Физическая и коллоидная химия. Лабораторный практикум. Учебное пособие
.pdf
ɊȺɁȾȿɅ1
ɎɂɁɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɏɂɆɂə
Ɍɟɦɚ I
ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɌȿɊɆɈȾɂɇȺɆɂɄȺ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ
ɑɬɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ"
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ"
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ"Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ Ƚɢɛɛɫɚ"Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ƚɟɫɫɚ"
ɉɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶ ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ"
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɵ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪ ɫɟ ɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ Ɇ ɇ2SO4 Ɇ NaɈɇ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɨɥɶ ɇ2Ɉ ɢɡ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɇ+ ɢ Ɉʜ
ɇ+ɪ-ɪ Ɉʜ ɪ-ɪ ɇ2Ɉ οʜ = 55,9 ɤȾɠ ɦɨɥɶ
11
ɉɪɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮ ɮɟɤɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɶ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ƚɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ NaOH ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
H2SO4 + NaOH = NaHSO4 + H2O. οʜ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
NaHSO4 + NaOH = Na2SO4 + H22 ɠ . οʜ
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɇ2SO4 ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
οʜ = ʙή οʡ/ |
|
ɝɞɟ οʜ – ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɤȾɠ ɦɨɥɶ Ʉ – ɤȾɠ ɦɨɥɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ
ɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɫ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɇ2SO4 ɧɚ Ʉ
n – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɥɶ n = ˏ ή , ɝɞɟ ˏ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɥɶ ɥ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɥ .
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ οʜˑ˒ = οʜ + οʜ .
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
= |
οʜ˕ˈˑ˓ οʜˑ˒ |
ή 100 %. |
|
οʜ˕ˈˑ˓ |
|
Ɂɚ οʜ˕ˈˑ˓ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ οʜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ
H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H22 ɤȾɠ ɦɨɥɶ.
12
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɣ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɤɚ ɧɨɜ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɤɚɫɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɢ ɫɧɚɛ ɠɟɧɨ ɤɪɵɲɤɨɣ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɉɬɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɦɥ Ɇ ɇ2SO4 ɢ ɡɚɥɢɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɥɆ NaOɇ
ȼɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ tɧɚɱ ɋ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ
ȼɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪ ɦɥ Ɇ NaOɇ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɫɟɤɭɧɞ t ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɋ
ȼɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɦɥ Ɇ NaOɇ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɫɟɤɭɧɞ t ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɋ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
|
|
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɋ |
|
|
|
|
|
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɦɢɧ |
|
t ɫɬɚɞɢɹ |
t ɫɬɚɞɢɹ |
|
ݐː˃˚ |
||
1 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
1 Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ οݐ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
οݐ = ݐ ˔˕˃ˇˋˢ ݐː˃˚ ɢ οݐ = ݐ ˔˕˃ˇˋˢ ݐː˃˚. |
|
2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ οʜ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠ ɞɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ οʜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ |
|
|
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɫɬɚɞɢɹ |
|
|
|
ɫɬɚɞɢɹ |
|
|
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɦɢɧ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
οݐ |
οʜ |
|
|
οݐ |
οʜ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ"Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɢɡɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ"
14
Ɍɟɦɚ ,,
ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɄɂɇȿɌɂɄȺ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ
1.ɑɬɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ©ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɨɣª"
2.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"
ɑɟɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"
4.Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"
5.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ©ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡª"
6.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ©ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹª ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ"
7.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ©ɡɚɤɨɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɫª"
8.Ʉɚɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ"
9.Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"
10.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ"
11.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸ ɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬ Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɧ ɇ2SO4 ɧ Na2S2O .
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɉɩɵɬ ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢ ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ
Na2S2O + ɇ2SO4 = Na2SO4 + S + SO2 + H2O.
