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Файл:Английский язык. Устная речь. Ч.2. Учебное пособие для студентов 1 курса 2 семестра гуманитарного института
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2. Запишите и запомните следующие словосочетания
1) substance
2) layer
3) environment
a) microorganisms produced in cells
b) external conditions or surroundings
c) internal conditions
и их перевод.
expose problem – выявить проблему
bottom trawling – траловый лов
force solution – пробивать решение, инициировать
решение
receive income – получать доход
charitable foundation – благотворительный фонд
underground nuclear bomb test – подземные испытания
ядерной бомбы
lay the groundwork for – заложить основу
draw attention – привлекать внимание
relief expedition – топографическая экспедиция,
гидрографическая экспедиция
environmental cause – экологический процесс
3. Найдите синонимы в данной цепочке слов.
Affect, damage, impact, contain, urban, poisonous, modern,
comprise, destroy, toxic, town, new.
4. Найдите антонимы в данной цепочке слов.
Different, ugly, busy, high, similar, free, useful, mild, pretty,
severe, low, harmful.
5. Допишите термин к предложению.
1. It is proved that increased number of motor vehicles has
led to urban air p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 2. The Earth is protected
from the dangerous sun light by the ozone l _ _ _ _ .
3. Water, forest and soil resources are severely damaged by
a _ _ _ rains.
6. Можно ли перевести эти слова без словаря?
Independent, non-governmental, non-violent, underground
7. Выберите правильное определение к заданным
словам.
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d) physical material from which something
is made
e) stratum
f) lever
8. Выберите правило, которое точно соответствовало
1) All students are taught to
protect nature.
a) We use this form to move
important information to the
beginning of the sentence.
(What form is it?)
2) Metal can be extracted from
old chips.
b) We use this form when
the performer of the action
is general or unimportant.
(What form is it?)
3) A new ecological project has
just been launched.
c) We use this form when
we want to show who or
what performs the action.
(What form is it?)
4) Much harm is done by acid
rains.
d) We use this form with
verbs which do not have
objects. (What form is it?)
e) We use this form after
Model Verbs. (What form is
it?)
бы предложению.
9. Переведите предложения с английского языка на
русский.
1. People actively cooperate in overcoming ecological
problems. 2. Different agreements are signed to prevent the
pollution of the seas and oceans. 3. The aim of the
agreements is to prevent oil pollution of the seas and oceans,
to organise rational fishing and the preservation of marine
life. 4. A global strategy of nature protection has been
43
worked out by large international organisations. 5.
Researchers work at the problem of harmful substances. 6. It
is very important to unite the efforts of all scientists working
at this problem. 7. There are more than 300 nature
protection centres in the British cities and more than 30 are
in London. 8. In Britain there are a lot of environment
groups, for example: "Friends of the Earth", "Greenpeace",
"London Wildlife Trust". 9. The usage of recycling
materials for rolling stock was adopted by European
railways. 10. The global protection nature strategy was
worked out at the previous meeting. 11. Environmental
studies should be conducted before realization of any
transport project.
10. Составьте предложения из предложенных в
каждой цепочке слов.
1. oil, deposits, are, the, diesel, railways, exist, when,
exhausted, even, will.
2. toxic, by, goods, railways, potentially, and, dangerous,
are, transported.
3. from, harmful, should, why, removed, the, ecologically,
plants, be, city?
11. Составьте 5 вопросов к данному предложению.
Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada in 1971.
12. Найдите лишнее слово в данной цепочке слов.
Intoxicate, poison, purify, contaminate, spoil, infect.
13. Выберите верное вводное слово из двух
предложенных.
There's been a lot of talk about a “spaceship” seen over the
town at about eleven o’clock on Friday night.
(1) As a result/Nevertheless, hundreds of enthusiastic skywatchers have arrived in town, hoping that it will return. But
was it really a spaceship? About twenty people say they saw
it. (2) Consequently/Furthermore, there is a photograph
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which is supposed to show the object in the sky. We know,
(3) however/as a result, that trick photos are easy to
produce. (4) By the way/In other words, it is almost
certainly a fake. But it would be wrong to treat the whole
thing as a joke. (5) All the same/On the contrary, all such
reports should be carefully investigated. (6) After
all/Anyway, the arrival of a spacecraft from another world
would indeed be a serious matter. But usually there is a
more simple explanation. Many supposed spaceships turn
out to be weather balloons, (7) for example/or rather. A
similar mistake probably lies behind the belief that someone
from another world really did pay us a visit last Friday.
