Физическая и коллоидная химия. Лабораторный практикум. Учебное пособие
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Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
1.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ"
2.Ʉɚɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ"
Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ʉɨɥɶɪɚɭɲɚ"
Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ɉɫɬɜɚɥɶɞɚ"
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
Ʉɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɢɁɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɦɥ – ɲɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɞɥɹ
ɫɥɢɜɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɚ ɦɥ – ɲɬ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɧ Ʉɋl.
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɉɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɥ. 2
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɪɢɸ ɫɬɚɧ-
ɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɧ ɧ ɧɧ ɧ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧ ɪɚɫ ɬɜɨɪɚ ɄɋO Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɹɬɶ ɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɛ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɦɵɬɵɯ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ Ⱦɥɹ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɝɨ-
ɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɨɥɨɫɧɭɬɶ ɹɱɟɣɤɭ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɹɱɟɣɤɭ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨ ɦɟɬɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟ ɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ
ɧɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɱɟɣɤɚ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɚ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 10.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɋɧ ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ |
|
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ Ⱥ Ɋ |
ɦɤɋɦ ɫɦ
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɉɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨ ɢɬɶ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ – æ = f &KCl
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ
ɂɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟ ɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɉɨ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɋɄɋO.
Ɇɚɫɫɭ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
mɄɋO = Cɧ ɄɋO · VɄɋO ā ɗɄɋO ɦɝ |
2 |
ɝɞɟ ɋɧ ɄɋO – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɄɋO ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ
V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɥ ɗɄɋO – ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ .&O ɝ-ɷɤɜ ɦɨɥɶ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
1. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ" ɑɟɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ"
ɑɟɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ ɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ" Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ" Ɉɬ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ"
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ"ȼ ɱɟɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ"
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɉɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.ɇɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɥ – ɲɬ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɦɥ –
ɲɬ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɚ ɦɥ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɚ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ Ɇ ɄOH Ɇ ɇɋl ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɚɡɨɬɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ – ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ +&O ɢ &+ &22+ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɢɨɧɢ ɡɚɰɢɢ ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɉɪɢ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨ ɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɨ ɪɨɲɨ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸ ɳɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ 91 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɦ 92 – ɨɬɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
1 ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɋɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɹɱɟɣɤɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɨɩɨɥɨɫɧɭɬɶ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɉɪɢɛɨɪ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɥ Ȼɸɪɟɬɤɭ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɫ ɬɜɨɪɨɦ 1D2+
2. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ʉ2+ ɩɨ +&O ȼ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨ ɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɦɥ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɇɋO ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ Ɉɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɦɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɷɥɟɤ ɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɹɱɟɣɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɭ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ Ʉ2+ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɬɢɬ ɪɚɧɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ Ɍɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨ ɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɚɬ ɢɡɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɜ – ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 11.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11
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ɉɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ ɩɨɤɚ ɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɇɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ʉ2+
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɫɦɟɫɶ +&O ɢ &+ &22+ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɢ ɞɨ ɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɉɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɦɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɷɥɟɤ ɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɹɱɟɣɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ Ɍɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ Ʉ2+ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ɍɢɬɪɨɜɚ ɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɢɡɥɨɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɬɢɬ ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɨɬ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɡɧɚ ɱɟɧɢɣ ɋɬɪɨɹɬ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ 91 ɢ 92 – ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɬɢɬ ɪɚɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ 91 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚ ɰɢɢ +&O ɚ 92 – V1 – ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ &+ COOH.
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ +&O ɢ &+3&22+ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɦɥ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ +&O ɢ &+ COOH ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
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Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɵ +&O ɢ &+ &22+ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
= ː ήʬή, |
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ɝɞɟ m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɝ
ː – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ
V– ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɥ
ɗ– ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɝ-ɷɤɜ ɦɨɥɶ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚ ɥɢɡɚ" ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ" Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ"Ʉɚɤɨɜ ɜɢɞ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ"Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɢɡɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ"
ɌȿɆȺV
ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɏɂɆɂə
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ
1.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ"
2.Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɇɟɪɧɫɬɚ"
Ʉɚɤ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɥɨ ɦɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɯɢɧɝɢɞɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ"
4.Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ"
5.Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ"
6.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ"
7.Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɨɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ"
8.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ"
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɇɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɪɢɸ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚ ɞɭɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ
ɇɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ Ɇ ɇ2ɋ2Ɉ4 – ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɉɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɩɨɫɭɞɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɦɟɪ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɛɚ ɦɥ – ɲɬ ɫɬɚ ɤɚɧ ɦɥ – 1 ɲɬ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɂɡ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫ ɬɜɨɪɚ ɇ2ɋ2Ɉ4 ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɥɶ ɥ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɛɚɯ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɪɢɸ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɰɢɟɣ -1–10-5 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɦɥ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ-
ɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɥɶ ɥ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɬɳɚ ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɂɡ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɬ ɞ
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɗȾɋ ȼ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɗȾɋ ȿ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɨɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɥ ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɦɟɧɹɹ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɗȾɋ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢ ɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 12.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɗȾɋ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɪɋ, –OJ& |
10 |
-1 |
10 |
-2 |
10 |
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10 |
-4 |
10 |
-5 |
ɪɋɯ |
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ɯ |
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ɋ ɦɨɥɶ ɥ |
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ɋ |
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ȿ ɦȼ |
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ȿɯ) |
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ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ ȿ ɪɋ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ȿɯ ɉɨ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɪʠ ɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɋɯ.
