Практический курс первого иностранного языка. 2 курс. Учебное пособие

Appendix 1. Health and Diseases Vocabulary

tooth, teeth; front teeth, back teeth, upper teeth, lower teeth; molar, premolar, incisor, canine tooth, wisdom tooth, milk tooth;

ear, earlobe, middle ear, eardrum.

Body

body, neck, chest, stomach, back, buttocks, arms, hands, legs, feet;

skeleton, bone, bone marrow, spine, collarbone, breastbone, rib, pelvis;

spine / backbone / spinal column / vertebral column; vertebra, vertebrae; coccyx;

joint, tendon, ligament, muscle;

neck, Adam’s apple, nape of the neck, throat, pharynx, larynx, vocal cords;

torso, trunk, chest, breast, nipple, diaphragm, abdomen, navel.

Limbs

upper limbs, arm, shoulder, armpit, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand; hand, palm, fingers, thumb, index finger, middle finger, ring fin-

ger, little finger, fingernail;

lowerlimbs,leg,hip,thigh,knee,kneecap,calf,shin,ankle,foot; foot, feet, sole, heel, toes, big toe, little toe, toenail.

Internal organs

circulatorysystem,respiratorysystem,digestivesystem,nervous system, urinary tract;

heart, lung, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, stomach, gall bladder (gallbladder), liver, small intestine, large intestine, kidney, bladder, spleen;

aorta, artery, vein, capillary, blood, lymph, blood vessel, blood circulation;

endocrine glands, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, lymph glands;

reproductive organs, conception, pregnancy, embryo, fetus, childbirth;

to be pregnant; to have a baby; to give birth to a male child (to a female child);

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Практический курс первого иностранного языка. 2 курс

body fluids / bodily fluids; blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma), lymph; gastric juice, bile, mucus, tears, saliva, sweat, urine.

Blood groups / blood types

blood groupA; blood group B; blood groupAB; blood group O; OR: blood typeA; blood type B; blood typeAB; blood type O; Rhfactor(Rhesusfactor);Rh-positiveblood,Rh-negativeblood; Examples: Peter has type A blood with a positive Rh factor. His blood type isApositive. Mike is Type O negative. He is Rh negative.

Anna is type B positive. She is type B+. I am AB negative.

Diseases and disorders

disease, malady, ailment, illness, sickness, disorder, health problem;

chronic disease, acute disease, serious disease, heart disease, common diseases;

infectious disease, contagious disease; communicable diseases, noncommunicable diseases;

to have a heart disease; to suffer from asthma; to catch an infectious disease;

minor disorder, major disorder, nutrition disorder, blood disorders, mental disorders, congenital disorders, hereditary disorders, hormonal disorders;

to have a minor kidney disorder; to have a serious genetic disorder;

to fall ill; to be ill; to be sick; to be in poor health; to be in bad shape;

to have a cold; to catch cold; to come down with a cold; to come down with pneumonia; to go down with a cold (with pneumonia); to have a headache; to have a toothache; to have earache; to have a pain in the stomach; to have chest pains; my left foot hurts; my

wrist hurts;

to have an allergy to medication (to medicines); to be allergic to pollen (to animal hair; to smoke); to have food allergies;

to faint, to lose consciousness; to be unconscious; to regain consciousness;

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Appendix 1. Health and Diseases Vocabulary

to treat, to cure, to heal; to be on the mend; to recover (from an illness); to get well.

Specific diseases, disorders, injuries

Skin: skin irritation, skin inflammation; redness, tenderness, swelling; rash, dermatitis, itchy skin, itching; acne, pimple, boil; blister, burn, scar, scratch; corn, callus, wart, eczema, psoriasis.

Hair: dandruff, split ends, thinning hair, hair loss, baldness. Eye: nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, crossed eyes,

conjunctivitis, sty, retinal detachment, cataract, glaucoma, blindness, color-blindness.

Ear: wax blockage, hearing loss, earache, ruptured eardrum; otitis, inflammation of the ear.

Nose, throat, lungs: nosebleed, runny nose, stuffy nose, rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, sinusitis, a cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma.

Heart and circulation: atherosclerosis, hypertension, high blood pressure,heartdisease,coronaryheartdisease,coronarythrombosis, heart failure, heart attack, cardiac arrest, congenital heart disease, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis.

Blood: anemia, bleeding, internal bleeding, hemorrhage, hemophilia, leukemia.

Brain and nervous system: headache, migraine, dizziness, giddiness, vertigo, fainting spell, neuralgia, meningitis, epilepsy, convulsions, seizure, stroke, paralysis, cerebral palsy, dementia.

Nutrition: vitamin deficiency, mineral deficiency; obesity; to be overweight; weight loss, anorexia, bulimia.

