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Файл:English Articles in Use. Артикли. Объяснение, употребление, тренинг
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CHAPTER 3
The defi nite article is obligatory in word combinations with
prepositions during, for, through.
The family thought that the grandpa wouldn’t last through
the winter.
We lived in the country during the summer.
«Where are you going for the winter?» – he inquired after an
awkward pause.
However, after the prepositions in, till, until, before, after both
articles are possible:
I can stay here until ... / the autumn.
We must come back before ... / the winter sets in.
Note. In the following set phrases names of seasons are used
with the defi nite article: in the fall (AmE), early (late) in the
spring (summer, etc), all the winter (spring, etc).
3.4.2. The definite article with nouns denoting parts
of the day
The defi nite article is found with nouns day, night, morn-
ing, afternoon, noon, daytime, evening, twilight, dusk,
nightfall, midnight, sunrise, sunset in the following cases:
when a specifi c morning, day, night, etc. is meant. The 1)
specifi cation is due to the use of a limiting attribute or is
clear from the context or the situation:
Jane was wearing the same dress she had worn the night I
had met her.
It stopped raining and the day was bright again.
The morning, for all its shadowed moments, had promoted
me to a new level of friendship.
2) when these nouns are used generically, denoting every
day, night, etc.
They would spend the day on the beach and the night in the
local pub.
If the noun is used in the plural form the zero article ap-
pears:
Days and nights she spent waiting for him, unable to believe
he would never come back.
3) in set phrases with prepositions in, through, during: in
the morning / night / evening / daytime, during the morning / night / evening / day, through the night / day.
It snowed all through the day and stopped only in the
evening.
In the morning she slept late.
It is usually warmer during the day than at night.
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CHAPTER 3
Note. After the preposition for the defi nite article performs
the specifying function, while the indefi nite article has the numerical function:
As it is your birthday tomorrow could I take you to Paris for
the day? (the day is specifi ed).
Oh if I were in Paris for a day! (for one day, no matter
which).
4) if these nouns are modifi ed by the pronoun other.
Thomas wondered how he should begin the conversation of the
events that took place the other night.
3.4.3. The definite article with names of meals
The defi nite article is used with names of meals (breakfast,
lunch, luncheon, dinner, supper, tea, high / meat tea) if a
special meal is meant. The specifi cation is due to the use of a limiting attribute or is clear from the context or the situation:
Do you remember the dinner when you proposed to me?
I haven’t noticed that the lunch is any different from usual.
The same place, the same, people, the same food.
The defi nite article is also found when names of meals denote
the food that is served or eaten:
Then he went and had the lunch and the long walk in the
sunny woods he had promised himself.
The buffet breakfast we had at the hotel was a good start for
a long day of sightseeing.
The dinner was as good as it looked and smelled.
3.4.4. The definite article with names of diseases
The defi nite article may be used with names of diseases when
a clear reference to a particular case is made or if there is a limiting attribute.
I’ve been slowly recuperating from the pneumonia I got last
January.
After the diphtheria she was just skin and bone.
I rang up her doctor, who came round at once and diagnosed
the usual infl uenza.
3.4.5. The definite article with nouns bed, school,
college, university, hospital, church, prison,
jail, table
These nouns are used with the defi nite article when they
denote a building or an object. The specifi cation is due to the
42
CHAPTER 3
use of a limiting attribute or is clear from the context or the
situation:
When I woke next morning I saw a breakfast tray at the foot
of the bed.
The road to the school wound among old elms and beeches.
An agitated crowd gathered in front of the church waiting for
the newlyweds to come out.
3.4.6. The definite article with the noun sea
The noun sea is generally found with the defi nite article.
As the sea was rough today, the fi shermen decided to stay on
the shore.
The great river, on whose banks they stood, was to disappear
completely into the sea.
Note. The zero article is used in set phrases to be at sea and
to go to sea. The indefi nite article appears due to a descriptive
attribute.
3.5. The definite article with proper names
3.5.1. The definite article with geographical names
The following geographical names are used with the defi nite
article:
names of rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, straits, canals: the 1)
Volga, the Thames, the Baikal, the Como, the Adriatic
(sea), the North Sea, the Caribbean Sea, the Indian
Ocean, the Pacifi c (ocean), the English Channel, the Magellan Strait, the Bosporus, the Panama Canal, the Suez
Canal, etc.
The White Nile River originates in Lake Victoria.
It is a barren district on the Arctic Sea which is made acces-
sible only in summer.
