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Файл:Английский язык. Устная речь. Ч.2. Учебное пособие для студентов 1 курса 2 семестра гуманитарного института
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21
Joint Stock Company Russian Railways
Joint Stock Company Russian Railways is a commercial
organisation. Its founder and the only shareholder is the
Russian Federation. RZD officially came into existence on
1 October, 2003.
RZD is one of the largest transport companies in the
world. Its assets amount to $50 billion. 85,500 km of track
cover Russia’s 11 time zones. Russian Railways holds the
third position in the world by its freight traffic volume.
RZD employs 1.2 million people. Railways in Russia
annually carry about 1.3 billion tons of freight. They
provide approximately 40% of the total national freight
turnover in Russia. Passenger operations serve over 1.3
billion people per year.
RZD approved the Federal Programme on Modernising
the Russian Transport System and its subprogrammes on
international transport corridors. The goal of modernisation
is to achieve the integration of the Russian railway network
into the Eurasian transport system. JSC Russian Railways
will develop international transport corridors, border railway
crossings, near-port stations, and inter-modal companies.
Russian Railways are planning to coordinate transport
legislation within the Eurasian transport system. RZD is
going to implement simplified border and customs
procedures in order to speed up freight traffic.
Other aims of the company are to improve the
technology of export-import transit traffic, to optimise
cooperation with foreign railways, and to develop advanced
technology for rolling stock operation. New wheel pairs
for passenger trains allow easy and rapid switching
between narrow European and wide Russian gauges. Trains
equipped with this technology are already in operation. RZD
is constantly expanding and upgrading its domestic and
international services. The company provides maximum
22
comfort and reliability for all passengers, including new
rail-air links, luxury compartments and suburban transit
trains.
The new high speed Sapsan trains are the pride of the
company. The trains were developed by Siemens specialists
with the involvement of RZD representatives and higher
educational institutions. The Sapsan trains fully comply
with the Russian Federation safety standards. Their design
ensures reliability, energy efficiency, safety and comfort for
passengers and personnel.
Nowadays RZD is successfully integrating into Eurasian
transport infrastructure. Russian railways cooperate with
European and Asian railways and have common routes
with them. Russian Railways strengthens its market position
in Eurasian transport services. The company pays particular
attention to its cooperation with railways in the CIS and
Baltic states using the 1,520 mm broad-gauge track.
13. Определите основную идею текста и запишите ее
на английском языке.
14. Какие предложения не соответствует
информации в тексте?
- Joint Stock Company Russian Railways is a state nonprofit organisation.
- RZD is one of the largest transport companies in the world.
- RZD employs 12 million people.
- RZD is going to implement simplified borders and
customs procedures.
- Trains equipped with this technology have not been in
operation yet.
15. Прочитайте и переведите предложения.
Перефразируйте их.
- The company will develop international transport
corridors, border railway crossings, near-port stations, and
inter-modal companies.
23
- Russian Railways strengthens its market position in
1) rail
2) sleeper
3) ballast
a) two parallel bars of metal supported
by vertical posts
b) short for a railway
c) vertical beams for holding the rails
d) one of the large pieces of wood that
support a railway track
Eurasian transport services.
- New wheel pairs for passenger trains allow easy and rapid
switching between narrow European and wide Russian
gauges.
- The company pays particular attention to cooperation with
railways in the CIS and Baltic states.
- Several important agreements have been reached.
16. Допишите предложения, поставив глаголы в
нужное время.
1. Nowadays the Russian Railway System ........ (to
transport) a lot of freight. 2. They ...... (to reconstruct)
already this railway station. 3. By the end of the last year
British Rail ......... (to finish) the project. 4. The rail network
of Russia ...... (to comprise) 17 railways.
17. Образуйте новые слова от исходных и переведите
их.
1. tract 2. operate 3. construct
18. Переведите следующие предложения с русского
языка на английский.
1. ОАО РЖД было основано в 2003 году. 2. ОАО РЖД
обслуживает более миллиарда человек за год. 3. ОАО
РЖД усиливает свои позиции на евразийском рынке. 4.
Участники переговоров к концу встречи достигнут
важных соглашений. 5. Инженеры оборудовали поезда
новейшими технологиями.
19. Выберите правильное определение к заданным
словам.
24
e) broken stone placed between and
under the ties for track stability
f) gravel on and under the ties for
railway track stability
20. Прочитайте текст второй раз и ответьте на
Pre-Soviet period
Soviet period
Nowadays
следующие вопросы.
