Энергетическое право и энергетическая политика Европейского Союза. Монография

ɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ1, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ2. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 22 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2007 ɝ.3, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɚ, ɱɬɨ «ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ «ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ».

Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ɋɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ ʋ663/2009 ɨɬ 13 ɢɸɥɹ 2009 ɝ.4, ɩɪɢɧɹ-

ɬɵɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ Ɍɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ:

ξɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɢ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ;

ξɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ «ɜɟɬɪɹɧɨɣ» ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ;

ξɫɛɨɪ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.

Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ) ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ (ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ) ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɤ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ.

ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ȿɋ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶɸ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ȿɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɥɚ ɡɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ ȿɋ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɛɨɥɶ-

1PE et Cons. UE, déc. 1982/2006/CE, 18 déc. 2006, relative au septième programmecadre de la Communauté européenne pour des actions de recherche, de développement technologique et de démonstration (2007—2013) // Journal Officiel de l’Union Européenne, 30 Décembre 2006.

2PE et Cons. UE, déc. ʋ 1639/2006/CE, 24 oct. 2006, établissant un programme-cadre pour l'innovation et la compétitivité (2007—2013) // Journal Officiel de l’Union Européenne 9 Novembre 2006.

3Un plan stratégique européen pour les technologies énergétiques (Plan SET) – Pour un avenir moins pollué par le carbone // COM(2007)723 final.

4PE et Cons. UE, règl. (CE) ʋ 663/2009, 13 juill. 2009, établissant un programme d'aide à la relance économique par l'octroi d'une assistance financière communautaire à des projets dans le domaine de l'énergie // Journal Officiel de l’Union Européenne,

31Juillet 2009.

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ɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɦɟɠɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ȿɋ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ, ɯɨɬɹ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ȿɋ (Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ȿɋ) ɭɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ.

1.2.Правовые основы энергетической политики ЕС

ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ȿɜɪɨɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ 10 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2007 ɝ., ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɜɲɟɟ ɩɥɚɧ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ȿɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ

ɜɪɚɦɤɚɯ Ɍɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ1, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɨɞɟ ɢɬɨɝɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ȿɋ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ.

ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ2 ɢ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ3. ȼ ɫɬ. 3 Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɚɦɛɭɥɟ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ

ɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɰɟɥɢ «ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ». Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ.

ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ (ɤɚɤ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɛɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ)4. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚ ɩɚɧɴɟɜɪɨɩɟɣ-

1Une politique de l'énergie pour l'Europe // COM(2007)1 final.

2In Service de documentation de la Cour de justice de la Communauté européenne du charbon et de l'acier, 1950—1957, 2 vol. in-8° (23,5 cm), IV-1005 p., multigr.

3Traité instituant la communauté européenne de l'énergie atomique (Euratom) [Texte imprimé] (Paris) // Impr. nationale, (1957).

4Waeterloos C. Une charte européenne de l'énergie : pour quoi faire? // RMCUE. 1991. P. 439.

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ɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɬɟɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1980-ɯ ɝɝ., ɚ Ɇɚɚɫɬɪɢɯɬɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɬ 1993 ɝ.1 ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ «ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ» (ɫɬ. 3, §1, u). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ «ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɴɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ» (ɫɬ. 154, § 1).

ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶɸ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ.

ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ 1997 ɝ.2, ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ȿɋ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ 90-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ «ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɥɹɰɢɟɣ»3, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ (ɤɚɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ) ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ȿɋ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɠɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ȿɋ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɜ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ ȿɋ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɏɏI ɜ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɚɹ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ4 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɧɨɪɦ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ȿɋ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɚɥ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ Ʌɢɫɫɚɛɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ 2007 ɝ.5 ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ6.

ɍɠɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɛɵɥ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ Ʌɢɫɫɚɛɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɜ ȾɎȿɋ (ɫɬ. 4, § 2), ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟ-

1Journal Officiel de l’Union Européenne. ʋ C191 du 29 juillet 1992.

2Ibid. ʋ C340 du 10 novembre 1997.