14. Прочитайте текст и составьте к нему план.
Greenpeace
Greenpeace is an independent, non-governmental
environmental organisation which uses non-violent, creative
confrontation to expose global environmental problems, and
to force solutions for the green and peaceful future. Based in
Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Greenpeace has 2.8 million
supporters worldwide and holds national and regional
offices in 45 countries. The executive director of
Greenpeace is elected by the board members of Greenpeace
International.
Each regional office is led by a regional executive
director elected by the regional board of directors. The
regional boards also appoint a representative to the
Greenpeace International Annual general meeting.
The global organisation receives its income through the
individual contributions of estimated 2.8 million financial
supporters, as well as from grants from charitable
foundations. It does not accept funding from governments or
corporations.
Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada in 1971. Taking its name from the slogan
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used during the protests against the United States nuclear
testing in late 1969, the Committee came together with the
objective of stopping a second underground nuclear bomb
test codenamed Cannikin by the United States military
beneath the island of Amchitka, Alaska. The first ship
expedition was called the Greenpeace I; the second relief
expedition was nicknamed the Greenpeace Too! The test
was not stopped, but the organisation of the committee laid
the groundwork for Greenpeace later activities.
Greenpeace is known for its campaigns to stop
atmospheric and underground nuclear testing. In later years,
the focus of the organisation turned to other environmental
issues, including bottom trawling, global warming, ancient
forest destruction, nuclear power, and genetic engineering.
In addition to such methods as lobbying politicians and
attendance at international conferences, Greenpeace has a
stated methodology of engaging in nonviolent direct actions
to draw attention to particular environmental causes.
Throughout the world, ancient forests are in danger.
Many of the plants and animals that live in these forests face
extinction. And many of the people and cultures who
depend on these forests for their way of life are also under
threat. Greenpeace exists because this fragile earth deserves
a voice. It needs solutions. It needs change. It needs action.
15. Восстановите хронологическую последовательность
событий.
- Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia.
- The Committee came together with the objective of
stopping a second underground nuclear bomb test beneath
the island of Amchitka, Alaska.
- The Greenpeace Too was the second relief expedition.
16. Прочитайте словосочетания и скажите, что не
входит в задачи Международной организации
Гринпис.
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- to ensure security and cooperation among nations,
- to expose global environmental problems,
- to force solutions for the green and peaceful future,
- to make genetic engineering safe,
- to prevent ancient forest destruction,
- to prevent global warming,
- to stop atmospheric and underground nuclear testing,
- to stop bottom trawling,
- to stop nuclear armament race.
17. Допишите предложения, поставив выделенные
слова в правильную форму.
1. Special systems for industrial water ……… (treat) have
recently been installed. 2. The problems of nature ………
(protect) are being discussed now. 3. Innovative ………
(cycle) programmes were adopted at the previous meeting
18. Допишите предложения, поставив глаголы в
нужное время.
1. A new computerized anti-air pollution system ……… (to
install) recently in Norway. 2. The level of chemical
substances ……… (to measure) by special sensors
nowadays. 3. Signals of the sensors must ……… (to send)
to a special warning centre. 4. Twenty-five sensitive
detectors ……… (to mount) several weeks ago.
5. Nowadays general meteorological information (often)
……… (to predict) by computers. 6. A high source of
pollution can ……… (to localise) within a minute.
19. Переведите предложения с русского языка на
английский.
1. Международная организация Гринпис была основана
в 1971 году. 2. Региональные офисы Гринпис имеются в
45 странах. 3. Где была основана организация Гринпис?
4. Данная организация известна своими кампаниями по
защите окружающей среды. 5. Экологов и экспертов
уже встретили и отвезли на место катастрофы. 6.
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Железные дороги рассматриваются как экологически
чистый вид транспорта. 7. В прошлом году был
подписан ряд соглашений по предотвращению
загрязнения океанической среды. 8. Очистительные
сооружения будут построены к концу следующего года.
9. Метро строилось как экологически чистый вид
транспорта. 10. Экологически грязные технологии не
должны применяться на современных предприятиях.
20. Составьте схему управления организацией и
расскажите об организационной структуре Гринпис.
21. Прочитайте текст второй раз и ответьте на
вопросы.