1. How were Russian railways managed in the past?
2. When and why was JSC Russian Railways established?
3. What governmental bodies regulate JSC Russian
Railways?
4. What corporate structure does the company Russian
Railways have?
5. What are RZD assets?
6. Why do you think RZD is a company of vital strategic
importance?
7. What does the company Russian Railways provide for
passengers?
8. Who worked on the project of the Sapsan trains?
9. Why do you think the Sapsan trains are fully reliable and
energy efficient?
10. How is RZD integrating into Eurasian transport
infrastructure?
21. Опираясь на информацию текста, сделайте
краткое сообщение по изученной теме.
22. Проанализируйте развитие железнодорожного
транспорта в России, выделите главные элементы,
основные положения занесите в таблицу:
Student’s Independent Work
1. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текстового
материала и ответьте на вопросы.
25
From the History of the Railways
Modern railways differ greatly from the early ones. The
first railways used horses for drawing trains and were made
of wood. In 1767 an iron master Abraham Darby started
making rails of cast iron. The first attempts to use the
steam engine to draw passenger and freight trains were
made in 1808 by an English inventor Richard Trevithick.
In 1829 George Stephenson, an English engineer,
constructed the world’s first steam locomotive. He also built
the first public railway in England between Stockton and
Darlington. He called his new steam engine “Locomotion”.
Another railway was built in 1830 to link Manchester and
Liverpool (its length was 48 km).
The early locomotives were small and slow. They were
not as safe and powerful as they are today. Some accidents
were caused because of broken rails or wheels. However,
the early trains did not have brakes. Most accidents
happened when two trains crashed into each other, because
there were no proper signals.
The first railway carriages were small and
uncomfortable. They looked like stage coaches. In England
the carriages for the first class passengers had three
compartments with soft seats and doors at either side.
There was a high seat at the back for the guard and a rack
on the roof for luggage. The second class carriages also had
roofs, but low sides and hard seats. The third class
passengers had to ride in uncovered wagons without seats at
all. These early trains had neither heating nor lighting.
The prototype of the modern sleeping car appeared in
the middle of the 19th century. Its inventor was George M.
Pullman, an American publisher.
The first steam locomotives in Russia were built by the
Cherepanovs, father and son. So thanks to them Russia was
among the first countries to use steam traction.
26
The first Russian passenger 28-km railway was built
between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo. The railway
was used by the Tsar's family for travelling to the
countryside. The construction of the St. Petersburg −
Moscow railway was finished in l851. It operated
successfully, though many people doubted the possibility of
using steam engines in the Russian winter. In 1891 the
building of the world’s longest Trans-Siberian Railway
began; it was put into operation in 1905.
Questions for discussion:
1. What was used to draw the first railways?
2. What were the first railways made of?
3. Who made the first attempt to use steam engine to draw
trains?
4. Who invented the first steam locomotive?
5. Were the early railways safe or dangerous? Why?
6. How did the compartments of the first railway carriages
look like?
7. Who was the inventor of the modern sleeping car?
8. Who built the first Russian locomotive?
9. What first railways in Russia do you know?
10. When was the world’s longest railway put into
operation?
Дополните текст вводными словами (средствами
связности), показав логику развития темы.
2. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текстового
материала и ответьте на вопросы.
Railway Tourism
Railway tourism appeared when Thomas Cook arranged
his first railway excursion on the 5th of July 1841 in Great
Britain. Since then railway companies all over the world
have developed railway tourist routes that attract lots of
tourists.
27
Historically, railways have always been the dominant
mode of transport in Russia. It takes about 10 hours to cross
Russia from West to East by air, however the option of
travelling across the vast country by train has always been a
popular choice for many people. Unsurprisingly, in both the
Soviet and post-USSR times the choice was made mostly
because it was much cheaper to use trains than planes,
especially travelling in a second-class sleeping carriage.
However the growing demand from the affluent Russians
and visitors from abroad for the luxury travel on railway has
made our country think of developing short- and longdistance railway tourism.
The most popular railway short-distance tourist route in
Russia is “The Polar Express”, which delivers families to
Ded Moroz’ residence. Besides, there exist luxury and
expensive Trans Siberian railway trips from Western Russia
to Lake Baikal and Vladivostok with a quick detour to
China and Mongolia. "The Golden Eagle" train, serving this
route, was launched in April 2007. It is operated by TransSiberian Express, a Russian travel company that manages
luxury trains and single carriages running through Russia
and neighbouring countries. In fact all their customers are
foreigners. Another popular route in Siberia is “The Baikal
Cruise” organised on the Circular-Baikal Railway.