3Blanc D. L'Europe de l'énergie, in Les notices. L'Union européenne // L. Dubouis (dir.). Paris, La Documentation française, 2004. P. 177.

4Journal Officiel de l’Union Européenne. ʋ C310 du 16 décembre 2004.

5Ibid. ʋ C306 du 17 décembre 2007.

6Vial C. La politique de l'énergie après le traité de Lisbonne // Annuaire de Droit européen. 2006. Vol. 4. P. 215.

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ɝɥɚɜɚ XX «Ɉɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ» ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɥɚɜɨɣ XXI «ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ», ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ.

Ʉɚɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ȿɋ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ȿɋ. ȿɞɢɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɪɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɟɞɢɧɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɪ ɮɢɫɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɸ.

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɝɨɫɭ- ɞɚɪɫɬɜ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ, ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ1. Ɍɚɤ, ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ2 ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ Ʌɢɫɫɚɛɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬ. 194 Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɪɨɡɨɣ.

ɋɬɨɢɬ ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬ. 347 ȾɎȿɋ ɝɨ- ɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ-ɱɥɟɧɵ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ «ɞɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ», ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɬ. 194 ȾɎȿɋ, ɋɨɜɟɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬ. 122 ɷɬɨɝɨ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɭɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɢɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ-

1Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɧɵɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɹɞ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ȿɋ, ɫɱɢɬɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɪɹɞ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ȿɋ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ. ɋɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Millock K., Wiedow A., Parker L. La future fiscalité européenne et nationale sur l'énergie : une nouvelle révolution économique et fiscale? // Dr. env. 2010. ʋ 175. P. 19.

2Déclaration ʋ 35 annexée au traité de Lisbonne qui reprend le texte de la déclaration ʋ 22 annexée au traité établissant une Constitution pour l'Europe.

15

ɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɟɪ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɝɚɡɚ1.

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ȿɋ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ȿɋ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɬ. 194 ȾɎȿɋ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ȿɋ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ȿɋ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ȿɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ȿɋ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ȿɋ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɤɬɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ. ȿɫɥɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ȾɎȿɋ ɧɟ ɭɱɥɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ, ɤɚɤ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ȿɋ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ȿɋ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɛɵɥɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɬɨɦɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.

ȼɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɜ ȿɋ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ) ɨɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ȿɋ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɛ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɛ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ȿɋȺɗ) ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ.

1 ɋɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ 2004/67/ȿɋ ɨɬ 26 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2004 ɝ., ɤɚɫɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ

ɦɟɪ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɝɚɡɚ // Journal Officiel de l’Union Européenne, 29 Avril 2004. ɋɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Cons. UE, dir. 2006/67/CE. 24 juill. 2006, faisant obligation aux États membres de maintenir un niveau minimal de stocks de pétrole brut et/ou de produits pétroliers // Journal Officiel de l’Union Européenne, 8 Aout 2006.

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ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ȿȼɊȺɌɈɆ) (ɫɬ. 1), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɨ:

ɚ) ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ;

ɛ) ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɬɪɭɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ;

ɜ) ɭɩɪɨɳɚɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ, ɩɨɨɳɪɹɹ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ; ɝ) ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɦ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ

ɜ ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɢ ɪɭɞɨɣ; ɞ) ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɟɯ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ;

ɟ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ;

ɠ)ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɛɵɬ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ- ɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ;

ɡ) ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɭ ɜ ɦɢɪɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɫɬ. 2).

Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨɛ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ȿɋȺɗ, ȿɜɪɚɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɨɦɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɬɨɦɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ȿɋ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɨɦ.

Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɜɟɤɨɜɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨɛ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ȿɋȺɗ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ȿɋ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɞɜɭɦɹɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ, ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ ɜ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ.

Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ȿɋ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶ-

17

ɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ȿɋ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɟɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 60-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ1, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɮɟɪɚɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ.