15
Ɇɟɧɹɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ – ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶ ɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨ ɛɢɪɤɭ – ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ – ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɜɵɩɚɜɲɟɣ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɫɟɪɵ
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ – ɤɚɩɥɢ ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ – ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɩɥɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ – ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɉɟɪɜɭɸ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɹɯɧɭɬɶ Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɟ ©ɚª ɦɨɥɟɣ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ © ɚª ɦɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ – © ɚª ɦɨɥɟɣ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪ ȼ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ 1 ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɩɥɸ ɧ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫ ɥɨɬɵ Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɹ Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ ɡɚɦɟɪɹɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɟ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɪɨ ɛɢɪɤɢ 2 ɢ . Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ .
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
|
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ |
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ |
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ |
|
|
Na2S2O ɦɨɥɶ ɥ |
|
|
ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ |
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɤ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɫɟɤ |
|
|
|
|
a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɚ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɚ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɇɚɱɟɪɬɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɇɚ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ
16
Ɉɩɵɬ ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɝɨɦɨ ɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ȼ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ –60 ɋ ɉɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨ ɛɢɪɤɭ ɫ – ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɫ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɑɟɪɟɡ – ɦɢɧ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɤ ɧɚɝɪɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɫ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɩɥɸ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɬɶ Ɂɚɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɹ Ɉɯɥɚɞɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɟ ɧɚ 10 ɋ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɡɚɦɟɪɹɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɤ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɭ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɫɟɪɵ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɟ Ɉɯɥɚɞɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ 10 ɋ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 4.
|
|
|
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4 |
|
|
|
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ |
||
|
|
|
|
|
ɇɨɦɟɪ |
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ |
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ |
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ |
|
ɨɩɵɬɚ |
ɨɩɵɬɚ |
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɤ |
ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɫɟɤ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
1.ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
2.ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ȼɚɧɬȽɨɮɮɚ
|
|
|
V = V ή ɀ |
, |
|
ɝɞɟ ɢ – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɫɟɤ ;– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ; ݐ , ݐ – ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
17
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"ȼɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ
ɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ"Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"ɑɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ"
Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ"
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ©ɡɚɤɨɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɫª" Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"
Ɉɬ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɵ"
18
ɌɟɦɚII, ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɊȺɋɌȼɈɊɈȼ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ
1.ȼ ɱɟɦ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ Ⱦ ɂ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ"
2.ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚ ɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ" ȼ ɱɟɦ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ"
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɫɦɨɫ ɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ"
4.ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ ɢ Ɋɚɭɥɹ"
5.Ʉɚɤ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ"
6.Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ
ɥɢɬɨɜ"
7.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ©ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶª ɢ ©ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢª" ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɚɤɬɢɜ ɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ" ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɬɢ ɜɟɥɢ ɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɜɧɵ"
8.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ©ɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚª"
9.Ʉɚɤ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ"
10.Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɢɩɵ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ " Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ"
11.ȼ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɪH NH4OH ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɫɢ NH4OH ɢ NH4Cl ɬɨɣ ɠɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ " Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪ Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɥɟɞ ɜɨɞɚ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɉɩɵɬ ȼ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚɯ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɥ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɥɤɨ ɢɫɬɨɥɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɶɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɥɟɞ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɂɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɜɨ-
19
ɞɵ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɥɶɞɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɥɶɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɨɜ ɫ ɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɚ" Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ" ɋɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ
Ɉɩɵɬ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫ ɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵ ɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ɋɚɭɥɹ
ǻtɡ = Kɤɪ ā ɋm |
|
ǻtɤ = Kɷɛ ā ɋm |
|
ɝɞɟ ǻtɡ – ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ
ǻtɤ – ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ Ʉɤɪ – ɤɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢɥ 1 ɬɚɛɥ
Ʉɷɛ – ɷɛɭɥɥɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢɥ 1 ɬɚɛɥ
ɋm – ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨ ɥɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɝ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ
ʠ = |
|
ή 1000 = |
ή |
, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
ή |
|||||
ɝɞɟ n – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɟ Mg ;
g – ɜɟɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ W – ɜɟɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ
Ɇ – ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
1. ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɨɜɉɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
20