A new direct train Moscow – Nice was launched by
Russian Railways in September 2010. Russian tourists are
its target audience. The train runs once a week, and it takes
more than 50 hours to cover the distance.
Now railway officials as well as travel firms and
companies are thinking of how to make the services relevant
to the current needs of different customer groups.
Questions for discussion:
1. When did the railway tourism appear?
28
2. What have railway companies all over the world
developed to attract more tourists?
3. Why has travelling across Russia by train always been a
popular choice for so many people?
4. What has made our country think of developing shortand long-distance railway tourism?
5. What are the most popular railway short-distance tourist
routes in Russia?
6. What trains and carriages does Trans-Siberian Express
offer for travelling across Russia?
7. Who are the passengers of the “Golden Eagle” train?
8. What train was launched by Russian Railways in
September 2010?
9. What is its target audience?
10.What is the task of railway officials and travel firms
now?
3. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текстового
материала и ответьте на вопросы.
British Railways
Britain has one of the most efficient and heavily used
railway systems in the world. Both freight and long-distance
passenger services now operate without subsidy from the
Government and in direct competition with other forms of
transport. British Rail has а computerized freight
information and traffic control system known as TOPS
(Total Operations Processing System). In Britain а network
of city to city services operates at speeds of up to 100 mph
(161 km/h). On some lines the speed is raised to 125 mph
(201 km/h).
The 1970s saw British Rail successfully introduced
high speed diesel train services. The InterCity 125 High
Speed Train (HST) was introduced on some services, and
the InterCity brand was adopted. This created an increase in
29
passengers using the railways and improved British Rail's
finances. The InterCity125 was an outstanding success and
is still in widespread use.
British Rail also started development of the world's first
tilting train – the Advanced Passenger Train (APT)
achieving 150 mph (241 km/h). The APT is powered either
by electric motors or by gas turbines, and it can use existing
track. The object of the tilt was to minimise the discomfort
to passengers caused by taking the curves at high speed.
Between 1994 and 1997 British Rail was privatized and
passed to Railtrack. Privatization made an improvement in
passenger services. But the public image of rail travel was
severely damaged because of the series of significant
accidents caused by a train going through a red light and by
a rail fragmenting due to the development of microscopic
cracks.
Following these accidents Railtrack imposed over 1200
speed restrictions across its network and started an
extremely costly nationwide track replacement programme.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in
demand for rail transport in Britain. Railways operate in
direct competition with road hauliers and airlines.
Questions for discussion:
1. Is British railway systems one of the most efficient and
heavily used in the world?
2. Do both freight and passenger services operate without
subsidy from the British government?
3. What is TOPS?
4. Why is the InterCity125 considered to be an outstanding
success?
5. What railway company was a pioneer in using titling
train?
6. Was privatization of British Rail a success or did it make
harm to the public image of rail travel?
30
7. Why did Railtrack impose speed restrictions across its
network?
8. What companies does Railtrack compete with?
4. Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текстового
материала и ответьте на вопросы.
Information Technology in Railway Service
Railways want to offer new services to customers by
making railway trips and ticketing easier. Some railways
have modernised their distribution chains by using the
Internet or SMS. Their strategy is to provide monetary
benefits both to the railway company and to the customers.
Railways have created a special gap in the level of prices of
tickets delivered in stations and those delivered with the use
of the Internet or SMS.
Thus, in Germany prices on tickets purchased on the
Internet are 10% lower than for the same tickets delivered in
the stations. In France, last minute tickets only accessible by
the Internet are sold with a 50% discount. In some European
railways the client can reserve a seat and purchase a ticket
with a specific SMS message which is sent to the
appropriate railway call centre. After having paid for the
ticket with a credit card, the customer receives a specific
code. This code will be given to the controller of the train
who will check its validity with the specific pocket
computer. In addition, the client can change or cancel his
reservation. Anyway, not all clients can easily be
accustomed to new technologies. For this reason, and in
order to avoid the clients' annoyance railway authorities
create reception areas with hostesses advising people how to
use the Internet or SMS for booking.
Russia is also implementing new technologies. The
Russian rail system is the most extensive in the world.
However, passengers used to purchase their tickets first in
order to secure their travel dates. There were no open tickets
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