Физическая и коллоидная химия. Лабораторный практикум. Учебное пособие
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ɅȺȻɈɊȺɌɈɊɇɕɃ ɉɊȺɄɌɂɄɍɆ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª
2024
1
ɍȾɄ 541.18 ȻȻɄ 24.6
ə
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɇɂɅ ɛɢɨɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ȿɇɂ ɉȽɇɂɍ Ɉ ɋ Ʉɭɞɪɹɲɨɜɚ; ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɉɎɂɐ ɂɌɏ ɍɪɈ ɊȺɇ ȼ ɘ Ƚɨɪɨɯɨɜ
əɤɢɦɨɜɚ ɂ Ⱦ ə Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɂ Ⱦ əɤɢɦɨɜɚ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ –
1 ɫ ɢɥ ɬɚɛɥ
ISBN 978-5-9729-1971-0
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡ ɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶ ɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞ ɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ©Ɍɨɜɚɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟª ©Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɹª ©ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟª ©Ⱥɝɪɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɢ ɚɝɪɨɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟª ©Ⱥɝɪɨɧɨɦɢɹª
ɍȾɄ ȻȻɄ
ISBN 978-5-9729-1971-0 |
əɤɢɦɨɜɚ ɂ Ⱦ |
|
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª |
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Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª |
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2 |
ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ....................................................................................................................... |
6 |
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ................................................................................................ |
7 |
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ............................................................. |
8 |
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦ................. |
10 |
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɎɂɁɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɏɂɆɂə............................................................. |
11 |
Ɍɟɦɚ I ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɌȿɊɆɈȾɂɇȺɆɂɄȺ.............................................. |
11 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ |
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ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ........................................................................................................ |
11 |
Ɍɟɦɚ II ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɄɂɇȿɌɂɄȺ............................................................ |
15 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 2. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ............................... |
15 |
Ɍɟɦɚ III ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɊȺɋɌȼɈɊɈȼ ............................................................... |
19 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ . Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ |
19 |
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ................................................................................................................. |
|
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 4. Ɉɫɦɨɫ ɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ............................ |
21 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ |
22 |
ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ........................................................................................... |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 6. ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ |
25 |
ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.......................................................... |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 7. Ȼɭɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ.................................................. |
26 |
Ɍɟɦɚ IV ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɉɊɈȼɈȾɇɈɋɌɖ ɊȺɋɌȼɈɊɈȼ.................................... |
29 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 8. Ʉɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ |
29 |
ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ............... |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 9. Ʉɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ |
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ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ........................................................................................................ |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 10. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ |
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ɢ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ...................... |
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Ɍɟɦɚ V ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɏɂɆɂə................................................................................ |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 11. ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ |
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ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ................................. |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 12. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ |
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ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ |
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ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ............................................................ |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ . ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ |
42 |
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ..................................................................... |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 14. ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ,, ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ......................................................... |
45 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 15. ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ..................................................... |
47 |
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Ɍɟɦɚ VI ȺȾɋɈɊȻɐɂə ....................................................................................... |
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51 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 16. Ⱥɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ............................................................... |
51 |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 17. |
Ⱥɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ................. |
54 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 18. |
Ȼɭɦɚɠɧɚɹ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ.............. |
59 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 19. |
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ |
60 |
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ.............................................................. |
||
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 2 ɄɈɅɅɈɂȾɇȺə ɏɂɆɂə............................................................ |
64 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 20. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ |
64 |
ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ............................................................................................ |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 21. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ..................... |
68 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 22. ɇɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ..................... |
70 |
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ . Ʉɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ |
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Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ........... |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 24. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ |
76 |
ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ.................................................................................................................. |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 25. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ |
78 |
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɡɨɥɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɡɚ............................................................ |
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 26. Ⱦɢɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɛɟɥɤɚ........................................... |
80 |
4 |
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Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ............................................................................................................. |
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ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ................................................... |
84 |
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ..................................................................... |
87 |
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə....................................................................................................... |
89 |
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ..................................................................... |
89 |
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɯ ..................................................... |
95 |
5
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɚ ©Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹª ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɛɨɪ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ «Ɍɨɜɚɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟª «Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɹª «ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟª «Ⱥɝɪɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɢ ɚɝ ɪɨɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟª «Ⱥɝɪɨɧɨɦɢɹª.
