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101
the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
(Kuwait).
Examples of national organisations are FONATUR
(Mexico) and Embratur (Brazil). Further sources include
governments of countries that want additional hotel
development or other supply components and are willing to
make low-interest loans or grants or offer other financial
inducements for such types of development.
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) was set up under a convention,
signed in Paris on December 14, 1960, that provides that the
OECD shall promote policies designed to
a) achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and
employment and a rising Developmental Organisations
(International and National) in member countries while
maintaining financial stability and, thus, to contribute to the
development of the world economy;
b) contribute to sound economic expansion in member
as well as nonmember countries in the process of economic
development; and (3) contribute to the expansion of world
trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in
accordance with international obligations.
Members of OECD are Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the
United States. OECD’s Tourism Committee acts as a forum
of exchange for monitoring policies and structural changes
affecting the development of international tourism. It
encourages further liberalization of tourism activities, both
within and outside the OECD area, and has undertaken the
development of innovative statistics to improve the
102
understanding of the role of tourism in the economy. Its
recent study provides a review of tourism trends and
policies carried out by the OECD tourism committee,
assesses the long-term evolution of tourism in the OECD
area over the last two decades, and the impact of the global
financial and economic crisis on the tourism industry. Also,
for the first time it analyzes data and policy trends in 12
non-OECD countries, including large emerging economies
such as Brazil, China, and India.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the main problem in tourism development?
2. What financial organisations can you name willing to
make developmental loans?
3. What are the governments greatly interested in?
4. What do they do for this purpose?
5. When was OECD set up?
6. What does it provide?
7. What does OECD’s Tourism Committee act for?
8. What countries are involved in it?
9. Do you feel the impact of the global financial and
economic crisis on the tourism industry?
10. What way is the global financial and economic crisis on
the tourism industry expressed?
3. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текста и ответьте на
вопросы.
World Travel and Tourism Council
The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) is the
forum for global business leaders in travel and tourism. It
comprises the presidents, chairs, and chief executive officers
of 100 of the world’s foremost companies. These include
accommodation, catering, cruises, entertainment, recreation,
transportation, and travel-related services. WTTC is the only
103
body representing the private sector in all parts of the
industry worldwide. Established in 1990, WTTC is led by a
19-member executive committee, which meets twice a year
and reports to an annual meeting of all members. Day-today operations are carried out by the president and small
staff based in London.
The mission of the council is to raise awareness of the
economic and social contribution of travel and tourism and
to work with governments on policies that unlock the
industry’s potential to create jobs and generate prosperity.
Their vision of travel and tourism is that of a partnership
among all stakeholders, delivering consistent results that
match the needs of national economies, local and regional
authorities, and local communities with those of business,
based on: (1) governments recognizing travel and tourism as
a top priority; (2) business balancing economics with
people, culture, and the environment; and (3) a shared
pursuit of long-term growth and prosperity.
The activities of the council can be summarized under
three broad themes:
1. Global activities. WTTC addresses challenges and
opportunities that affect all sectors of the global travel and
tourism industry. It is empowered by its members to provide
an effective voice for the industry in its dialogue with
governments around the world. The council actively
promotes public- and private-sector examples of best
practices in tourism.
2. Regional initiatives. Regional initiatives are set up in
countries and regions that have huge potential for travel and
tourism development but lack the framework or resources to
achieve growth. The objective of these initiatives is to
translate WTTC’s mission into action by working with
governments, local leaders, and WTTC global members
104
with a regional presence to identify and eliminate barriers to
growth.
3. Economic research. WTTC now uses Oxford Economics
and Accenture to undertake extensive research to determine
travel and tourism’s total size and contribution to world,
regional, and national economies. The WTTC forecast is the
primary vehicle used to convey the message that tourism is
the world’s largest industry, that it has been growing faster
than most other industries, that it will continue to grow
strongly, and that it can create jobs and increase gross
domestic product (GDP). WTTC plans to continue
publishing this forecast and enhance its methodology. In
fact, it continues to increase the number of economic impact
reports, and under the auspices of the UNWTO, WTTC has
developed proposals for an international standard Satellite
Accounting System.
WTTC has done more to create awareness of the
economic importance of tourism than any other
organisation.
Answer the following questions:
1. How do you decipher the abbreviation WTTC?
2. What is WTTC designed for?
3. What does it comprise?
4. What other services does it include?
5. When was it established?
6. What is the mission of the council?
7. What is their vision of travel and tourism?
8. What is their vision of global activities?
9. What is their vision of regional initiatives?
10. What is their vision of economic research?
105
4. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текста и ответьте на
вопросы.
Hotels, Catering and Tourism Sector
One of the fastest growing sectors of the global
economy is the hotels, catering and tourism sector. It is also
among the top-job creating sectors because its labor
intensive nature has a significant multiplier effect on
employment in other related sectors. Yet, the sector has a
reputation of poor working conditions due to a number of
factors: it is a fragmented industry with a majority of
employers small and medium sized enterprises with low
union density. The work is characterized by low wages and
low levels of skill requirement. Close cooperation with other
UN Agencies, the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)
and the main constituents IHRA (International Human
Resource Organisation) and the International Labor
Organisation (ILO) are crucial for successful works, shift
and night work and seasonality.
The International Labor Organisation (ILO) and the
World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), consider that:
Tourism is one of the world’s top job creators
Tourism is a lead export sector
Tourism is an important agent for development.