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
1. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɇ2ɋ2Ɉ4 ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɋɯ = 10 (˓ʠ)˘. |
25 |
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɦɥ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪ
ɦɭɥɟ
m = Cɯ ήʛή |
26 |
ɝɞɟ m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɝ
Cɯ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ Ⱥ Ɋ ɦɨɥɶ ɥ
Ɇ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɢɨɧɚ ɝ ɦɨɥɶ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɥ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
1. ȼ ɱɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ©ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹª"Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɢɨɧɨɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ" Ʉɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɟ-
ɧɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɱɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ" Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɨɧɨ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ"
Ʉɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜ ɥɹɸɬ ɚ ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɛ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɨɧɨɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤ ɬɪɨɞɨɜ"
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɵɣ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɫɬɚ ɤɚɧɨɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɫ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɤɨɥɛɵ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɝɥɢɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɧɝɢɞɪɨɧ ɧ KCl; ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ Ʉ4[Fe CN 6@ ɢ Ʉ [Fe CN 6@ ɝ ɢ ɝ ɧɚ ɥ ɜɨɞɵ
ɉɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟ ɩɨɱɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɨɤɫ ɩɨ ɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɩɨɱɜɵ ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ ɢɨɧɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɤɨ ɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɟɞɨɤɫ-ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɟ Ɋɟɞɨɤɫ-ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚɯɨ ɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ í ɞɨ ɦȼ ɉɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɨɬ í ɞɨ ɦȼ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ȼ ɪɵɯɥɵɯ ɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɪɟɞɨɤɫ-ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɨɬ ɞɨ ɦȼ
Ⱦɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɨɬ ɞɨ ɦȼ ɉɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɞɨɤɫ-ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɦȼ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɝɧɢɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɢɫɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɵ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɚɡɨɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ
2ʜ ʝ 4ˈ ʝ + 4ʜ .
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɇɟɪɧɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɢ Ʉ
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ʝ ή ʜ |
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ˈ = ˈʝ /ʝ + |
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ήlg |
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[ʜ] [ʝ] ] |
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ɝɞɟ ˈʝ /ʝ = ɦȼ ɩɪɢ ɪɇ = 7. |
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Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɨ ɢ ɨɫɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɩɚɲɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɋɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɗȾɋ ɰɟɩɢ
Ɋt Fe Fe+2 ɪ-ɪ KCl ɧɚɫ AgCl Ⱥg.
ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ Ɂɚ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɗȾɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ
Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɇɟɪɧɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ɋt Fe Fe+2.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɤ ɢɨɧɨɦɟɪɭ ɂɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɗȾɋ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚȿɨɩ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɝ Ʉ4[Fe CN 6@ ɢ ɝ Ʉ [Fe CN 6@ ɜ ɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɗȾɋ ȿ ɪɚɫɱ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ȼ ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ
¨ ȿɪɚɫɱ – ȿɨɩ . |
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ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɟɬɶ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɵɦ
ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ – ɦɟɥɤɨɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ – ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ;
ɛ ɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɵɬɹɠɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɤ – ɝ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ – ɦɥ ɞɢ ɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ;
ɜ ɫɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɜɵɬɹɠɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɤ – ɝ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ – ɦɥ ɧ Ʉɋl ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɨɬɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɵ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ
ɂɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɗȾɋ ȿ ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɰɟɩɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ ɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɉɪɢ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɧɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɲɢɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ eɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɱɬɨ
ȿ eɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ í ɟɯɫ |
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ɝɞɟ ɟɯɫ – ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɥ 1 ɬɚɛɥ
ɂɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɗȾɋ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɰɟɩɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɯɢɧɝɢɞɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɲɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɯɢɧɝɢɞɪɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɯɢɧɝɢɞɪɨɧɧɨ-ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɮɨɪ ɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɇ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɇɟɪɧɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɯɢɧɝɢɞɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤ ɬɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɗȾɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɇ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
˓ʜ = |
ˈ˘ˆ |
ˈ˘˔ʔ˘ˆ |
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ɝɞɟ ˈ˘ˆ – ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɯɢɧɝɢɞɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɥ 1 ɬɚɛɥ
40