standing
Committee, which is composed of the Head of each
member delegation, the President, the Vice-Presidents, the
Treasurer and the Secretary General.
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Questions for discussion:
1. When was NATO founded?
2. How many countries were the original members of
NATO?
3. What is the primary goal of NATO?
4. Where are the headquarters of NATO? What is the
composition of NATO staff?
5. What do the civilian and military branches of NATO
include?
6. What is the highest authority in NATO?
7. What country representative is always the commander-inchief of NATO military forces?
8. What are the official languages of NATO?
9. What is the Parliamentary Assembly responsible for?
10. Who serves as the chief official of NATO?
Module VIII. Dedicated International
Organisations
Unit I. The World Tourism Organisation
1. Запишите данные слова в тетрадь и запомните их.
relate – иметь отношение, быть связанным
actually – фактически, на самом деле, в
действительности
sustainable – устойчивый, возобновляемый,
рациональный
universally – повсеместно, повсюду, везде
accessible – доступный
collate – сравнивать, сопоставлять
confusion – путаница, неразбериха
benefits – преимущество, привилегия
2. Запишите и запомните следующие словосочетания
и их перевод.
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the European Travel Commission – Европейская комиссия
по туризму
the International Union of Official Travel Organisations –
Международный союз официальных туристских
организаций
the World Tourism Organisation – Всемирная организация
по туризму
the United Nations World Tourism Organisation –
Всемирная организация по туризму Организации
объединенных наций
3. Найдите пары синонимов в данной цепочке слов.
Boom, collect, sustainable tourism, sort, collate, accumulate,
available, ecotourism, accessible, popularity.
4. Найдите пары антонимов в данной цепочке слов.
Boom, accessible, collect, confusion, clear understanding,
distribute, unavailable, unpopularity.
5. Переведите следующие слова. Почему их можно
перевести без словаря?
Agency, publication, officially, abbreviation, positive,
social, cultural.
6. Переведите предложения с новыми словами с
английского языка на русский.
1. Near the beach there is a forest accessible to walkers. 2. Sustainable
development is the development of a country or a region
that does not use more natural resources than can be
replaced and so does not harm the environment 3. The city
is easily accessible by road, rail, or air. 4. The island is
experiencing a boom in tourism. 5. The statistics are collected
and collated purely for administrative purposes. 6. Their goal
was to make adult education more accessible. 7. There
seems to be some confusion about who actually won. 8.
There was a famous baby boom in the US and Europe
between about 1945 and 1964.
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7. Повторите грамматический материал по теме
«Предлоги. Союзы. Приставки».
8. Прочитайте объяснения к словам с приставкой re-.
To re-elect is to elect someone again.
To reorganise is to organise something in a different way.
If something is renewable, it can be continued for a longer
period of time.
To rename is to change the name of someone or something.
Заполните пропуски в предложениях данными
словами. Глаголы ставьте в нужной форме.
re-elect, reorganise, renewable, rename
1. Each member of the International Olympic Committee is
elected for a term of eight years and may be ………… for
one or several further terms. 2. It's a three-year contract,
………… for a further 12 months if both parties agree. 3. Many
streets were ………… after the war. 4. The International
Olympic Committee President, Jacques Rogge, was
………… for a second term that consists of four years on 9
October 2009. 5. The General Secretariat is headed by the
Secretary General of the Organisation, who is appointed by
the General Assembly for a period of 5 years and can be
………… . 6. The head is the Secretary-General, who is
appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the
Security Council for a five-year, ………… term. 7. The
International Olympic Committee Session elects, by secret
ballot, the IOC President from among its members for a
term of eight years ………… once for a term of four years.
8. The whole company is being ………… following last
month's merger. 9. They are at last beginning to invest in
………… energy.
9. Повторите грамматический материал по теме
«Сложное дополнение. Сложное подлежащее».
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10. Переведите предложения с русского языка на
английский, используя структуры «Сложное
дополнение» или «Сложное подлежащее».
1. Известно, что международные организации – это
феномен XX века. 2. Известно, что Гринпис вносит большой
вклад в защиту окружающей среды. 3. Сообщается, что заседание
Генеральной Ассамблеи состоится в июле. 4. Журналисты
отметили, что совещание прошло успешно. 5. Мы
надеемся, что наш доклад о международных
организациях будет интересным. 6. Мы не ожидали, что
президент Интерпола – женщина. 7. Наш преподаватель
хочет, чтобы мы изучили интересные факты об
Организации объединенных наций.
11. Прочитайте текст.
The World Tourism Organisation
The European Travel Commission (ETC) was
established in 1948 in Norway for the promotion of Europe
as a tourist destination. Later ETC became the International
Union of Official Travel Organisations, which is known
today as the World Tourism Organisation.
The tourist boom started in the 1960s. In 1963 the
United Nations conference on international travel and
tourism took place in Rome. In 1975 the United Nations
established the World Tourism Organisation (WTO).
The World Tourism Organisation, based in Madrid,
Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with questions
relating to tourism. Actually, it is the international
intergovernmental organisation. Its main target is to promote
tourism throughout the world and to assist countries in the
development of national tourism. In fact the World Tourism
Organisation plays an important role in promoting the
development of responsible, sustainable and universally
accessible tourism, paying particular attention to the
interests of developing countries.
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To reach its main goal the World Tourism Organisation
collects and collates the statistics on international tourism.
This organisation represents tourism bodies from the
majority of countries with the help of publications of its
data.
The frequent confusion between the two WTOs – the
World Tourism Organisation and the World Trade
Organisation – officially ended on the 1st of December 2005,
when the General Assembly of the WTO approved to add
the letters “UN” (for the United Nations) to the start of the
abbreviation of the leading international tourism body.
The UNWTO membership includes 154 member states.
The official languages of the UNWTO are Arabic, English,
French, Russian and Spanish.
Tourist business increases positive, social, cultural
effects and economic benefits of any country.
12. Восстановите хронологическую
последовательность событий.
- The International Union of Official Travel Organisations
was established.
- The European Travel Commission (ETC) was established.
- The General Assembly of the WTO approved to add the
letters “UN” (for the United Nations) to the start of the
abbreviation of the leading international tourism body.
- The United Nations established the World Tourism
Organisation.
13. Прочитайте словосочетания и скажите, что не
входит в цели и задачи Всемирной организации по
туризму.
to advertise hotels; to assist countries in the development of
national tourism; to collect and collate the statistics on
international tourism; to develop of responsible, sustainable
and universally accessible tourism; to promote tourism
throughout the world; to sell tickets
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