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɨ ɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ-ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɧ ɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɟ ɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɸ
6
ɉɊɂɇəɌɕȿ ɋɈɄɊȺɓȿɇɂə
Ⱥ Ɋ – ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ȼɆɋ – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ⱦ ɫ – ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ Ⱦ ɮ – ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ
Ⱦɗɋ – ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ Ʉɜ – ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ Ʉɤ – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
Ʉɨ – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɉɯ – ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɇ – ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
ɪɈɇ – ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ Red – ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ
ɗȾɋ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ
7
ɉɊȺȼɂɅȺ ȻȿɁɈɉȺɋɇɈɃ ɊȺȻɈɌɕ ȼ ɅȺȻɈɊȺɌɈɊɂɂ
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɯ
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ ɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
ȼ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɭ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɧɬɨɜɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɚɛɨ
ɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɚɯ Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɚɯɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ
ɋɭɯɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɠɟɱɤɨɣ ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɫɤɥɹɧɨɤ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɨɣ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ȼɫɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɤɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ – ɧɚ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɟ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɟɱɤɢ ɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ – ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ – ɦɥ
ɇɟɢɡɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɫɤɥɹɧɤɢɈɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɩɟ-
ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɹɧɤɢ
Ɇɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ
ȼɫɟ ɨɩɵɬɵ ɫ ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɦɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɩɚɯɧɭɳɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ ɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ
Ɉɩɵɬɵ ɫ ɥɟɝɤɨɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɨɝɧɹ
ɇɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟ ɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɪɵɡɝ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɨ
ɇɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɞɵɯɚɬɶ ɩɚɯɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɝɚɡɵ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɹɹɫɶ ɤ ɫɨɫɭɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɨɱɤɢ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ
8
ɉɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ ɪɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜ ɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɟɞɟɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɫɬɨɥɭ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɪɚɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɯ
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɨɛɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɹɡɤɭ ɢɡ ɜɚɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɧɬɚ ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɨɛɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɹɡɤɭ ɢɡ ɜɚɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɧɬɚ ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ȼɫɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɩɬɟɱɤɟ ɉɪɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɠɨɝɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɥɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɜɪɚɱɭ
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɛɪɵɡɝ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɟɦɟɞ ɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɜɪɚɱɭ
ɉɪɢ ɨɠɨɝɟ ɤɨɠɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɠɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɹɡɤɭ ɢɡ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɚɧɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɜɹɡɤɭ ɢɡ ɦɚɡɢ ɨɬ ɨɠɨɝɨɜ
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ ɛɪɨɦɨɦ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ȱȱ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɜɪɚɱɭ
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɵɲɶɹɤɚ ɪɬɭɬɢ ɢ ɰɢɚɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɜɪɚɱɭ
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ɈȻɓɂȿ ɌɊȿȻɈȼȺɇɂə Ʉ ɋɈɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂɘ ɈɌɑȿɌȺ ɉɈ ɅȺȻɈɊȺɌɈɊɇɕɆ ɊȺȻɈɌȺɆ
Ɉɬɱɟɬ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ I ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ II ɐɟɥɶ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ III ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ
1. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ
1.1. ɏɨɞ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ
ɂɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɤɪɚɬɤɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɭɸ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɬ ɞ ;
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ
1.2. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɉɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ
ȼ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟ ɧɢɹ ɞɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠ ɞɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
ȼɵɜɨɞ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ.
1.4. Ɉɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ – ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ
Ʉ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɜɲɢɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɪɚ ɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɜɲɢɟ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
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