We spent our honeymoon in a desolate village at the Mediter-
ranean.
The ships cruising along the eastern coast of the American con-
tinent, call on the mouth of the Amazon.
His new house was a replica of a palace on the Grand Canal
in Venice.
Note. If the word lake precedes the name the zero article is
used:
Lake Baikal is world-wide famous for its natural beauty.
Lake Garda is situated in Northern Italy.
43
CHAPTER 3
2) names of mountain chains: the Alps, the Rocky Mountains,
the Caucasus, etc and mountain passes: the Saint Gotthard
Pass, etc.
The beauty of the Swiss Alps made him speechless for a mo-
ment.
The Pamir is the highest mountains in the world.
The Saint Gotthard Pass is a high mountain pass, connect-
ing the northern German-speaking part of Switzerland with the
Italian-speaking part, along the route onwards to Milan.
3) names of deserts: the Sahara (desert), the Gobi (desert):
The expedition perished somewhere in the middle of the Sa-
hara.
The Kara-Kum means «black sand» in Turkish.
Mongolia spans a huge steppe plateau and the Gobi desert.
4) names of groups of islands: the Bermudas, the Bahamas,
the Canary islands (the Canaries), the Maldives, etc.
Our next stop was the Galapagos, off the coast of Ecuador.
The territory of Spain includes the Balearic islands and the
Canary islands.
5) geographical names in the plural form: the Netherlands,
the Midlands, the Highlands, the Lowlands, the Virgin
Lands, the Yorkshire Forests, etc.
In the Netherlands and Belgium St. Nicolas Day, December
6, is the children’s festival.
My heart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here;
My heart’s in the Highlands a-chasing the deer… (R. Burns).
6) offi cial names of countries which contain the words union,
kingdom, states, federation, republic, lands, etc.: the
United States of America, the Irish Republic, the Soviet
Union, the Russian federation, etc.:
In 1987 Mathias Rust, a young German pilot, landed a plane
in Red Square in the Soviet Union.
Belfast is the capital of the Irish Republic.
7) abbreviations: the USA, the UK, the CUS, etc.
The USA will never approve of this policy in the Middle East.
The CUS summit will take place in Kazahstan.
8) names of some countries, provinces, counties, territories
traditionally used with the defi nite article: (the) Argentine,
(the) Lebanon, (the) Congo,(the) Senegal, the Cameroon,
the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Ruhr, the Tyrol, the Saar, the Transvaal, the Far East, the Lake District, the Riviera, the Arctic, the Antarctic, etc.
A small town of Cannes on the French Riviera is world fa-
mous due to the International Film Festival.
44
CHAPTER 3
This marble sarcophagus was found in excavations on the
Taman Peninsular, in the Crimea.
The Tyrol is among Austria′s most touristy areas, because
this is where many of the big ski resorts are.
Note. The only name of the city used with the defi nite article
is the Hague.
As barricades were being erected in Kiev, European and Rus-
sian leaders were searching for a path of peace in the Hague.
9) when there is a limiting attribute expressed by the of-
phrase: the south of Europe, the City of New York, the village of Borodino, the Straits of Gibraltar, the Bay of Hudson, the Gulf of Mexico, the Mount of Ararat, the Island of
Capri, the Lake of Geneva, the Cape of Good Hope, etc.
The Strait of Dover is the narrowest part of the English
Channel.
Provence is a most beautiful region situated in the south of
France.
They sent us a postcard of the Lake of Como.
3.5.2. The definite article with miscellaneous
proper names
The following proper names are used with the defi nite article:
names of museums, picture galleries, monuments: the 1)
British Museum, the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, the
Tate (gallery), the Louvre, the Hermitage, the Lincoln Memorial, the Lenin Mausoleum, etc.
They walked slowly to the sidewalk and headed in the direc-
tion of the Vietnam Memorial.
The British Museum was founded in 1753.
The Kremlin Palace of Congresses is situated near the
Troitsky gates.
names of theatres, cinemas, concert halls, clubs: the Cov-2)
ent Garden, the Bolshoi Theater, the Odeon, the Albert
Hall, , the Rotary Club, etc.
She was a twenty-fi ve-year-old dancer with the American
Ballet Theatre – a sensitive, intelligent young woman with strik-
ing Mediterranean looks.
The festivities were held at the Chaikovsky Concert Hall.
He is manager of the Grand Opera House.
names of hotels: the Hilton, the Astoria, the Ritz, etc.3)
As he entered his suite at the Ambassador, the phone rang
at once.
