Физическая и коллоидная химия. Лабораторный практикум. Учебное пособие
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ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɤ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ Į
Ƚ = |
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ή 100 %, |
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ɝɞɟ Į – ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ
m1 – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ m2 – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɩɵɬȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɧɚ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ
ȼ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɝ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɫɦ ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɥ ɧ ɇɋl ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ – ɦɥ ɧ NaOH ɚ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ – ɦɥ ɚɰɟɬɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɮɟɪɚ ɪɇ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɡɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɪɇi ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɤ ɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɩɟɪɢɨ
ɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɫɥɨɹ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɇ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɪɇ
ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ
ɈɩɵɬɈɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɥɚɩɲɢ ɝɨɪɨɯɚ ɛɨɛɨɜ ɮɚɫɨɥɢ
ɇɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɜɡɜɟɫɢɬɶ ɩɭɫɬɨɣ ɛɸɤɫ ȼɡɹɬɶ – ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨ-
ɞɨɣ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɛɸɤɫ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɡɜɟɫɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɉɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ m0
ɉɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ –ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɢɧ
ɑɟɪɟɡ ɦɢɧ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨ ɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɜɡɜɟɫɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜɟɫ ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ ɧɚɛɭɯɲɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɧɚɛɭɯɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ m1
ɉɨɫɥɟɷɬɨɝɨɜɧɨɜɶɩɨɝɪɭɡɢɬɶɨɛɴɟɤɬɜɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸɜɨɞɭɢɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɭɯɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɦɢɧ
71
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 20.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 20 |
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ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ |
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ȼɪɟɦɹ |
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ |
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɛɸɤɫɚ |
Ɇɚɫɫɚ |
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ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɧ |
ɛɸɤɫɚ ɝ |
ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɝ |
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɝ |
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m0 |
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m1 |
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m2 |
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m |
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120 |
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m4 |
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150 |
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m5 |
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Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɉɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ȼɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ 21 2.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 21 |
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Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ |
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ȼɪɟɦɹ |
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Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ |
ȼɪɟɦɹ |
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ |
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Ɇɚɫɫɚ |
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ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ IJ |
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ m ɝ |
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ |
ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ |
ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ |
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ɦɢɧ |
ɜɨɞɵ ¨m ɝ |
¨IJ ɦɢɧ |
V ɝ ɦɢɧ |
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m0 |
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m1 |
m1-m0 |
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m2 |
m2-m1 |
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90 |
m |
m -m2 |
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120 |
m4 |
m4-m |
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150 |
m5 |
m5-m4 |
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ɇɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢɞɟɬ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ ɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬ ɟ
72
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¨m ¨IJ |
5 |
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ɝɞɟ |
¨m – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɝ ɡɚɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ¨IJ ɦɢɧ |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 22 |
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ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ |
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ȼɪɟɦɹ |
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Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ |
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Ɇɚɫɫɚ |
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ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ |
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ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ IJ |
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ m ɝ |
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ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ |
ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ Į |
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ɦɢɧ |
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ɜɨɞɵ ɝ |
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0 |
m0 |
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m1 |
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m1-m0 |
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60 |
m2 |
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m2-m0 |
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90 |
m |
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m -m0 |
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120 |
m4 |
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m4-m0 |
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150 |
m5 |
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m5-m0 |
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Ƚ = |
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ή 100% . |
5 |
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ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ V = f IJ |
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ɢ Į |
f IJ |
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ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ |
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ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ"Ʉɚɤ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ"Ʉɚɤ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ"
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
Ʉɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ
ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɨɥɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɬɚɬɢɜɚ ɫ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɦɥ ɲɬɚɬɢɜɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɥɛɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɥ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɡɨɥɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,,, ɧ NaCl ɧ Ʉ2SO4 ɝɥɢɧɚ ɡɨɥɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɉɩɵɬ Ʉɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɡɨɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ III
Ȼɸɪɟɬɤɢɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɦɢ ɧɄ2SO4 ɧNaCl. ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ©ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶª ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɦɥ ɡɨɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ III ɢ ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ȼ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɦɥ ɡɨɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ III
ɂɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɫ ɧ NaCl ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɫ ɡɨɥɟɦ ɞɨ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɫɨ ©ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɟɦª Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɉɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɩɵɬ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɩɨɲɟɞɲɟɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ
ɉɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɧ Ʉ2SO4 Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 2 .
