Физическая и коллоидная химия. Лабораторный практикум. Учебное пособие

Ⱦɢɚɥɢɡ – ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣȼɆɋ ɨɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ Ⱦɢɚɥɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɪ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ

ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬ ɤɚɥɶɤɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɞɢɟɜɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ Ⱦɢɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɚ ɬɢɧɚ ɤɥɟɹ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɵɜɨɪɨɬɤɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɤɬɨɡɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɨɜ

ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ȼ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɪɟɡɢɧɤɨɣ ɫ ɡɚɠɢɦɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɱɚɬɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɶɤɢ ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɛɟɡ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɇɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ NaCl ɉɨɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɜ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɞɢ ɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɫ ɬɜɨɪɚ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɟɬ ɥɢ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɥɢ ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɡɚɠɢɦ ɨɫɬɚ ɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɭɬ

Ɂɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɨɧɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɶɤɢ Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɫ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɨɦ AgNO ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɡɚɠɢɦ ɫɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ – ɦɥ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ – ɤɚɩɥɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚ AgNO ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɬ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɨɧɵ ɯɥɨɪɚ

Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɢɭɪɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɋɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɢ NaOH ɢ ɋuSO4 ɜɫɬɪɹɯɧɭɬɶ ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɡɨɜɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ

Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ

Ɂɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɞɢɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

81

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ

Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɢɚ

ɥɢɡɚ"

Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɢɡ"

82

ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ

Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ©Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹª ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧ ɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɟ.

ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɵɬɵ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɹ ɨɫ ɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ

Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɪɚ ɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ

ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ©Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹª ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ

ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ©Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹª ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ

ɋɅɈȼȺɊɖ

ɍɉɈɌɊȿȻɅəȿɆɕɏ ɉɈɇəɌɂɃ ɂ ɌȿɊɆɂɇɈȼ

Ⱥɞɫɨɪɛɚɬ – ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɞɫɨɪ ɛɟɧɬɚ

Ⱥɞɫɨɪɛɟɧɬ – ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɞɟɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ Ⱥɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɚɬ ɤɨɧ

ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ Ⱥɧɨɞ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɬ ɟ ɨɬɞɚɱɚ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ Ȼɭɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫ-

ɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ

ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɇ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɪɇ -lg [H+].

Ƚɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ

Ƚɟɥɶ – ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɤɭ ɢɡ ɱɚ ɫɬɢɰ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɹɱɟɣɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ

Ⱦɢɚɥɢɡ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɧɢɡ ɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ

Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ – ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɱɚ ɫɬɢɰɵ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ

Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɮɚɡ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ

Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ – ɦɟɥɤɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟ ɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ

Ⱦɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ

Ʉɚɬɨɞ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɥɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɨ-

ɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ

84

Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ – ɭɥɶɬɪɚɦɢɤɪɨɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ ɳɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ -9 – 10-7 ɦ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ

Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɧɨɝɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɜɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɨɛɴɟɦɟɢɥɢɦɚɫɫɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ

Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɏ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ Ȧ – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɨɬɧɨ ɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ

Ɇɨɥɹɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɏ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɋm – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɡ ɦɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɏ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ

Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɏ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɋɦ – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟ ɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɏ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ

Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɏ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɋɇ – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɏ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ

ɇɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ – ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚ ɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ

Ɉɫɦɨɫ – ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɫ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ – ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ ɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ – ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨ ɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ – ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ

Ɋɹɞ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ – ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ

ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɵ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ

ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ – ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɬɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɢɨɧɨɜ

ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɚɬɨɦɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɨɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ – ɩɨɥɭɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɤɚɱɨɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ

85

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɗȾɋ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ – ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɤɚɬɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɧɨɞɚ

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ – ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ

ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ȿ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɪɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɟɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ

ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ Ƚɢɛɛɫɚ G – ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɧɟɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɨ-ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ

ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɇ – ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟ ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɨ-ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ

ɗɧɬɪɨɩɢɹ S – ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɟɪɭ ɧɟɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬ ɟ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ

86

ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾɍȿɆɈɃ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ

1.Ƚɚɜɪɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɘ ɘ Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɘ ɘ Ƚɚɜɪɨɧɫɤɚɹ ȼ ɇ ɉɚɤ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɘɪɚɣɬ –

287 ɫ

2.Ƚɚɦɟɟɜɚ Ɉ ɋ Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ Ɉ ɋ Ƚɚɦɟɟɜɚ – ɋɉɛ Ʌɚɧɶ – F

Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ȼ ɱ ɑɚɫɬɶ Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ ȼ ɘ Ʉɨɧɸɯɨɜ >ɢ ɞɪ @ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ȼ ɘ Ʉɨɧɸɯɨɜɚ Ʉ ɂ ɉɨɩɨɜɚ – 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ ɢɫɩɪ ɢ ɞɨɩ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɘɪɚɣɬ– 259 ɫ

4.Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ȼ ɱ ɑɚɫɬɶ Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ ȼ ɘ Ʉɨɧɸɯɨɜ >ɢ ɞɪ @ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ȼ ɘ Ʉɨɧɸɯɨɜɚ Ʉ ɂ ɉɨɩɨɜɚ – 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ ɢɫɩɪ ɢ ɞɨɩ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɘɪɚɣɬ –ɫ

5.Ʉɭɞɪɹɲɟɜɚ ɇ ɋ Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢ ɤɭɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɇ ɋ Ʉɭɞɪɹɲɟɜɚ Ʌ Ƚ Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɟɜɚ – -ɟ ɢɡɞ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ ɢ ɞɨɩ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɘɪɚɣɬ – 452 ɫ

6.ɇɚɡɚɪɨɜ ȼ ȼ Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɧɢɤ ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɢɟ ȼ ȼ ɇɚɡɚɪɨɜ Ⱥ ɋ Ƚɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ – ɋɉɛ Ʌɚɧɶ – ɫ.

7.ɏɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɤɢɣ Ɋ Ⱥ Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ Ɋ Ⱥ ɏɦɟɥɶɧɢɰ ɤɢɣ – Ɇ Ⱥɥɶɹɧɫ – F

8.ɓɭɤɢɧ ȿ Ⱦ Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ ȿ Ⱦ ɓɭɤɢɧ Ⱥ ȼ ɉɟɪɰɨɜ ȿ Ⱥ Ⱥɦɟɥɢɧɚ – 7-ɟ ɢɡɞ ɢɫɩɪ ɢ ɞɨɩ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɘɪɚɣɬ – 444 ɫ

9. əɤɨɜɥɟɜɚ Ⱥ Ⱥ Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ Ⱥ Ⱥ əɤɨɜɥɟɜɚ – 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ ɢɫɩɪ ɢ ɞɨɩ – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɘɪɚɣɬ –

209 ɫ

87

ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

1.Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɣɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ ɊɚɜɞɟɥɹȺ Ⱥ ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜɨɣ Ʌ Ɇ – ɋɉɛ ɂɜɚɧ Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜ – – ɫ

2.ɘɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ Ʌ ɉ Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɩɟɤɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ Ʌ ɉ ɘɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɇ ɇ əɝɚɧɨɜɚ ɂ Ⱦ əɤɢɦɨɜɚ – ɉɟɪɦɶ ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ©ɉɟɪɦɫɤɚɹ ȽɋɏȺª – ɫ

ɘɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ Ʌ ɉ Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ Ʌ ɉ ɘɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɇ ɇ əɝɚɧɨɜɚ – ɉɟɪɦɶ ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɉȽɋɏȺ – ɫ

88

ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə

ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ . ɋɉɊȺȼɈɑɇɕȿ ȾȺɇɇɕȿ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ

Ʉɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ

89

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ

ɗɛɭɥɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ

90