Физическая и коллоидная химия. Лабораторный практикум. Учебное пособие
.pdfɟɯɫ – ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɥ 1 ɬɚɛɥ ȿɯɝ – ɗȾɋ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɯɢɧɝɢɞɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
1. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 1 .
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ |
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e ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ȼ |
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ȿ ȼ |
ȿɯɝ ȼ |
ɪɇ |
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ɨɛɴɟɤɬ |
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Ʉɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ |
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ȼɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɵɬɹɠɤɚ |
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ɩɨɱɜɵ |
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ȼɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɵɬɹɠɤɚ |
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ɝɥɢɧɵ |
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ɋɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɜɵɬɹɠɤɚ |
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ɩɨɱɜɵ |
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2. ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɫɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɜɵɬɹɠɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɦ ɜɨɞɧɚɹ
ɉɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɇ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɢNaH2PO4 ɢ Ʉ2HPO4
4. ɉɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɇ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɵɬɹɠɟɤ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɇ2ɋɈ ɢ ɄɇɋɈ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɯɢɧɝɢɞɪɨɧɧɨ-ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɚɹ ɰɟɩɶ"Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɭ"Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɤ ɢɨɧɨɦɟɪɭ"
41
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɜɵɦ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɤɨɧ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɦɚɝ ɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɚ ɲɬɚɬɢɜ ɫ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɨɣ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɲɚ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬ ɧ ɄɈɇ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCl ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧ ɇ2ɋ2Ɉ4 ɢɡ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɚ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
1. ɋɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɢɬ ɪɚɧɬ ɧ ɄɈɇ Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɝɚɡɵ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɦɥ ɧ ɇ2ɋ2Ɉ4 ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɉɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɄɈɇ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 14 ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 14
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
V ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ |
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ɪɇ |
¨ɪɇ |
ɦɥ |
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0 |
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í |
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42
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɚ ɪɇ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ȼɛɥɢɡɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶ ɲɢɦɢ Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɇ ɬɢɬɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚ ɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ ¨ɪɇ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɉɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɩɢɤɚ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɢɞɵ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟ ɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɪɢɫ
pH |
A |
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1/ 2 AB |
ɫɤɚɱɨɤ |
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ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ |
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B |
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Ɍ.ɗ. |
Vɬ |
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ɚ
Ɍ.ɗ. |
Vɬ |
ɛ |
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ ȼɢɞɵ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɄɈɇ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚ ɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ ɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɄɈɇ
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ʠ |
ή |
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ʠː(ʙʝʜ) = |
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ː(ʜ ʠ ʝ ʙʝʜ) (ʜ ʠ ʝ ) |
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ɝɞɟ ɋɧ ɄɈɇ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɄɈɇ ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ ɋɧ ɇ2ɋ2Ɉ4 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɇ2ɋ2Ɉ4 ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɥ
2. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ Ⱦɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ
ɉɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɦɥ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɪɢ
ɜɵɟ
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ ɪɇ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɢɬ ɪɚɧɬɚ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɹ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɬɢɬ ɪɚɧɬɚ ɉɨ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬ ɩɨ – ɦɥ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɉɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɇɋl ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɄɈɇ ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɷɤɜɢ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ .
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ HCl ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ʠː(ʜʠ ) = ʠː(ʙʝʜ)ή (ʙʝʜ)
ɝɞɟ ɋɧ ɄɈɇ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɄɈɇ ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ ɋɧ ɇCl – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɇCl ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɥ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ HCl ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɦɥ
m = ʠː(ʜʠ ) ή ʬʜʠ ήV
ɝɞɟ ɋɧ ɇCl – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ HCl ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ ɗɇCl – ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɇɋl;
V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɥ
44
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ȼ ɱɟɦ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ"Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ"Ʉɚɤɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɚɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɬɢɬ
ɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ"
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ,, ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ,, ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
Ɂɚɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɦɟɪ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɚ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ
ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ – ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɵɣ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɧɚ ɦɥ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɢ ɦɥ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɝɟɤɫɚɰɢɚɧɨɮɟɪɪɚɬɚ ,,, ɤɚɥɢɹ Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ -ɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ -ɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɥɢ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ,, ɫ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ȼ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɤɫɢɞɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɢɡ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɥɚ ɬɢɧɚ ɡɨɥɨɬɨ Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɢɬɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɨɦ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟ ɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ,, ɝɟɤɫɚɰɢɚɧɨɮɟɪɪɚɬɨɦ ,,, ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɚɦɦɢɚɱ ɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ
&R 1+ 6 2+ )H &1 6 - &R 1+ 6 )H &1 6 4-. 45
Ⱥɦɦɢɚɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ III ɢɦɟɟɬ ɹɪɤɨ-ɜɢɲɧɟɜɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɢɧɬɟɧ ɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ
1. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɟ ɢ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɋɧɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɜ ɦȼ ȼɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ Ȼɸɪɟɬɤɭ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɬɢɬ ɪɚɧɬɨɦ – M ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɝɟɤɫɚɰɢɚɧɨɮɟɪɪɚɬɚ ,,, ɤɚɥɢɹ
2. ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ȼ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɚ ɦɥ ɨɬɦɟɪɢɬɶ – ɦɥ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɢ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɥ -ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɥ -ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɍɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨ ɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɚɧ ɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ 9 ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ = I ȿ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɤɚɱɤɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɚ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɟ ɜɵɫɢɬ ɦȼ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ – ɦɥ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ȿɫɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɵ ɲɚɟɬ y ɦȼ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟ ɝɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ 9 ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ – οʔ/ο ɢ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
1. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ⱥ Ɋ ɞɥɹ ɜɵ-
ɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ɜ ɦɥ Ⱥ Ɋ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ
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ʠːʠˑ ή Vʠˑ = ʠː ή V |
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ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ |
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ʠː ή |
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ʠˑ |
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ɝɞɟ |
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ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ Ⱥ Ɋ ɦɨɥɶ |
ɷɤɜ ɥ |
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ʠːʠˑ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ= |
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ʠː – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ
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Vʠˑ – ɨɛɴɟɦ Ⱥ Ɋ ɦɥ
V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɦɥ
2. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ɝ ɜ ɦɥ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
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ʠː ʠˑ ήʬʠˑ ή ʏʟ |
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ɝɞɟ ʠ |
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ɦɨɥɶ ɷɤɜ ɥ |
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ː ʠˑ – ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ⱥ Ɋ |
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ʠˑ = |
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ʬʠˑ |
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ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ʬ |
ʛ |
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ɷɤɜ ɦɨɥɶ |
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ |
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ʏʟ |
–+ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɦɥ |
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Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ
Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤ ɬɪɨɞɚ"
Ʉɚɤ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ" Ʉɚɤ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ"
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚ ɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɚ
ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɫ ɬɜɨɪɟ
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɦɟɪ ɢɨɧɨɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɛɪɨɦɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬ-ɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɫɬɚ ɤɚɧɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɲɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɫɵ ɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɛ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
47
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢɆɟɬɨɞ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɗȾɋ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɢɨɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ ɪX.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɫ ɚɧɚ ɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨ ɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
ɋɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɹɱɟɣɤɭ ɢɡ ɢɨɧɨɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɲɟɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɬɶ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɥ Ɇ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɛɚɯ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɪɢɸ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ -1-10-5 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɫ ɩɨɦɨ ɳɶɸ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɥɶ ɥ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɂɡ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɦɥ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɬ ɞ
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɗȾɋ ȼ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɫɬɚɧ ɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɗȾɋ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɨɦɟɪɟ ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɫɬɚɧ ɞɚɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɦɟɧɹɹ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɗȾɋ ȿ ȼ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 15.
48
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 15
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɋ |
10-5 |
10-4 |
10- |
10-2 |
10-1 |
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ɋɯ |
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ɦɨɥɶ ɥ |
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–lgC |
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ȿ ȼ |
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ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ ȿ – –lgC
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
1 ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
Ɂɧɚɹ ɗȾɋ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ –lgCɦ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ
ɋɦ = 10ílgC. |
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Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ
m ɢɨɧɚ= Cɦ Â Mɢɨɧɚ Â Vɤɨɥɛɵ |
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ɝɞɟ ɋɦ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɥɶ ɥ Ɇ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɢɨɧɚ ɝ ɦɨɥɶ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɥ
ȿɫɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɨɥɢ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ Ɇ
m˔ˑˎˋ = |
ˋˑː˃ή ˔ˑˎˋ |
, |
9 |
ˋˑː˃ |
ɝɞɟ mɢɨɧɚ – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɢɨɧɚ ɝ
Ɇɫɨɥɢ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɥɢ ɝ ɦɨɥɶ Ɇɢɨɧɚ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɢɨɧɚ ɝ ɦɨɥɶ
49
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
1. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɢɨɧɨɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ"Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫ
ɬɜɨɪɚɯ"
Ʉɚɤ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ"
ɇɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ ɢ ɮɪɭɤɬɚɯ"
Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ"
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ
50