1. What is the goal of Greenpeace?
2. When was Greenpeace founded?
3. Where are the national offices of Greenpeace located?
4. What is Greenpeace known for?
5. What are the main contemporary environmental issues?
6. What are the main sources of Greenpeace income?
7. How did Greenpeace get its name?
8. What does Greenpeace do now?
9. How does Greenpeace attract attention to particular
environmental causes?
10. Why does Greenpeace have so many followers?
22. Опираясь на информацию текста, сделайте
краткое сообщение по данной теме.
23. Составьте аннотацию к тексту.
24. Найдите (в электронных или печатных СМИ)
материал о деятельности международной
организации Гринпис. Подготовьте краткое
выступление, продолжительностью не более пяти
минут.
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Student’s Independent Work
1. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текста и ответьте на
вопросы.
Transport Ecology
Every human activity has a minor or major effect on
the environment. Railway transport industry also impacts
negatively on nature by building railroads and industrial
enterprises. The operation of railways and rolling stock lead
to great fuel and energy consumption, and exhaust fumes
from diesel locomotives contain a lot of harmful substances.
Construction and functioning of railways is connected
with pollution of natural complexes by emissions, drains
and waste which break the balance in ecological systems.
However, in comparison with other means of transport
railways are more environmentally friendly. Thus,
electrified railways can carry large volumes of passengers
with essentially no pollution at the train, while dieselpowered trains generate fifteen times less harmful
substances than automobiles for the same traffic.
The origin of noise from rail traffic usually comes
from the engine of rolling stock, wheel-rail interaction,
pantograph-contact wire and aerodynamic effects during the
movement of the train.
The most efficient way for the reduction of rail noise
is the proper track layout and reduction of noise of the diesel
engine. However, if the rail nose cannot be reduced in
origin, then the solution is in noise barriers. They should be
placed as close as possible to the track and have a height no
less than 2 meters. In addition noise barriers should be made
of special absorbing materials for additional noise reduction.
The transport sector consumes annually 1/3 of the total
energy in the world community. Railways have the lowest
unit energy consumption compared to other transport
modes. Besides, in electrified railways, energy can come
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from clean forms such as hydro power stations rather than
from oil. People have already assessed the advantage of
electrified railways especially now when the oil reserves are
becoming exhaustible.
Finally, land occupation is much less for rail transport
than for other transport modes and specifically three times
less than for road transport. For the purposes of comparison
with airplanes, it is important to mention that the high-speed
Paris-Lyons line (a distance of 427 km), occupies as much
space as the Paris airport at Roissy. Different methods based
on new technologies can help people use railway transport
in the most efficient way.
Questions for discussion:
1. Does human activity effect on the environment?
2. How does railway transport industry impact on nature?
3. How is construction and functioning of railways
connected with pollution of natural complexes?
4. What does the operation of railways lead to?
5. What transport is considered to be environmentally
friendly?
6. What is the origin of noise from rail traffic?
7. How do railways try to reduce noise?
8. How much energy does the transport sector consume?
9. What forms of energy can be used for electrified
railways?
10. What can help people use railway transport more
efficiently?
2. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текстового
материала и ответьте на вопросы.
Green IT
The world's ICT carbon emissions are thought to be
equal to the emissions of the aviation industry. The amount
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of electricity required to send, read and delete all the spam
email in the world could power millions of homes instead.
Conversely, using videoconferencing instead of flying
to the meeting can considerably reduce air transport carbon
emissions. Allowing computers to run smart buildings,
where the heating, cooling, ventilation and lightning are
managed as economically as possible is another useful
application of digital technologies.
However electronic equipment itself should be as
efficient as possible. Data centres use huge amounts of
electricity to power chips that generate lots of heat, and
more power is needed to cool them down. Data centres
could be made greener by being built in locations with lots
of sunlight. Thus they could be powered by solar energy. At
users level there are initiatives like "Blackle", which
highlights that black computer screens and white letters
would use less power.
When we come to the end of a product's life we should
know how to dispose tones of computers, screens, mobiles,
smartphones and cables each year. European countries have
signed the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive (WEEE) and encourage everyone to reuse, recycle
and recover electrical and electronic equipment. The
directive places the responsibility and associated costs of
disposal onto the manufacturer or the user. The result is that
equipment should be designed and made to last longer.
When it is thrown away and replaced by the latest models,
much of it can be recycled and sent to developing countries
where it can be used again.
Questions for discussion:
1. What is the world's ICT carbon emissions equal to?
2. How can IT industry be dangerous for the environment?
3. How could IT industry be good for the environment?
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