45
CHAPTER 3
names of some streets: the Strand, the Main Street, the 4)
High Street.
The Savoy is a luxury hotel in the Strand in London.
Having bought some home-made pate and a side of smoked
salmon from a delicatessen in the High Street, Kitty popped in
to the Cathedral.
Names of streets in foreign countries are sometimes used with
the defi nite article:
He turned off the Avenue de l’Opera up the Rue des Pyra-
mides, through the traffi c of the Rue de Rivole and through a
dark gate into the Tuileries.
names of parks, especially in foreign countries: the Gorky 5)
Park (in Moscow), the Tuileries (in Paris), the Tiergarten
(in Berlin); also the Botanical Gardens, the Snowdonia
National Park, etc.
The Tiergarten park contains several notable sculptures in-
cluding the four-tiered Victory Column, the Bismarck Memorial
and several other memorials to prominent Prussian generals.
names of some buildings and bridges: the Tower, the Old 6)
Bailey, the Royal Exchange, the White House, the Golden
Gate Bridge, the Severn Bridge, the Bridge of Sighs.
The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning
the Golden Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay into the
Pacifi c Ocean.
The White House is the offi cial residence and principal work-
place of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW.
He was helped by two uniformed porters who stood by the door
like the policemen who fl ank the dock at the Old Bailey.
Would you like to take the Midtown Tunnel or the Queens-
boro Bridge?
names of city districts: the City, the West End, the Soho, etc.7)
His only dream was a secure job in the City.
names of ships and boats: the Titanic, the Queen Mary, 8)
the Nautilus.
Early the following morning Tracy stopped at a travel agency
and reserved a suite on the Signal Deck of the Queen Elizabeth II.
The Krasin is a Russian (former Soviet) icebreaker operating
in polar regions.
names of newspapers: the Sun, the Times, the Daily Tele-9)
graph, the Economist, etc.
46
CHAPTER 3
A porter served coffee, and he spread The Financial Times
before him.
The newsagent on the corner always placed a copy of the
Guardian on top of the pile.
Note. Names of magazines tend to be used with the zero arti-
cle, though sometimes the defi nite article may be observed:
Glancing down at the Wall Street Journal Lysander saw
Elmer’s photograph glaring up at him.
names of political organizations, committees, political 10)
parties, associations, foundations, clubs the: United Nations (the UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO);
the Congress of the United States (but: Congress), the Sen-
ate, the House of Representatives;
the Parliament of Great Britain (but: Parliament), the House
of Commons, the House of Lords; the European Parliament, the
British Parliament;
the Obama Administration (but: Obama’s Administration);the
Finance Committee, the Judiciary Committee, the Department
of Commerce, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (the FBI);
the Republican Party, the Democratic Party, the Socialist
Party;
the Teachers’ Association, the National Basketball Associa-
tion (the NBA), the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation,
the International Monetary Fund (the IMF), the World Wildlife
Fund (the WWF);
the Kennel Club, the Cotton Club, the Rotary Club, etc.;
the Ford Motor Company, the Mitsubishi Manufacturing
Company, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the World
Bank, the Bank of New York.
The Labour Party is a centre-left democratic socialist party
in the United Kingdom, which surpassed the Liberal Party in
general elections during the early 1920’s.
The Council of Europe, based in Strasbourg, has a member-
ship of thirty-three member states.
Newton became a fellow of the Royal Society, the leading scien-
tifi c society in Britain and for many years served as President of it.
names of constellations: the Milky Way, the Big Dipper, etc.11)
Probably the most famous group of stars is the Big Dipper. It
resembles a bear in many civilizations. The handle of the Dipper
is the tail of the bear curving away from the bowl.
47
CHAPTER 3
Note. Latin names of constellations tend to be used with the
zero article:
Five major constellations are always visible above the horizon
from our latitudes: Ursa Minor, Ursa Major, Cassiopeia, Ce-
pheus and Draco.
Orion is the most beautiful constellation of all. Its shape and
group of bright stars dominate the winter sky.
names of sports events and competitions: the Olympic 12)
Games, the World Cup, The Good Will Games, the Monaco
Grand Prix, etc.:
Not for nothing was the Rutminster called the Grand Na-
tional of the South.
The Oxford and Cambridge University Boat Race took
place on the 20
th
and 21st of August 2011.
Note. In case of metonymic transfer of the geographical name
to the name of event the zero article is used: Wimbledon, Ascot,
Epsom, etc.