1.3.Основные правовые акты Европейского Союза в сфере энергетики

ɉɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ȿɋ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ2, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ (ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ ɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ), ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 160 ɬɚɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɞɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ, ɧɟ ɧɨɫɹɳɢɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɢ ɤ «ɦɹɝɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ» ȿɋ (ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦ, ɩɥɚɧɚɦ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ, ɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ 3000. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ȿɋ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.

ȼ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ ɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ȿɋ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ, ɧɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ȿɋ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɭɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ3, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ȿɋ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɢ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ

1ɋɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: EAEC Supply Agency: Rules of the Supply Agency of the European Atomic Energy Community of 5 May 1960 determining the manner in which demand is to be balanced against the supply of ores, source materials and special fissile materials modified by: Regulation of the Supply Agency of the European Atomic Energy Community amending the rules of the Supply Agency of 5 May 1960 determining the manner in which demand is to be balanced against the supply of ores, source materials and special fissile materials // Official Journal L 193, 25/07/1975. P. 0037—0038.

2ɋɦ.: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/index_en.htm.

3ɋɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ruete M. Une politique européenne de l'énergie // LPA 26 avr. 2007. P. 5

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ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ȿɋ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ — Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.

Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ȿɋ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ȿɋ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɝɨ (ɢɥɢ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɩɨɞɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɝɨ) ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ȿɋ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɝɞɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ȿɋ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ, ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.

ɋɬɨɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɹɞ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɚɤɬɨɜ ȿɋ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɦɟɠɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ȿɋ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ1. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɢ ɤ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ2. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ3.

Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ȿɋ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɬ.ɟ. ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ȿɋ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ.

ȼ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 60-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ȿɋ ʋ 68/416ȿɗɋ ɨɬ

1Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) ʋ 617/2010 of 24 June 2010 concerning the notification to the Commission of investment projects in energy infrastructure within the European Union and repealing Regulation (EC) ʋ 736/96; Commission Regulation ʋ 833/2010 of 21 September 2010 implementing Council Regulation ʋ 617/2010 concerning the notification to the Commission of investment projects in energy infrastructure within the European Union.

2Directive 94/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on the conditions for granting and using authorizations for the prospection, exploration and production of hydrocarbons

3Regulation (EC) ʋ 663/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing a programme to aid economic recovery by granting Community financial assistance to projects in the field of energy; Regulation (EU) ʋ 1233/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2010 amending Regulation (EC) ʋ 663/2009 establishing a programme to aid economic recovery by granting Community financial assistance to projects in the field of energy.

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20 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1968 ɝ. 1 ɨɛ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɭ 73/238 ȿɋ ɨɬ 24 ɢɸɥɹ 1973 ɝ.2, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.

ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ȿɋ ʋ 77/706/ȿɗɋ ɨɬ 7 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1977 ɝ.3 ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.

ɇɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȿɋ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɜ 60-ɟ ɢ 70-ɟ ɝɝ. XX ɜ., ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ȿɋ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɥɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɹ ɫɜɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ4, ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ.

ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɥɨ ɛɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ.

ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɪɹɞ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ5, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨ-

1Council decision 68/416/EEC of 20 December 1968 on the conclusion and implementation of individual agreements between Governments relating to the obligation of Member States to maintain minimum stocks of crude oil and/or petroleum products, as amended by Council Directive 72/425/EEC.

2Council Directive 73/238/EC of 24 July 1973 on measures to mitigate the effects of difficulties in the supply of crude oil and petroleum production.

3Council Decision 77/706/EEC of 7 November 1977 on the setting of a Community target for a reduction in the consumption of primary sources of energy in the event of difficulties in the supply of crude oil and petroleum products (implementing Commission Decision 79/639).

4ɋɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Council Directive 2006/67/EC of 24 July 2006 imposing an obligation on Member States to maintain minimum stocks of crude oil and/or petroleum products (Codified version) (Text with EEA relevance); Council Directive 2009/119 of

14September 2009 imposing an obligation on States to maintain minimum stocks of crude oil and/or petroleum products.

5Directive 2009/73 /EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC.

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