Физическая и коллоидная химия. Лабораторный практикум. Учебное пособие
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɋ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ |
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ |
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Ʉ |
ɪɄ |
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Ⱥɡɨɬɢɫɬɚɹ |
HNO2 |
+ |
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 –4 |
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ņ |
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H + NO2 |
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ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
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ȼɨɞɚ |
H2O |
H+ + OHņ |
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 –16 |
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Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ |
NH4OH |
NH4 |
+ |
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 –5 |
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ņ |
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+ OH |
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ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ |
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ɍɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ |
H2CO |
H+ + HCO ņ |
 –7 |
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ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
HCO ņ |
H+ + CO ņ |
Â10–11 |
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ɍɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ |
CH COOH |
CH COO |
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+ |
 –5 |
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ņ |
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+ H |
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ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
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H PO4 |
H+ + H2PO4ņ |
 – |
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Ɏɨɫɮɨɪɧɚɹ |
H2PO4ņ |
H+ + HPO4ņ |
 –8 |
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ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
HPO4ņ |
H+ + PO4ņ |
Â10– |
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ɐɢɚɧɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ |
HCN H+ + CNņ |
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 –10 |
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ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ |
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ɉɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɋ |
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2 |
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2 |
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ɂɨɧ |
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lɤ ɋɦÂɦ ɤɦɨɥɶ |
ɂɨɧ |
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lɚ ɋɦÂɦ ɤɦɨɥɶ |
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H+ |
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OHņ |
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K+ |
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Clņ |
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NH4+ |
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HCOOņ |
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½ Cu+2 |
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CH COOņ |
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½ Mg+2 |
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½ SO4 ņ |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ |
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ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ |
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ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ |
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Ɍ Ʉ |
e ȼ |
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ʋ |
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ɩ ɩ |
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ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ |
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ɋɯɟɦɚ |
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1. |
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ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ |
3W +2 ++ |
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298 |
0 |
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2. |
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Ʉɚɥɨɦɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ |
Hg | Hg2Cl2 +&O .&O |
298 |
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Ʉɚɥɨɦɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ |
Hg | Hg2Cl2 .&O ɧ |
298 |
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4. |
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ɏɥɨɪɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ |
$J _ $J&O .&O ɧɚɫ |
298 |
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5. |
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ɏɢɧɝɢɞɪɨɧɧɵɣ |
3W _ ɯɢɧɝɢɞɪɨɧ ɇ+ |
298 |
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92
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ |
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ |
e ȼ* |
K |
K K+ + e |
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Ba |
Ba Ba2+ + 2e |
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Ca |
Ca Ca2++ 2e |
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Na |
Na Na+ + e |
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Mg |
Mg Mg2+ + 2e |
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Be |
Be Be2+ + 2e |
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Ti |
Ti Ti2+ + 2e |
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Al |
Al Al H |
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Tl |
Tl Tl+ + e |
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Zr |
Zr Zr4+ + 4e |
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V |
V V2+ +2e |
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Mn |
Mn Mn2+ + 2e |
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Cr |
Cr Cr H |
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V |
V V H |
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Zn |
Zn Zn2+ + 2e |
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Cr |
Cr Cr H |
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Fe |
Fe Fe2+ + 2e |
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Cd |
Cd Cd2+ + 2e |
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Co |
Co Co2+ + 2e |
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Ni |
Ni Ni2+ + 2e |
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Mo |
Mo Mo H |
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Sn |
Sn Sn2+ + 2e |
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Rb |
Pb Pb2+ + 2e |
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Fe |
Fe Fe H |
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H2 |
H2 2H+ + 2e |
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Bi |
Bi Bi H |
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Cu |
Cu Cu2+ + 2e |
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Hg |
2Hg [Hg22+] + 2e |
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Ag |
Ag Ag+ + e |
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Pd |