Tourism can help the transition to a Green Economy
In response to the current challenges faced by tourism
and employment worldwide and to the global economic
crisis, ILO and UNWTO agree on the following points:
1. Sustainable tourism continues to be one of the most
dynamic sectors of economic activities in modern times,
generating a wide range of benefits for tourism host and
tourist generating countries and destinations, including
106
employment generation, foreign exchange earnings and
contribution to GDP.
2. The well established resilience of tourism can help
to alleviate the effects of the sharp economic downturn
observed in other employment sectors resulting from the
current financial and economic crisis. Thus, tourism can and
should be used by governments and international financial
institutions to reactivate the economies of countries affected
by the current recession, especially by offering fresh, green
and decent job opportunities.
3. ILO and UNWTO refer specifically to the ILO
Resolution, “ Recovering from the crisis: A Global Jobs
Pact” which stresses that: “Our response should contribute
to a fair globalization, a greener economy and development
that more effectively creates jobs and sustainable
enterprises, respects workers` rights, promotes gender
equality, protects vulnerable people...” (ILO Resolution
2009)
4. Employment in the tourism industry should include
not only job creation but decent and productive work in
sustainable enterprises through national and local tourism
development strategies, new tourism products and services,
with high labor content, high labor multiplying impact and a
high level of sustainability.
5. All stakeholders should collaborate in order to
improve employment regulations and working conditions in
the tourism industries, in line with the Employment and
Decent Work agenda originally developed by ILO and
subsequently accepted widely by the UN system.
Stakeholders should also ensure safety, equality and human
dignity as well as adequate levels of remuneration in
tourism employment, framed in a wider ratification of the
ILO Convention No. 172 on Working Conditions (Hotels
and Restaurants) by countries. Member States of both UN
107
agencies are therefore encouraged to ratify and implement
the minimum standards of the ILO Convention 172.
6. Human resource development in tourism should be
given priority attention by tourism businesses and trade
unions, within the framework of sectoral social dialogue at
all levels and supported by governments and educational
institutions. People entering the tourism labor market should
be given the opportunity to develop a rewarding career, to
advance their professionalism and, altogether, the security
of a decent work. Improved labor market information can
play a crucial role in all these developments.
7. Tourism has been recognized as one of the largest
generators of employment, especially for those segments of
the population with less access to labor market, such as
women, young people, immigrants and rural populations.
There is a need for accurate, timely and comprehensive data
on employment in the tourism industries. To this end,
governments and the private sector should cooperate to
ensure the proper measurement of employment in the
tourism industries including: the number of jobs directly
generated by tourism, hours of work, compensation and the
seasonality of employment. This data should also be
disaggregated by gender, age, occupation, business type and
size.
8. Tourism employment policies and statistics should
refer to direct and indirect jobs generated by a diverse range
of different activities, products, services, locations and size
of companies.
9. Based on the cooperation agreement signed in
December 2008, ILO and UNWTO will therefore carry out
the following joint activities:
Undertake action programs in two or three pilot
countries to enhance the decent work potential of tourism
108
Cooperate on HIV/AIDS, Child Labor, Gender policy
Organisation
Type of
organisa
tion
Year
of
found
Number
of the
member
Goals
Main
institu
tions
Headqu
arters
location
and other cross-cutting issues in tourism
Continue the development of specialized tourism
employment statistics
Answer the questions:
1. What makes the fastest growing sectors of the global
economy?
2. How does tourism impact the solution of social
problems?
3. What are the weakest points of tourist industry?
4. What organisations unite together to solve problems?
5. How do they try to response to the current challenges?
6. Is tourism a help to the poorer population with less
access to labor market?
7. What must the governments do to ensure the proper
measurement of employment in the tourism industries?
8. When was the cooperation agreement signed between
ILO and UNWTO?
9. What does the cooperation agreement include?
10. Will this collaboration improve employment
/unemployment problems?
Competence Development
Задание 1.
Обобщите информацию об изученных
международных организациях, заполнив сводную
таблицу. Сделайте обзорное сообщение. С какими
историческими событиями в мире, по вашему
мнению, связано возникновение данных
международных организаций
109
ation
states
The
European
Union
The
Organisation
of the United
Nations
Greenpeace
The World
Trade
Organisation
The World
Tourism
Organisation
The
Community of
European
Railways
Задание 2.
Составьте структурную схему системы управления
одной из изученных Вами международных организаций.
Задание 3.
Примите участие в дискуссии. Вопросы для
дискуссии:
1. The foundation of international organisations is
considered to be a 20th century phenomenon. Explain, why?
2. What problems can’t be solved by each country alone and
require joint efforts of many countries?
3. What is your attitude to international organisations?
4. What results of the international organisations activities
do you consider the most important ones?
5. Are there any problems associated with the international
organisations activities? Offer your own solutions of these
problems.
110
6. Does the membership in international organisations affect
Russia's image in the international arena? In what way?
7. What international organisation activities would you like
to take part in? Why?
8. What position or post in this international organisation
would you like to be appointed? What problem could you
solve?
9. What international organisations should Russia join, in
your opinion? Why?
10. What international organisations should Russia join, in
your opinion? Why?
Задание 4.
Visit the Association of MIIT graduates Internet-site and
find out if there is information about the graduates members of the international organisations. What would you
like to ask them about?
Составьте диалог и драматизируйте его.
Задание 5.
Ролевая игра. Представьте себе, что прошло десять лет
после окончания университета. Все вы стали
выдающимися людьми и принимаете участие в работе
различных международных организаций. В ходе
ролевой игры «Собрание ассоциации выпускников
МИИТ» расскажите, в деятельности какой
международной организации вы участвуете, и какие
проблемы вы смогли решить.
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