So I’ve decided to go to Wembley this summer.
names of bands if the noun is used in the plural form: the 13)
Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Jacksons 5, etc.
You won’t fi nd a person on the planet who never heard of the
Beatles.
The Spice Girls were one of the world’s most successful re-
cording acts of the late 1990’s.
names of roads and highways: the A5, the M5, the New 14)
Seattle Highway, the Great Ocean Road (in Australia),
etc.
The BMW shook off the remnants of rush-hour traffi c and
reached the M5.
The Pan-American Highway passes through many diverse
climates and ecological types, from dense jungles, to arid deserts,
to cold mountain passes.
names of awards and prizes: the Noble Prize, the Pulitzer 15)
Prize, the Booker Prize, etc.
The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre,
more commonly known as a Tony Award, recognizes achievement
in live Broadway theatre.
The MTV Europe Music Awards «(EMA)» were established
in 1994 by MTV Networks Europe to celebrate the most popular
music videos in Europe.
48
CHAPTER 3
names of nationalities and peoples are always used with 16)
the defi nite article if they are expressed by partially substantivized adjectives: the Chinese, the Vietnamese, the
Portuguese, the Turkish, the Irish, the Polish, the English, the Dutch, the French, etc.
New York was settled by the Dutch in the 17-th century.
The Chinese are considered an industrious people.
When the names of nationalities are expressed by fully substantivized adjectives or by nouns the choice of the article is determined by the following rule. If people united by ethnicity, citizenship, language, or location are meant as a whole community
the defi nite article is preferable.
When at Rome, do as the Romans do.
The Statue of Liberty was a gift from the French people to
the American people.
If some representatives (not the whole entity) are meant the
choice of the article depends on the contextual situation.
We were attacked by Germans at the football match.
The Germans who attacked us at the football match were
supporters of the rival team.
names of grammatical categories: 17)
Some verbs in the English language are never used in the Passive Voice.
The Present participle is formed by means of the suffi x-ing.
3.6. The situational use of the definite article
with proper names
Personal names that generally take the zero article may be
found with the defi nite article in the following cases:
when there is a limiting attribute expressed by the of-1)
phrase: the University of York, the palace of Westminster,
the Bank of England, etc.
He has a kind of native shrewdness that isn’t taught at the
Harvard School of Business.
when there is a limiting attribute expressed by the subor-2)
dinate clause because a defi nite person, already known to
the interlocutors is meant (тот самый).
That’s not the Hugh Montgomery I went to school with.
when the proper name is modifi ed by a descriptive at-3)
tribute which expresses a permanent quality of the person
in question:
Lucy was introducing them and one of the men Jules recognized instantly. The famous Johnny Fontane.
49
CHAPTER 3
when the proper name is modifi ed by a descriptive at-4)
tribute which expresses the present state of the person in
question:
Suddenly, to everybody’s surprise, the silent Ms. Leggener
turned round and fl ed from the room.
Note 1. A personal noun with the defi nite article modifi ed by
a descriptive attribute is never the rheme but the theme of the
sentence. When it becomes the focus of communication the indefi nite article is used. The adjective usually describes the current
mood of the person in question:
For the fi rst time in many days I saw a happy Joan.
Note 2. Wnen a proper name is modifi ed by such adjectives as
old, young, dear, poor, honest, tiny, lazy the zero article is used:
Young Jolion didn’t say anything.
Little Emily never liked me, did she?
In noun + noun combinations when the occupation of a 5)
person is mentioned before a proper name: the painter
Constable, the composer Beethoven, the inventor Edison, etc.
The student Peters was holding a stack of book tightly in his
arms.
Among them was the astronomer Christopher Wren, better
known as an architect.
The great Russian writer Turgenev devoted most of his li-
terary works to Russian nature.
with the personal name in the plural form to indicate a 6)
whole family: the Kennedys, the Macdonalds, the Jacksons, etc.
The della Roveres, the dukes of Urbino, where Raphael was
born, commissioned the girl’s portrait in 1505.
The Dursleys had a small son called Dudley.
when a metonymic transfer of the meaning takes place 7)
and a proper name becomes a common noun, it acquires
the article according to the general rules. The defi nite article appears due to a limiting attribute, the context or the
situation:
Marigold tried not to squeal with terror as Lysander stormed
the red Ferrari along the winding country lanes.
«I bought the Gaugin in the most legitimate way. There won’t
be a lawsuit», he said.
«Happy birthday, Laura!» everyone cried, lifting their cham-
pagne fl utes and sipping the Dom Perignon.
50
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