Физическая и коллоидная химия. Лабораторный практикум. Учебное пособие

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɧ ɄɈɇ Ɇ +&O ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ – ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɣ ɄNO ɤɪ

ɉɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɩɨɫɭɞɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɨɦ ɜ ɇ+-ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɦɥ – ɲɬ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɚ ɦɥ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ – ɲɬ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɚ ɦɥ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɦɥ – ɲɬ

ɂɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɟɥɢɬɪɧɢɬɪɚɬɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ ɧɚɩɪɢ ɦɟɪ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɚɥɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɟɥɢɬɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ

ɇR + KNO = KR + HNO

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɜ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ

ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ Ʉɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ – ɦɦ

ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ ɫɦ ɉɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚ ɬɢɨɧɢɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɇ+-ɮɨɪɦɭ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɭ ɦɥ Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ +&O ɡɚɥɢɜɚɹ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɞɨ ɜɟɪɯɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɫɦɨɥɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ – ɦɦ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ a ɦɥ ɦɢɧā ɤɚɩɥɹ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɭ

Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɵ ɇ+ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɨɦɭ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ – ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ – ɦɥ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ – ɤɚɩɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɤɪɚɫɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɨɬɦɵɜɤɭ ɫɦɨɥɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ȿɫɥɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ – ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ

ɏɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫ ɬɜɨɪ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ

61

ɉɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɦɥ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨ ɥɨɧɤɢ Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɦɢɧ Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚɞ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ – ɦɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɦɥ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ ȼɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ ɷɥɸɚɬ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɦɥ

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɤɢɫ ɥɨɬɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ –4 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɹ ɷɥɸɚɬ ɜ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɉɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɜɵɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɦ ɩ ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɤɪɚɫɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɪɨɡɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɫ ɷɥɸɚɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɨɥɵ ɜɨɞɨɣ

ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɨɤɪɚɫɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɚ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɷɥɸɚɬɚ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ

ɉɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɦɥ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɵ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɨ – ɤɚɩɥɢ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɨɝɨ

Ɍɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɸɚɬɚ

Ȼɸɪɟɬɤɭ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ Ʉ2+ ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧ ɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɬɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ Ʉ2+ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ Ʉ2+ ɩɨ ɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ;

ɛ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɮɢɥɶ ɬɪɚɬ ɫ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɬɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬ ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɚɜ ɧɟɧɢɹ

Ɂɚɥɢɬɶ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɭ ɜɨɞɨɣ

Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

ɝɞɟ m – ɦɚɫɫɚ .12 ɝ

Vɤ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɵ Vɩɢɩ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ

62

ʠːʙʝʜ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɢɬɪɚɧɬɚ ɄɈɇ ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ˔˓ ʙʝʜ – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ʉ2+ ɢɡɪɚɫ-

ɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɥ ʛ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ .12 ɝ ɦɨɥɶ

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ

ȼ ɱɟɦ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɢɨɧɢɬɵ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ"Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɢɨɧɢɬɚɦ"Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɨɧɢɬɵ"

Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɢɬɨɜ"

Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɥɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ"

7 Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɢɬɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɢɬɵ"

8. Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ"Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɦɨɥɭ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ"Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɟɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ" ɇɚɩɢ

ɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ 11. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ"

Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ"

Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ"

ɊȺɁȾȿɅ

ɄɈɅɅɈɂȾɇȺə ɏɂɆɂə

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ

1.Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

2.Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢ ɨɧɧɵɟ ɉɟɩɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ

ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ

4.Ⱦɢɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ – ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

5.ɗɮɮɟɤɬ Ɍɢɧɞɚɥɹ

6.ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɡ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɫɦɨɫ

7.Ʉɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ ɉɨɪɨɝ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɒɭɥɶɰɚ-Ƚɚɪɞɢ ȼɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ

8.Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

9.ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ

Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ

ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ

ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɬɚɬɢɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ Ɍɢɧɞɚɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɥɚɡɟɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɤɚ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɲɬɚɬɢɜ ɫ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɟɦ-ɤɨɥɶɰɨɦ

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ 2– ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɟɪɵ ɤɚɧɢɮɨɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɚ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ FeCl.mnO4 Na2S2O Ɇ ɄI Ɇ AgNO ɧ ɇCl ɧ NaCl ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ Na2SiO ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɡɨɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ Fe OH ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɦɵɥɨ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ

64

ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

Ɉɩɵɬ ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɟɣ

ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɟɪɵ ɤɚɧɢɮɨɥɢ ɮɟɧɨɥ ɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɚ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ȼ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɡɨɥɹ ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ ɧɢɟɦ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ – ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɸ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ Ɍɢɧɞɚɥɹ

Ɉɩɵɬ ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɹ Fe 2+ 3

ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ – ɦɥ -ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ FeCl ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ

Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ III

FeCl + H22 )H 2+ + +&O

ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ Fe OH ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɤ ɰɢɸ ɫ HCl

)H 2+ + HCl = FeOCl + 2H2O.

Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ FeOCl ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɹɫɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɨɧɵ

FeOCl = FeO+ + Cl-.

ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ

^Q >)H 2+ ] x FeO+ [-] &O-}+z z Cl-.

Ɉɩɵɬ ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɹ ɞɜɭɨɤɢɫɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ

Ʉ ɦɥ -ɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ .mnO4 ɜ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɉɨ ɤɚɩ ɥɹɦ ɢɡ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɥ -ɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ

ɉɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɞɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ IV

65

8KmnO4 1D2S2O + 8H2O = MnO2 .2SO4 .2+ 1D2SO4.

Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɨɧɵ – ɆQɈ4- ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɨɧɵ – Ʉ+.

Ɉɩɵɬɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɹ ɢɨɞɢɞɚ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ

Ʉ ɦɥ Ɇ AgNO ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ ɦɥ Ɇ ɄI ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤ ɰɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɨɞɢɞɚ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ

AgNO +KI= AgI Ļ KNO .

Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ

Ɉɩɵɬ ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɵɥɚ

ɋɬɪɭɠɤɭ ɦɵɥɚ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɫ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧ ɫɢɜɧɨ ɜɡɛɨɥɬɚɬɶ ɉɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɦɵɥɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɟɧ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɹ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚ ɰɢɢ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɚɱɧɭɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶɤɚɩɥɸ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɚ Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɦɵɥɚ RCOONa ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɬ

RCOONa RCOOí+ Na+.

ɑɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɦɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ

RCOOí+ Na+ + ɇɈɇ RCOOH + Na+ + OHí

ɝɞɟ RCOOH – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ

Ɉɩɵɬ ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ

Ʉ ɦɥ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ ɧ ɇCl ɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɡɨɥɹ Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɱɬɨ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ

ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɹɞɪɨ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ

66

Ɉɩɵɬ ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ

ɍɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɶɰɟ ɧɚ ɲɬɚɬɢɜɟ ɜɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɧɚɫɵɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɬɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɞɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɧɚ – ɫɦ

Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɧ NaCl ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɉɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ –ɪɚɡɚ ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ

ɋɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɜɵɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɭ ɚ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɥɟɞɹ ɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɦ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ NaCl ɨɧ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɚ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨ-ɛɭɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ – ɦɥ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɡɨɥɹ Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɡɨɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ

Ɉɩɵɬ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɥɟɣ

ɐɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɵ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɭ ɜɨɞɚ – ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɧɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɚɩɥɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɥɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɢ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɩɹɬɧɨɦ ɚ ɤɚɩɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɥɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɹɬɧɨ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɤ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɡɨɥɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɡɨɥɹ Fe OH

Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ

ɋɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ

ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɡɚɪɹɞ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɨɧɵ"

67

Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɚ" 4 ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ"

5 Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫ ɬɜɨɪɵ"

Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ

ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ

ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɥɢɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɨɤɚ ɡɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɫ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɲɤɚ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɚɹ ɛɚɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɫɵ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɦɥ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧ ɤɭɪɢɧɨɟ ɹɣɰɨ Ɇ CH COONa; ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ FeCl -ɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ K4[Fe CN 6@ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫ ɬɜɨɪ NH4 2SO4.

ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

Ɉɩɵɬ ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ

ɝ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɟɬɶ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɮɚɪ ɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɫ ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɜɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ -ɧɵɣ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ

Ɉɩɵɬ ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ

ɝ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɧɚ ɦɥ ɡɚɥɢɬɶ ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ – ɱ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɟɳɟ ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ –50 ɋ ɞɨ ɩɨɥ ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ

68

Ɉɩɵɬɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɹɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧɚ

ȼ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɚ ɦɥ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɝ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɤɭɪɢɧɨɝɨ ɹɣɰɚ Ɂɚɥɢɬɶ ɛɟɥɨɤ 40– ɦɥ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɜɡɛɨɥɬɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɧɢɹ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ

Ɉɩɵɬɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɹ ɛɟɪɥɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɚɡɭɪɢ

Ʉ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ III ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɩɥɸ 20 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɟɤɫɚɰɢɚɧɨɮɟɪɪɚɬɚ II ɤɚɥɢɹ ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɚɫɬɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ

Ɉɩɵɬɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɤ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɦ

ȼ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɡɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɵɯ ɡɨɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɤ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɸ

ȼ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɡɨɥɟɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 19 ȼ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 19

ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ

Ɂɨɥɶ Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɦɥ NH4 2SO4

Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɥɚɡɭɪɶɄɪɚɯɦɚɥɀɟɥɚɬɢɧəɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧ

ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɨɣ ɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ

69

Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ

ɋɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ ȼ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ III ɫ ɝɟɤɫɚɰɢɚɧɨɮɟɪɪɚɬɨɦ II ɤɚɥɢɹ

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ

ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɥɢɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɢɨɮɨɛɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɵ"Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɚ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ"

ɑɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɝɟɥɢ ɢ ɡɨɥɢ"

6. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɢɧɟɪɟɡɢɫ"

Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ

ɇɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ

ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢ ɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨ ɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɫɵ ɲɬɚɬɢɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɚɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɩɢɧɰɟɬ ɛɸɤɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɢ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ.

Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɷɬɚɧɨɥ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧ ɧ ɇɋl ɧ NaOH ɚɰɟɬɚɬɧɵɣ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ

ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

Ɉɩɵɬ ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ

ȼ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɷɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ȼ ɤɚɠ ɞɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɦɭ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɭ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɜɟ ɫɢɜ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ Ɉɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɶ ɠɟɥɚ ɬɢɧ ɨɛɫɭɲɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɡɜɟɫɢɬɶ Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɢɡɛɢɪɚ ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɚɤ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɢɪɬɟ

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