Stomach, intestines: heartburn, indigestion, dyspepsia, upset stomach, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, gastritis, ulcer, gastroenteritis, colitis, constipation, appendicitis, hemorrhoids, dysentery, cholera.

Liver: hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis. Gall bladder: gallstones, cholecystitis.

Kidneys, urinary bladder: pyelonephritis, kidney stones, cystitis. Bones, joints: backache / back pain, scoliosis, osteoporosis, ar-

thritis.

Muscles: muscle spasm, muscle cramp, muscular dystrophy, hernia.

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Практический курс первого иностранного языка. 2 курс

Injuries: injury, wound, trauma; hand injury, knee injury, foot injury, head injury; concussion, contusion; fracture, fractured bone; slipped disc, prolapsed disc; dislocation, sprain, sprained ankle, pulled muscle, bruise; to break one’s arm; to have a broken arm.

General infections, systemic infections: the flu (influenza), tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, yellow fever, typhoid, smallpox, anthrax, leprosy.

Infectious diseases (especially in childhood): measles, rubella / German measles, mumps, whooping cough / pertussis, diphtheria, polio, chicken pox, scarlet fever.

Infestations, parasites: tapeworm, pinworm, hookworm, roundworm; scabies, lice, fleas, ticks; malaria.

Hormonal disorders: diabetes; disorders of the pituitary gland; disorders of the thyroid gland.

Oncology: benign tumor, malignant tumor; cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, skin cancer.

Mental disorders: depression, phobia, schizophrenia. Addictions: alcohol abuse, alcohol addiction; drug abuse, drug

addiction.

Medical care

Doctors, medical specialists

physician, general practitioner, family doctor; pediatrician; surgeon, neurosurgeon, plastic surgeon, orthopedic surgeon, or-

thopedist;

neurologist, dermatologist, gastroenterologist, urologist, rheumatologist, psychiatrist, oncologist, dentist, dietician;

cardiologist (heart specialist); ophthalmologist (eye specialist); otolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat specialist);

women’s doctor, gynecologist, obstetrician; anesthesiologist, radiologist, pharmacist, veterinarian; nurse, paramedic.

Medical examinations, tests, operations

to examine, to diagnose, to treat; examination, diagnosis, treatment;

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Appendix 1. Health and Diseases Vocabulary

physical examination; to be examined by a doctor; to have a checkup; to have a medical;

blood test, urine test, X-ray, electrocardiogram;

to take a temperature; to take a blood test; to take an X-ray; to measure weight and height; to measure blood pressure;

to check the pulse; check your pulse rate; to take the patient’s pulse; to count the pulse; to count the heartbeats;

vaccination, immunization; medical history;

to dress the wound; to put a broken arm in a cast; to give an injection (to give a shot);

to check into a hospital; to have an operation; to undergo an operation;

to give a blood transfusion; to donate blood; blood donor; tonsils removal, appendix removal, heart surgery, organ trans-

plantation, kidney transplant;

plastic surgery, cosmetic surgery, skin graft.

Dental care

dental care, toothpaste, toothbrush, mouthwash, dental floss; to wear braces; to have dentures;

to have a toothache; to go to the dentist;

to have a cavity; to drill the tooth; to fill the cavity; to fill the tooth; to have a tooth filled;

to have root canal treatment; to have a tooth capped; to have a tooth pulled; to have a wisdom tooth extracted.

Medical instruments

thermometer, eye dropper, nose dropper, hot-water bag, hot-wa- ter bottle, heating pad, enema;

tongue depressor, stethoscope, syringe, scalpel;

bandage, sterile gauze, cotton wool, adhesive plaster, Band-Aid, elastic bandage, tourniquet;

ice pack, sling, cast, crutches, stretcher.

Medicines

medicine, drug, medication, preparation, medicament, remedy; a cold medicine, a medicine for a cold, cold remedies;

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Практический курс первого иностранного языка. 2 курс

to prescribe medication; to give a prescription (for allergy, rash, cough, etc.);

to take medicines; to take a pill; to take aspirin;

pill, tablet, capsule, powder, drops, syrup, tincture, lotion, spray, ointment, cream;

analgesic(analgetic),antacid,antibiotic,tranquillizer,contraceptive, laxative, decongestant;

antiseptic, antibacterial spray, rubbing alcohol, iodine; to paint with iodine;

medicine chest, medicine cabinet; first-aid kit.

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Appendix 2

TYPES OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT GLOSSARY

Crimes

Arson: the act of deliberately setting fire to buildings, vehicles, or other property; it’s a serious crime.

Assault: physically attacking another person; can range from simple assault to aggravated assault, depending on the severity of harm.