Pd Pd2+ + 2e |
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Pt |
Pt Pt2+ + 2e |
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Au |
Au Au+ + e |
+1 68 |
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜe0ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ = 1 ɝ ɢɨɧ ɥ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɋ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ Rf ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɩɪɢ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ
ʋ |
ȺɦɢɧɨɤɢFɥɨɬɚ |
Rf |
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1 |
ɐɢɫɬɢɧ |
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2 |
Ʌɢɡɢɧ |
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Ƚɢɫɬɢɞɢɧ |
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4 |
Ⱥɪɝɢɧɢɧ |
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5 |
ɋɟɪɢɧ |
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6 |
Ⱥɫɩɚɪɚɝɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
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7 |
Ƚɥɢɰɢɧ |
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8 |
Ɍɪɟɨɧɢɧ |
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9 |
Ƚɥɭɬɚɦɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
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10 |
Ⱥɥɚɧɢɧ |
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11 |
ȼɚɥɢɧ |
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12 |
Ɇɟɬɢɨɧɢɧ |
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Ɍɪɢɩɬɨɮɚɧ |
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14 |
Ɏɟɧɢɥɚɥɚɧɢɧ |
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15 |
ɂɡɨɥɟɣɰɢɧ |
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16 |
Ʌɟɣɰɢɧ |
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94
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ ɉɊȺȼɂɅȺ ɊȺȻɈɌɕ ɇȺ ɉɊɂȻɈɊȺɏ
I ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɟ ©Ⱥɧɢɨɧ- ª ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɪɇ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧ ɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɗɋɄ
ȼɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ – ɦɢɧɭɬɵɇɚɠɚɬɶɤɥɚɜɢɲɭɊȿɀɂɆɢɜɵɛɪɚɬɶɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɸɪɇ ɧɚɠɚɬɶɤɥɚ
ɜɢɲɭ ȼȼɈȾ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɬ ɜ ɗɤɪɚɧ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɭɲɢɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶ
ɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣɉɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟ
ɠɢɦɚ ɉɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɵɠɞɚɬɶ – ɦɢɧ ɞɨ ɭɫɬɚ
ɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɉɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɭɲɢɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶ
ɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ
II ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɟ ©Ⱥɧɢɨɧ- ª ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɚ
ȼɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɬɶ – ɦɢɧɇɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɭ ɊȿɀɂɆ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɄɈɇȾɍɄɌɈ
ɆȿɌɊ ɧɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɭ ȼȼɈȾ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɬ ɜ ɗɤɪɚɧ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣɉɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ȾɄȼ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɭɲɢɬɶ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣɉɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɵɠɞɚɬɶ – ɦɢɧ ɞɨ ɭɫɬɚ
ɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɉɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɭɲɢɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶ
ɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨ ɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɦɋɦ ɫɦ – ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɋɦ ɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ -1;
ɦɤɋɦ ɫɦ – ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɋɦ ɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɜɟɥɢ ɱɢɧɭ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ -4.
95
III ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ
1.ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɝɪɭɛɵɯ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ
2.ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɥ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɣɬɟ ɜɟɫɵ ɫ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɣɬɟ
ɉɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɤ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɜɟɫɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɬ ɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ Ⱦɜɟɪɰɵ ɲɤɚɮɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚ ɤɪɵɬɵ
4.ȼɫɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɚɪɟ ɛɸɤɫɟ ɬɢɝɥɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɦ ɫɬɟɤɥɟ ɢ ɬ ɩ ɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɜɟɫɚ
5.ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɧɟ ɲɤɚɮɚ ɜɟɫɨɜ
6.ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɜɟɫɨɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ
7.ȼɫɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɣɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɜɟɫɚɯ
8.ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ ɧɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɜɟɫɨɜ
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Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ |
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Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ |
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Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ – ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ |
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ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ Ɏɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ |
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ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ |
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ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ |
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Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ |
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Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɢ |
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Ⱦɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ |
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Ɇɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ |
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ɍɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɵɲɶɹɤɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ |
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Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ |
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ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ |
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ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ |
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ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ |
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