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
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Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ |
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ |
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ |
P |
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ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ |
ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ |
ɦɥ |
ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɥ |
Ȗ |
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Ʉ2SO4 |
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74
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɨɧɵ-ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɵ Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ Ɋ ɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢ ɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ Ȗ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ
ʟ = |
ʠˠ ή ˠ |
, |
54 |
ˠ ˊˑˎˢ |
ɝɞɟ ɋɗ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɦɨɥɶ-ɷɤɜ ɥ
Vɗ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɢɡɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɦɥ VɁɈɅə – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɡɨɥɹ ɦɥ
Ȗ P. |
55 |
ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɒɭɥɶɰɚ-Ƚɚɪɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɨɞɧɨɞɜɭɯ- ɢ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ
Ȗ I Ȗ II Ȗ III |
56 |
Ɉɩɵɬȼɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɢɨɮɨɛɧɵɯ ɡɨɥɟɣ
ɉɪɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɢɨɮɨɛɧɵɯ ɡɨɥɟɣ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ ɝɪɚɧɭɥ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɨɥɟɣ Ɂɨɥɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɫ ɡɨɥɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ III ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 24.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 24
Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ ɡɨɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ
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ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ |
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Ɉɛɴɟɦ |
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ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɜɤɚɤɢɯɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɚɯɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚɩɨɥɧɚɹɢɥɢɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ
75
Ɉɩɵɬ Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɸ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɥɢɬɪɟ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɡɛɨɥɬɚɬɶ ɝ ɝɥɢɧɵ ȼ ɩɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɤ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɨɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,,, ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 25 ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɜɨɞɵ
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 25 |
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ʋ |
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɡɨɥɹ |
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ |
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ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ |
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,,, |
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɢɧ |
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Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɠ ɞɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ"ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɢɨɧɵ-ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɵ"
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢɡɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ
76
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɬɚɬɢɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɚɦɢ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɷɬɚɧɨɥ ɧ CH COOH ɧ
CH COONa.
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɚɯ ɚɰɟɬɚɬɧɵɟ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 26.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 26 |
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ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ |
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Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɦɥ |
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɦɥ |
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ɪɇ |
Ɂɧɚɤ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ |
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ |
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ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ |
CH COOH |
CH COONa |
ɫɦɟɫɢ |
ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ |
ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɹ |
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Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɦɥ ɷɬɚɧɨɥɚ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨ ɛɢɪɤɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɟ Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɟ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɢɡɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɤ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɟ Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢ ɜɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜ ɢɡɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ
77
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɛɟɥɤɚ"ɑɟɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ"ɑɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ"
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɡɨɥɹ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɡɚ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɡɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɡɨɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,,, ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ ɥɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ Ȼɟɪɬɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ ɮɨɪɟɡɚ ɞɜɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɡɨɥɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ III ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɇɋO ɢ 1ɇ4ɋO ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɩɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɡɚ ɡɨɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤ ɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,,, ɜ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɟ Ȼɟɪɬɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɬɢɱɟ ɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɡɨɥɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɨɥɹ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ
ȼ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ Ȼɟɪɬɨɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɦɥ ɡɨɥɹ ɢ ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨ ɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɭɬɫɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɯ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ 8-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɧɚɥɢɬɶ ɛɨɤɨɜɭɸ ɠɢɞ ɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɇɋO ɢ 1ɇ4ɋO ɧɟɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɡɨɥɶ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɟɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɤɪɚɧ ɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɡɨɥɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɞ ɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ 8-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɟ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɹ ɛɨɤɨɜɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɵ ɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɨɥɟɦ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ
ȼɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ 8-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɞɫɬɢɥɚɸ ɳɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɦ ɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ-
78
ɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɤɪɚɧ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɡɨɥɹ ɢ ɧɚɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɟɧɚɯ ȼɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ – ȼ ɩɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɨɦɟɪ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɡɨɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟ ɫɬɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ 8-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɦɦ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɉɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɦɥ ɡɨɥɹ ɢ ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɩɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɢɛɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɬɨɪɰɟɜɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɞɨɥɶ 8-ɨɛ- ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɡɨɥɹ 8 ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ȟ-ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɨɥɶ – ɛɨɤɨɜɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɡɚ
8 = S t |
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ɝɞɟ S – ɩɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɡɨɥɹ ɦ t – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ
ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɤ ɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ
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ɇ ȿ l |
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58 |
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ɝɞɟ |
ȿ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ȼ |
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l – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɦ |
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Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ȟ |
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ήή ή |
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Ɍ |
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ή |
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ɝɞɟ |
Ș |
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ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ Ș |
15 |
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ɇÂɫ ɦ2 Ș |
20 |
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ɇÂɫ ɦ2 Ș |
25 = |
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= ɇÂɫ ɦ2 İ – ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ İ Â -9 Ɏ ɦ ;
Ʉ – ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɚɹ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫɱɢɬɚɹ ɢɯ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ Ʉ
79
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 27 ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ȟ-ɩɨɬɟɧ- ɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɡɨɥɹ
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 27 |
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ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ |
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ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ |
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ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ W ɫ l ɦ 6 ɦ 8 ɦ ɫ ȟ ȼ |
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W ɫ |
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ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ |
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1. |
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Ɂɨɥɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ |
2. |
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ɠɟɥɟɡɚ III |
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1.
Ɂɨɥɶ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɦ 2.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɡ"Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ"Ƚɞɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɪɟɡ"
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ
Ⱦɢɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɛɟɥɤɚ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɹɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɨɬ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɢɚɥɢɡɚ
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɪɟɡɢɧɤɨɣ ɫ ɡɚɠɢɦɨɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɱɚɬɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɶɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ NaCl ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜ AgNO ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɋuSO4 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NaOH.
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