Embezzlement: the act of dishonestly taking money that one has been trusted with, usually in a work context.

Kidnapping: the act of unlawfully taking and detaining a person against their will; often involves demands for ransom.

Murder: the act of killing another person with intention. Manslaughter: the act of killing another person without inten-

tion; considered less severe than murder.

Robbery: the act of taking something from another person by force or threat of force; usually involves personal confrontation.

Trespassing: the act of unlawfully entering another person’s property.

Larceny: the act of unlawfully taking another person’s personal property; it’s a broader term that includes theft and robbery.

Forgery: the act of fraudulently making or altering a document or other object with the intent to deceive somebody.

Vandalism: the act of intentionally damaging or destroying property, usually public property like park benches or street signs.

Blackmail: the act of threatening to reveal damaging information about someone unless certain demands, often monetary, are met.

Smuggling: the act of illegally moving goods or people into or out of a country.

Now that we’ve explored some additional types of crimes, you should have a stronger grasp of crime vocabulary. Remember, understandingthesetermsisessentialforgraspingthecontextofmany English language materials.

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Практический курс первого иностранного языка. 2 курс

Types of Criminals

If you’re studying English as a second language, you’ve probably come across words that describe various types of criminals. Let’s explore some more to enhance your understanding of crime vocabulary.

Petty thief: a person who steals small items or commits minor crimes; typically, these crimes carry lesser punishments.

Burglar: an individual who illegally enters a building with the intention of committing a crime, usually stealing something.

Mugger: a person who attacks someone in order to rob them, especially in a public place.

Fraudster: a person who deceives others, usually to make money; the crime could be in the form of a scam, embezzlement, or identity theft.

Drug dealer: a person involved in the illegal trade of drugs. Murderer: an individual who unlawfully kills another person;

this is a serious crime with severe penalties.

Gangster: a member of a gang that is involved in organized crime; the crime can vary from drug trafficking to murder.

Pickpocket: a person who stealthily steals wallets, phones, or other valuables from others’ pockets or bags, typically in a public place.

Blackmailer: an individual who threatens to reveal compromising or harmful information about a person unless certain demands, usually for money, are met.

Smuggler: a person who transports goods illegally into or out of a country; the goods could range from drugs, weapons to people.

Vandal: a person who deliberately destroys or damages public or private property.

Forger: a person who produces fraudulent copies of money, documents, artworks, or other items with the intent to deceive.

Criminals Categories

Violent criminals: individuals who commit crimes that involve physical harm or force against others. This category includes murderers, assaulters, robbers, and kidnappers.

Property criminals: offenders who commit crimes against property, such as burglary, theft, arson, and vandalism.

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Appendix 2. Types of Crime and Punishment Glossary

White-collar criminals: typically associated with individuals in business or professional positions who engage in nonviolent, financially motivated crimes, such as embezzlement, fraud, insider trading, and tax evasion.

Organized crime members: involved in criminal organizations that operate for financial gain through illegal activities.

Cybercriminals: criminals who use computers and technology to commit crimes such as hacking, identity theft, online scams, and spreading malware.

Sex offenders: individuals convicted of sexual offenses, including rape, child molestation, and possession or distribution of child pornography.

Drug offenders: involved in the production, distribution, or sale of illegal drugs, as well as those who are convicted of drug possession.

Juvenile offenders: minors who commit crimes while under the age of majority, typically subject to different legal processes and systems.

Gang criminals: individuals affiliated with criminal gangs involved in various criminal activities such as drug trafficking, violence, and intimidation.

Repeat offenders: criminals with a history of multiple offenses and encounters with law enforcement.

Criminal Justice Vocabulary Words

Bail: a sum of money given to a court to secure a suspect’s temporary release from custody; it ensures they will attend their court hearing.

Parole: the conditional release of a prisoner before the full sentence has been served; they must adhere to certain conditions.

Probation: a period of supervised living in the community, typically as an alternative to incarceration; the individual must follow certain rules and conditions.

Arraignment:acourtproceedingwherethedefendantisformally charged with a crime and asked to respond by pleading guilty, not guilty, or no contest.

Acquittal: the legal judgment that officially and formally clears a defendant of criminal charges.

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Warrant: a legal paper that a judge gives to law enforcement officers so they can make an arrest, search a place, or do something else.

Indictment: a formal charge or accusation of a major crime, usually brought by a grand jury.

Conviction: when a jury or judge in a court of law decides that someone is guilty of a crime and makes that decision official.

Sentence: the punishment assigned to a defendant found guilty by a court.

Appeal: when the case is looked at again, and the parties ask for a change to the official ruling.

Pardon:whenthegovernmentsaysthatapersonisnotguiltyofa crime or other legal wrongdoing, as if the act never happened.

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